不稳定肩胛颈骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨不稳定肩胛颈骨折的手术治疗方法及疗效. 方法对2001年6月至2007年11月手术治疗且获得随访的13例不稳定肩胛颈骨折患者资料进行回顾性分析,其中男10例,女3例;左侧8例,右侧5例.单纯肩胛颈解剖颈骨折8例,肩胛颈骨折同时合并肩关节悬吊复合体损伤5例.手术采用肩关节后方入路,于因下肌与小测肌间隙进入,沿肩胛骨外缘到肩胛颈后方,复位固定肩胛颈骨折,同时固定合并的锁骨骨折、肩锁关节脱位及肩峰骨折.本组12例周定肩胛颈骨折的患者术前关节孟均向上倾斜,平均22.7°.采用Constant-Murley绝对值评分方法评价疗效. 结果 13例患者术后获平均45.1个月(10～90个月)随访.Constant-Mudey绝对值评分平均为81.2分(40～98分),平均前屈上举147.7°;优6例,良3例,可2例,差2例.术后12例固定肩胛颈骨折患者关节面向上倾斜平均为5.0°. 结论肩胛颈骨折的移位程度是影响预后的主要因素,采用肩关节后方入路复位固定移位的肩胛颈骨折可获得良好的临床效果.     

浮肩损伤治疗体会

目的探讨浮肩损伤(FSI)的临床特征及治疗选择。方法回顾性分析2002年1月至2007年2月治疗的11例浮肩损伤患者的临床资料,对3例肩胛颈骨折移位<5 mm者行非手术治疗,对8例不稳定浮肩损伤行切开复位内固定治疗。结果11例患者的随访时间为10~36个月,平均19个月。本组患者骨折于16周内全部骨性愈合,复位满意,其中优6例,良3例,可2例,差0例,优良率81.8%。结论对肩胛颈骨折移位<5 mm浮肩损伤,可行非手术治疗;对于不稳定型浮肩损伤,手术治疗可取得满意疗效。     

双入路双重建钛板内固定治疗不稳定型肩胛颈骨折

目的 探讨双入路切开复位双重建钛板内固定治疗不稳定型肩胛颈骨折的近期疗效.方法 回顾性分析2005年9月至2010年9月采用双入路切开复位内固定治疗并获完整随访的13例肩胛颈骨折患者资料,男10例,女3例;年龄19 ～52岁,平均35.3岁.按Euler等分型方法将肩胛颈骨折分为:解剖颈骨折3例,外科颈骨折10例(A型7例,B型3例).所有患者均使用3.5 mm重建钛板和螺钉固定.通过肩胛骨前位X线片测量肩胛盂成角和盂极角(GPA).末次随访时根据Constant-Murley评分和Herscovici功能评分评定肩关节功能. 结果 13例患者术后获6～ 37个月(平均16.2个月)随访.骨折复位质量:解剖复位11例,接近解剖复位2例.术后7～9d切口均一期愈合.术后平均肩胛盂成角(27.1°)与GPA(36.2°)均较术前(55.1°、17.1°)有所改善.骨折临床愈合时间为6～12周,平均8周.末次随访时Constant-Murley评分平均为79.6分(54 ～ 95分),其中优9例,良3例,差1例;Herscovici功能评分平均为14.7分(12～16分):优8例,良2例,可2例,差1例.无肩胛上动脉神经损伤、感染、血肿形成等并发症发生. 结论 双入路切开复位双重建钛板内固定治疗不稳定型肩胛颈骨折可达到解剖复位、稳定内固定和满意的近期疗效.     

选择性正中、尺神经部分束联合副神经移位治疗颈5,6根性撕脱伤

目的探讨选择性正中、尺神经部分束联合副神经移位治疗臂丛颈5、6根性撕脱伤的疗效。方法22例臂丛颈5、6根性撕脱伤,行选择性正中神经内侧一神经束移位修复腋神经外侧半、尺神经内侧一神经束移位修复肌皮神经肱二头肌支,联合副神经斜方肌支移位修复肩胛上神经。结果术后时间超过12月随访16例,平均随访24月。15例屈肘100°～150°,肌力M4～M5;肩外展90°～120°,肌力M3～M4。1例屈肘90°;肩外展75°。按中华手外科学会标准,优15例,良1例。结论选择性正中、尺神经部分束联合副神经斜方肌支移位治疗臂丛颈5、6根性撕脱伤,可很好恢复屈肘、肩外展功能,且手术简便、功能恢复时间较短。     

移位的肩胛盂骨折的手术治疗

目的　研究切开复位内固定治疗肩胛盂骨折的效果。方法　将 13例肩胛盂骨折患者按改良的Ideberg分型分类 ,Ⅰ型 2例 ,Ⅱ型 1例 ,Ⅲ型 1例 ,Ⅳ型 9例。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型用标准的三角肌胸大肌入路 ,骨折复位后用 2 7mm拉力螺钉固定。Ⅲ、Ⅳ型用后侧Judet入路 ,骨折复位后用AO重建钢板和螺钉固定。结果　术后随访 6～ 2 4个月 ,平均 14个月。以最后 1次检查结果为准 ,对肩关节的功能进行临床效果评定 :优 7例 ,前屈、外展、上举及内外旋转均较健侧差 10°～ 15°。良 4例 ,外展上举及内外旋转均较健侧差16°～ 3 0° ,前屈后伸正常。可 2例 ,肩关节各方活动、旋转均较健侧差 3 1°～ 60°。结论　开放复位内固定是治疗有移位的肩胛盂骨折的一种较好的方法。     

肩胛骨骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨肩胛骨骨折的手术治疗及并发症的预防与处理。方法回顾分析1998年1月至2004年1月手术治疗严重移位肩胛骨骨折14例,其中肩胛体骨折10处,肩胛冈骨折3处,肩胛颈骨折3处,肩峰骨折3处。结果13例术后平均随访30个月,疗效优7例,良3例,可1例,差2例,优良率76.9%。主要手术并发症有腋神经牵拉伤、螺丝钉突入关节腔、气胸等。结论对于严重移位的肩胛骨骨折,根据骨折不同类型选择手术入路和手术方法,手术治疗常可获得较好的效果。熟悉手术入路,操作细致,可最低限度减少手术并发症的发生。     

非手术与手术治疗肩胛骨骨折的临床对照研究

目的：探讨非手术与手术治疗肩胛骨骨折的疗效并进行分析比较。方法：肩胛骨骨折患者52例,男37例,女15例;年龄20～48岁,平均31岁。对其临床资料进行回顾性对比分析。根据Hardegger分型：肩胛骨体部骨折24例,外科颈骨折12例,解剖颈骨折3例,盂缘骨折6例,肩胛冈骨折7例。其中17例采用保守治疗;35例采用切开复位内固定治疗。随访时进行临床检查,摄肩胛骨正位X线片,测量盂极角（glenopolarangle,GPA）。并采用Hardegger功能评定标准对两种治疗方法的疗效进行统计学比较分析。结果：52例均经9～48周随访。Hardegger功能评定：非手术治疗组17例,优7例,良6例,可2例,差2例;GPA〉20°14例,〈20°3例。手术组35例,优20例,良12例,可3例;GPA〉20°33例,〈20°2例。非手术组与手术组的治疗结果预后差异无统计学意义（P=0.27）。结论：处理肩胛骨骨折之前,首先行CT三维重建,全面了解骨折移位情况,正确掌握手术适应证,并进行早期功能锻炼,两种方法均可获得满意疗效。     

掌侧接骨板治疗老年桡骨远端背侧移位骨折临床分析

目的 探讨掌侧万向锁定加压双柱接骨板治疗老年人桡骨远端背侧移位骨折的临床疗效。方法 分析2012年7月至2015年7月采用掌侧万向锁定加压双柱接骨板治疗的37例桡骨远端背侧移位C型骨折患者,男 11例,女26例;年龄60～78岁,平均70．7岁;骨折按AO分型：c1型7,c2型13例,c3型17例。末次随访时通过术后X线片评估桡骨远端骨折复位情况、测量各项影像学参数,并采用Gart land---Werley评定疗效。结果 所有患者术后获6～27个月(平均19．6个月)随访。X线片示骨折愈合时间3～4个月,平均3．5个月。按照Garland—Werley评分：优16例,良 14例,可6例,1例因疼痛再次手术,优良率81.08％,无感染及不愈合。末次随访时桡骨茎突高度 8．30～12．52 mm,平均10．42mm;掌倾角10°～14.20°,平均12．60°;尺偏角 17.30°～23.40°,平均2I．00°。结论 掌侧万向锁定加压双柱接骨板是治疗老年桡骨远端背侧移位骨折的有效方法。     

浮肩损伤的分型与手术方法选择的研究

目的探讨浮肩损伤的分型,为手术治疗方法的选择提供依据。方法回顾分析本院自2002年7月至2009年10月间,经手术治疗的30例不稳定性浮肩损伤患者的临床资料。其中锁骨部位损伤者中,锁骨干中段骨折23例,肩锁关节脱位7例;肩胛骨部位损伤者中,肩胛骨解剖颈骨折5例,外科颈骨折16例,外科颈骨折伴肩胛冈骨折9例。手术治疗单纯锁骨固定6例,锁骨与肩胛骨腋缘同时固定16例,同时锁骨、肩胛冈、肩胛骨腋缘固定8例。结果术后随访6-57个月,平均19．5个月。肩胛颈骨折在目标区上均获解剖复位。按照Herseovici的疗效标准,优20例（66．7％）,良4例（13．3％）,可4例（13．3％）,差2例（6．7％）,优良率为80．0％。结论早期切开复位内固定治疗不稳定性浮肩损伤便于患者早期进行功能锻炼,有利于肩关节功能恢复;手术治疗需根据浮肩损伤的类型,选择合适的手术人路和内固定方式。     

急诊手术治疗跟骨关节内移位骨折的疗效观察

目的观察解剖锁定钛板内固定联合同种异体骨植骨急诊手术治疗跟骨关节内移位骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析自2013-11—2017-11采用切开复位解剖锁定钛板内固定联合同种异体骨植骨急诊手术治疗的18例(21足)跟骨关节内移位骨折,根据美国足踝外科协会Marylan评分标准评价疗效。结果 18例均获得随访,随访时间6～18个月,平均11.8个月。14例(16足)已二次手术取出内固定装置。所有跟骨关节内移位骨折获得解剖复位。根据美国足踝外科协会Marylan评分标准:优10足,良8足,可3足,优良率85.7%。结论采用解剖锁定钛板内固定联合同种异体骨植骨急诊手术治疗跟骨关节内移位骨折,能准确复位骨折,补充丢失骨量,固定稳定,最大限度恢复跟骨的正常形态,术后功能恢复满意。     

不稳定肩胛骨骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨肩胛骨不稳定骨折的手术治疗。方法随访分析1999年1月至2004年1月收治的经手术治疗的16例不稳定肩胛骨骨折患．根据Hardegger分类方法，肩胛盂窝骨折4例、解剖颈骨折6例、外科颈骨折4例、粉碎性骨折2例。结果16例患有12例获得完整随访资料．随访时间3个月～4年，平均21月，采用Hardegger肩关节功能评定标准，优4例，良6例，可2例。优良率83．3％．平均骨折临床愈合时间8周。结论a)不稳定肩胛骨骨折畸形愈合严重影响肩关节功能，需行手术切开复位内固定治疗。b)对肩胛骨骨折治疗前需要进行全面的X线摄片检查和CT检查，以全面了解骨折情况，判断骨折的稳定性及有无手术指征。c)对有手术指征的不稳定肩胛骨骨折应根据不同骨折的部位和形态，选择相应的手术人路和内固定物进行手术治疗。     

The posterior two-portal approach for reconstruction of scapula fractures: Results of 39 patients

The purpose of this study was to describe the so-called posterior two-portal approach to the scapula in detail and to investigate the clinical outcome of patients with displaced glenoid and scapular neck fractures who were surgically treated using this approach. From February 1992 to August 2008, 39 patients (30 men and nine women; mean age: 53 years) with scapular fractures underwent surgical fixation at our institution. Thirty-three patients had glenoid fractures and six had unstable scapular neck fractures. All patients were treated via the two-portal approach. The reduction was evaluated radiographically, and the clinical results were analysed using the Constant score. The mean follow-up period was 78 months (range: 6–168). In 24 of the 33 glenoid fractures, the reduction was anatomical. The mean Constant score was 82.3 (range: 35–100) points. In one case, an early postoperative wound infection was cured by local revision, and one patient developed posttraumatic osteoarthritis of the acromioclavicular joint after 2 years. Only one patient developed specific glenohumeral degeneration after non-anatomical reduction. The posterior two-portal approach allows for a good visualisation of the posterior scapular neck and the glenoid area, facilitating the reduction and safe internal fixation of dislocated scapular neck and glenoid fractures.     

Fractures of the scapular neck: diagnosis,classifications and treatment

Purpose

Fractures of the scapular, or glenoid, neck are strongly debated in the relevant literature. Analysis of the respective studies, however, revealed a considerable confusion in terms of definition, terminology and diagnosis. In addition, there are few studies, primarily case reviews, dealing in detail with these fractures. The aim of this article is to present detailed information about fractures of the scapular neck, based on the analysis of our own experience and of the published literature.

Material and methods

Our group of 17 fractures of the scapular neck comprised 14 men and three women, with a mean age of 38 years (range, 24–55). The authors diagnosed four fractures of the anatomical neck, nine fractures of the surgical neck and five trans-spinous fractures of the neck. Of these 17 scapular neck fractures, six fractures were treated non-operatively, and 11 fractures were operated on via the posterior Judet approach. The mean follow-up was 4.9 years (range, 1–11).

Results

Fractures in all six non-operatively treated patients healed without complications in the anatomical position and with full function of the shoulder. In 11 operatively treated patients, all fractures of the scapula and clavicle healed within three months. In nine cases the function of the shoulder was subjectively and objectively assessed as normal, and in the remaining two cases as fair.

Conclusion

The term “scapular, or glenoid, neck” covers three different types of fractures, i.e., fracture of the anatomical neck, fracture of the surgical neck and trans-spinous neck fracture. Fractures of the surgical neck are divided into stable, fractures with rotational instability and fully unstable fractures, depending on the integrity of the coracocacromial and coracoclavicular ligaments. Accurate diagnosis of fractures of the scapular neck requires 3D CT reconstructions. Undisplaced or minimally displaced fractures may be treated non-operatively, markedly displaced fractures constitute an indication for osteosynthesis via the Judet approach.     

Displaced scapular fractures: indication and long-term results of open reduction and internal fixation

Displaced scapular fractures are often found in polytraumatized patients. In emergency treatment they assume a minor role. Advances in dealing with severely injured patients in most instances allow us to perform an operation on the fractured scapula within the first 2 weeks after injury. A differentiated approach is necessary as exclusively conservative treatment does not always bring about good results. From 1981–1991 we performed open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) in 25 patients with displaced fractures of the scapula. The long-term results could be assessed in 20 patients after an average of 6.1 years. The different types of fractures were classified according to Habermeyer/Ideberg, and the Constant score was used in the evaluation of results. Some 64% of patients were involved in road accidents, and 64% suffered concomitant injuries. Articular fractures (n = 6) were the most common ones, followed by fractures of the coracoid process (n = 5) and the neck of the scapula (n = 2). There was no early postoperative complication, and follow-up showed a breakage of K-wires in one patient (fracture of the acromion). Thirteen patients obtained a very good, two patients a good, four a fair and one a poor result (according to the Constant score). Fractures of the scapular neck had the best results in terms of pain, daily activity, range of motion, and strength) as compared with fractures of the glenoid and apophyseal fractures. The radiological evaluation of the articular fractures showed advanced arthrosis of the glenoid with a discrepancy of the surface of more than 2 mm in one patient and a moderate arthrosis (first degree) with an intra-articular displacement of less than 2 mm in another one. The remaining four patients were free of articular incongruencies and other signs of arthrosis. In this retrospective study of operativley treated patients with displaced scapular fractures, more than 70% achieved very good or good results. In severely injured patients, the diagnosis of scapular fractures should be carefully excluded. Timely detection by radiography and computed tomography is mandatory for judicious decision-making concerning conservative and operative treatment.     

Scapular neck fracture--the influence of permanent malalignment of the glenoid neck on clinical outcome

A scapular neck fracture is considered unstable if it is associated with an ipsilateral clavicular fracture or an acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation. Currently, it is recommended that stabilization of a disrupted shoulder girdle must be achieved through open reduction and internal fixation of the clavicular fracture or by reduction of the AC joint, without addressing the scapular neck. However, if the displaced glenoid neck is not simultaneously reduced, malalignment of the glenoid neck may persist. The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze the effect of associated shoulder girdle injury on glenoid displacement and the influence of glenoid malalignment on clinical outcome. Nineteen patients with scapular neck fractures were reviewed clinically and radiologically at a mean of 8 years (range 2–21 years) after injury. None of them has developed nonunion of the scapular neck, and only one showed radiological signs of mild degenerative joint disease. The glenopolar angle (GPA), which assesses the rotational malalignment of the glenoid about an anteroposterior axis perpendicular to the scapular plane on plain X-rays was measured less than 20° in six patients. Three of them had sustained an associated clavicular fracture or AC joint dislocation. The other 3 patients had permanent severe malalignment of the glenoid neck in the absence of an associated shoulder girdle injury. Five patients with GPA less than 20° complained of moderate or severe pain, whereas of the 13 patients with mild or no glenoid rotational displacement or medial displacement alone, 11 patients had no or mild pain, and only 2 had moderate or severe pain (P = 0.0095). Five patients presented with reduced activities of daily living, 4 of them had severe glenoid rotational displacement (P = 0.0173). Loss of motion was found in only 2 patients, and both had a severely displaced glenoid neck (P = 0.088). In conclusion, severe displacement of the glenoid neck may occur with or without associated fracture of the clavicle or dislocation of the AC joint and can be identified as a GPA less than 20°. Scapular neck fractures with such malalignment have a less favorable long-term outcome compared with otherwise comparable cases with absence of glenoid malalignment as measured with the glenopolar angle. Received: 16 February 2000     

Conservative treatment of scapular neck fracture: the effect of stability and glenopolar angle on clinical outcome

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of stability and glenopolar angle on the clinical outcome of conservatively treated scapular neck fractures. Eighteen patients with scapular neck fractures were treated with conservative treatment. Twelve of the 18 patients had surgical neck fractures, whilst six of them had anatomical neck fractures. Anteroposterior radiographs and computerised tomography were performed for each patient. Glenopolar angle was measured through anteroposterior radiographs in the scapular plane. After 3-5 weeks of immobilisation, a rehabilitation programme was started, throughout which all the patients were treated in a 3-phase rehabilitation programme. The mean follow-up was 25 months, and the Constant score was 78.83+/-8.12 point (range: 68-94 points). Patient gender and the type of scapular neck fractures had no effect on functionality or clinical outcome (p>0.05), whilst associated injuries significantly affected the clinical outcome (p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between the Constant score and glenopolar angle (r=0.891, p<0.05) and between the age and glenopolar angle (r=0.472, p<0.05).     

Fractures of the scapula surgical neck: outcome after conservative treatment in 13 cases

Background: Conservative treatment of fractures of the scapular neck does not uniformly lead to a success. The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze the occurrence of glenoid displacement in conservatively treated patients with a scapular neck fracture without concomitant shoulder girdle injury in relation with the clinical outcome. Methods: Between 1991 and 2001, 177 patients with a fracture of the scapula were treated in two Dutch clinics. Twenty-four patients sustained a scapular neck fracture, who all, with the exception of one, were treated non-operatively. At follow-up, 13 patients had a functional evaluation and were assessed clinically at an average of 5.5 years after the injury. Results: All fractures healed uneventfully. At final radiographic evaluation, four patients were found with significant translational displacement of fracture fragments (>1 cm); however, no angular displacement of the glenoid was found (no GPA<20°). The functional outcome of the 13 patients was excellent (Constant score: 90). No correlation was found between functional outcome and malunion. There was no significant difference between the SF-36 scores in the follow-up group and the scores for age-matched controls in the general population. Conclusions: Non-operative treatment of a surgical neck fracture of the scapula in absence of an ipsilateral shoulder injury and associated permanent neurological impairment leads to a good to excellent functional outcome, with or without significant translational displacement.     

The role of plain films and computed tomography in the evaluation of scapular neck fractures.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the ability of plain films and computed tomography scans to show the pattern, displacement, and angulation of scapular neck fractures. To assess the ability of computed tomography to identify concomitant occult shoulder injuries. DESIGN: Masked retrospective radiographic review. SETTING: Level I trauma center. PARTICIPANTS: Three orthopaedic surgeons (two attending physicians and one senior resident) and one musculoskeletal radiology attending physician reviewed the imaging studies of scapula neck fractures in twenty patients treated at our institution. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Kappa analysis of agreement of fracture characteristics and benefits of computed tomography for scapular neck fractures. RESULTS: The mean weighted kappa coefficient for interobserver reliability of fracture displacement was 0.49 when the fractures were assessed by plain films alone, 0.15 when they were assessed by computed tomography scans alone, and 0.35 when they were assessed by plain films and computed tomography scans. The mean weighted kappa coefficients for fracture angulation were 0.30, 0.23, and 0.16, respectively. The mean simple kappa coefficients for fracture classification were 0.81, 0.20, and 0.33, respectively. Concomitant injury to the superior shoulder suspensory complex was seen in 57 percent of cases, including nine clavicle fractures, one coracoid fracture, and three acromion process fractures. The coracoid fracture and two of the acromion process fractures were minimally displaced and seen on computed tomography scans only. CONCLUSION: Scapular neck fracture displacement, angulation, and anatomic classification showed moderate interobserver reliability by plain films but were not enhanced by computed tomography. Computed tomography confused, rather than clarified, the assessment of these characteristics. Computed tomography may be useful to identify associated injuries to the superior shoulder suspensory complex, which can be missed by plain films alone. Routine computed tomography in patients with scapular neck fractures cannot be recommended based on this study. Computed tomography of scapular neck fractures may be useful in selected cases in which intraarticular extension is noted on plain films.