Simplant设计软件在口腔种植不翻瓣导航术的应用研究

目的：评价应用基于CT的口腔种植外科计算机辅助设计软件simplant进行不翻瓣牙种植的临床效果。方法：选择上下颌拟同时进行多牙种植修复的患者共5例。对于无牙牙合患者术前制作全口义齿,用牙胶在基托上制作标记点,让患者佩戴义齿进行CT扫描,再对义齿单独再行CT扫描（Dual-scan）;对于牙列缺损患者进行CT扫描,并取石膏模型;应用Sim-plant计算机辅助设计软件解读标准的DICOMCT数据,进行三维重建并制定种植计划,应用完成的外科导板进行不翻瓣种植体植入术。结果：通过CT图像可从多个层面观察术区,可清晰地显示窦腔、神经管及术区的三维立体结构,有利于种植体规格的选择;同时CT结合Simplant专业软件可对颌骨种植区骨密度进行定量测量,对种植的术前设计和术后评估有重要意义。共植入30颗种植体,除1颗种植体于术后3个月后骨结合失败而取出外,余种植体骨结合良好,患者术后无明显肿胀、疼痛,患者满意度高。结论：应用基于CT的口腔种植计算机辅助设计软件Simplant并联合手术导板进行不翻瓣牙种植定位精确性及诊断价值高,有利于医患沟通,对于多牙种植来说手术创伤及术后反应小,患者易接受。     

自主研发CAD/CAM种植导板制作系统在无牙颌种植修复中的临床应用研究

目的评价自主研发CAD/CAM种植导板制作系统在无牙颌种植修复中的临床应用。方法选择5例单颌无牙颌患者。锥形束CT扫描采集数据,导入自主研发种植导板软件进行导板的数字化设计,快速成型机制作种植导板。在导板引导下进行无牙颌种植手术,植入ITI种植体。3个月后复查,行种植义齿修复。术后定期随访。结果为5例患者制作完成丙烯酸树脂CAD/CAM种植导板,在导板引导下采用不翻瓣术式共植入38枚ITI种植体,初期稳定性良好,术后反应小。术后3个月骨结合良好,仅1枚种植体脱落。5例患者均采用固定式种植修复,术后6个月及1年的随访显示,修复体功能和美观良好。结论该自主研发的CAD/CAM种植导板制作系统应用于无牙颌种植手术,能实现术前精确设计和术中精确控制种植体位置,减少了手术创伤和术后并发症,取得良好的种植修复效果。     

计算机辅助设计和制造(CAD/CAM)的种植手术导板的应用

目的将计算机辅助设计和制造(CAD/CAM)种植手术的导板应用于种植手术,保证种植体植入在正确的位点和方向。方法按照导板制做的数据要求,用CT扫描患者的上下颌骨,在获取颌骨数据后输入种植导板设计的软件中,模拟种植体的位置和上部修复体,然后引导制造以修复为导向的准确的种植手术导板并在手术中应用。结果 16例患者采用计算机辅助设计引导制造的手术导板较好地完成了以修复为导向和最终获得良好位置的种植体的植入。结论计算机辅助设计和制造种植手术的导板能在术前了解患者颌骨的解剖结构和种植区骨量,确定术中种植的位点、控制植入的方向、缩短了手术时间,具有很好的应用前景。     

应用不翻瓣技术进行后牙区种植义齿修复的临床体会

目的：总结应用不翻瓣技术进行后牙种植义齿修复的临床体会。方法：后牙缺失需要进行种植义齿修复患者53例,男26例,女27例,平均年龄47.4±12.3岁,90颗缺牙。术前均进行CT扫描,三维重建分析缺牙区可用骨长度、宽度和高度,术中环形切除缺牙区黏骨膜进行不翻瓣种植体植入手术,必要时辅助手术导板引导种植体窝洞预备和种植体植入。记录手术耗时时间,术后即刻CT检查植入位置,观察有无并发症的发生,种植体骨结合后完成上部结构修复并定期随访。结果：53例患者应用不翻瓣种植手术成功植入90枚种植体,种植体植入位置良好,术中耗时平均（17.4±5.8）min,无上颌窦底黏膜穿孔、下颌神经损伤、骨壁侧穿等手术并发症,86枚种植体成功修复义齿并经3～10个月随访正常。结论：绝大多数后牙缺牙患者都适合进行不翻瓣种植手术,选择比种植体直径稍大的黏骨膜环切钻更有利于手术,种植体上方皮质骨需要修整后方能使愈合基台准确就位。     

ITI种植体在单颗牙即刻种植即刻负重的临床研究

目的：评价ITI种植体在前牙区单颗牙缺失即刻种植即刻负重修复的临床效果。方法：对31例前牙区单个牙缺失患者在拔除残根后行即刻植入ITI种植体，并对其中18枚术中戴入临时义齿，行即刻负重修复（扭矩〉25Ncm，初期稳定性好），六个月后行永久修复。在植入后3、6、12个月对其进行临床及影像学检查。结果：18枚前牙区单个牙缺失即刻植入ITI种植体并行即刻负重修复后无1枚脱落。结论：前牙区单颗牙缺失使用ITI即刻种植及即刻负重修复只要病例选择合适，合理控制咬[牙合]可以达到与常规种植同样的修复效果。     

计算机辅助设计和自制牙支持式导板用于下颌后牙区种植研究

目的 评价计算机辅助设计和自制牙支持式导板应用于下颌后牙区种植的临床疗效。方法 选择2012年4-9月山西医科大学口腔医院口腔外科收治的下颌后牙区单颗缺失患者10例,制取缺牙区牙列模型,选取植入点,制作初导板。采集CT数据,利用Simplant软件对数据分析,使用研磨仪在模型上确定最后植入方向并制作最终导板。口内戴入导板,植入种植体,拍摄CT,测量术前术后角度及深度偏差。结果 种植体在颊舌向与模拟植入体方向存在偏差,但偏差角度在10°以内,可以通过角度基台调整以适应咬合关系。种植深度及近远中向角度术前、术后偏差较小。结论 该系统可指导临床医生在下颌骨高度不足条件下植入种植体,对于提高种植手术质量与精度具有重要意义。     

上颌无牙颌用种植处理软件设计和引导不翻瓣手术并即刻戴入临时修复体：一项对15例接受连续处理的患者的回顾性分析

目的：评价上颌无牙颌患者接受计算机辅助设计的种植手术并带入种植体支持的即刻负重桥体的临床效果。材料和方法：15位接受连续治疗的上颌无牙颌患者（5位男性．10位女性）平均年龄为52岁（40～70岁）．他们接受了种植体支持的桥修复,对其临床疗效进行评价。采用了两次计算机体层扫描（CT）,第一次是患者佩戴义齿／具有放射标志的放射导板进行扫描,第二次是仅扫描义齿。导板引导下的不翻瓣手术在局部麻醉下进行。共植入90枚种植体。种植体的长度10～13mm．种植体的直径为4．3mm或5mm。预先制作好丙烯酸树脂临时义齿．在手术后即刻戴入并用螺丝固位．所有的种植体进行即刻负重。术后6个月、12个月及18个月进行临床复诊及放射检查．记录种植成功率、边缘骨水平、患者的满意度及其他并发症。结果：术后随访18个月．有2位患者各缺失了1个种植体。18个月后．种植体周围骨水平平均下降了1．6mm。在第18个月时进行的患者满意度问卷调查显示患者对该治疗有很高的满意度。结论：尽管患者的数量有限．但是仍然可以显示软件及计算机断层扫描引导下的种植手术设计可以为无牙颌的修复提供可靠的结果及高成功率。     

计算机辅助设计（CAD）的种植手术导板的应用

目的：采用计算机辅助设计和制造种植手术的导板,较好地保证种植体植入在正确的位点和方向。方法：按照导板制做的数据要求,用CT扫描患者的上下颌骨,在获取颌骨数据后输入种植导板设计的软件中,并引导制造出患者颌骨的硅胶模型,在此模型上作出准确的种植手术导板并在手术中应用。结果：6例患者采用计算机辅助设计引导下制造的手术导板较好地完成了以修复为导向和最终获得良好位置的种植体的植入。结论：计算机辅助设计和制造种植手术的导板能在术前了解患者患者骨量,术中确定种植的位点、控制植入的方向、缩短了手术时间,具有很好的应用前景。     

锥形束CT结合简易种植导板应用于上颌无牙颌种植修复的探讨

目的探讨锥形束CT（cone beam computed tomography,CBCT）影像结合简易种植导板定位应用于上颌无牙颌种植修复的效果。方法对8例拟行种植修复的上颌无牙颌患者术前拍CBCT,得到上颌骨多层次影像,通过测量分析确定种植修复方式,结合简易种植导板完成种植手术,定期随访。结果8例患者共植入39枚种植体,其中6例为种植覆盖义齿修复,共植入24枚种植体;2例为种植固定义齿修复,共植入15枚种植体。均无术中及术后并发症发生。12个月后CBCT检查未见明显骨吸收,种植体存活率100％。结论通过术中简易种植导板定位结合CBCT影像,手术安全可靠,种植体植入的位置较理想,为顺利完成上部修复创造有利条件。     

基于3D打印技术新型金属镂空式种植外科导板的临床应用

目的：探讨基于3D打印技术制作的新型金属镂空式种植外科导板在种植手术中的效果及其精确性。方法牙缺失患者23例,利用新型金属镂空式种植外科导板辅助植入52枚种植体,观测其种植体颈部偏移距离（植入位点）和种植体1年存活率。结果48枚种植体进入预定位置,仅4枚种植体颈部出现偏移,偏移范围在2 mm内,颈部偏移的平均距离为（1.08±0.24） mm。所有种植体均顺利修复。种植体1年存活率为100％。结论新型金属镂空式种植外科导板辅助植入技术具有操作简便、术中冷却效果良好和手术视野开阔等优点,且精确度较高。     

Surgical planning and prosthesis construction using computed tomography, CAD/CAM technology, and the Internet for immediate loading of dental implants

This report describes a protocol that uses computer technology and medical imaging to virtually place anterior and posterior dental implants and to construct a precise surgical template and prosthesis, which is connected at the time of implant placement. This procedure drastically reduces patient office time, surgical treatment time, and the degree of post-treatment recovery. Patients with an edentulous arch or a partially edentulous area had a denture with radiopaque markers constructed for computed tomography (CT) scans of the appropriate jaw. The CT images, having acquisition slices of 0.4 mm, are transposed in a three-dimensional image-based program for planning and strategic placement of dental implants. After virtual implant placement on the computer, the surgical treatment plan is sent to a manufacturing facility for construction of the surgical template. The manufactured surgical components and surgical template arrive on the clinical site. From the surgical template, the dental laboratory retro-engineers the master cast, articulates it with the opposing dentition based on a duplicate of the scanning denture, and creates the prosthesis. Using the surgical template, minimally invasive surgery is performed without a flap, and the prosthesis is delivered, achieving immediate functional loading to the implants. Minor occlusal adjustments are made. The total surgical treatment time required is typically between 30 and 60 minutes. Postoperative symptoms such as pain, swelling, and inflammation are dramatically reduced. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Identification of the bone in relationship to the tooth position via three-dimensional CT prior to surgery allows the clinician to precisely place implants. Computer-aided design/computer-assisted manufacture technology using the three-dimensional images allows for fabrication of the surgical template. This is a significant advancement in implant dentistry and promotes interdisciplinary approaches to patient treatment. The implant surgeon and restorative dentist can agree upon implant locations and screw access locations prior to the surgical episode.     

结合三维激光扫描的CAD／CAM牙种植导板的临床精度评价

目的：利用CT技术、三维激光扫描技术、计算机辅助设计／制作技术（CAD／CAM）制作口腔种植导板,并对其精度进行评价。方法：CT扫描患者颌骨,数据导入SimPlant种植软件进行三维模型重建并模拟种植。对石膏模型进行三维激光扫描,通过Geomagic软件将石膏模型和cT三维模型进行配准,根据种植体的位置,在石膏数字化模型上完成种植导板的设计,最后利用快速成型技术制作导板。在导板指导下,共植入了45枚种植体,术后再次进行CT扫描,术前术后CT数据进行配准,比较实际种植体与虚拟种植体的偏差。结果：种植体植入后肩部偏离值为（0．85±0．19）mm,根部偏离值（0．97±0．21）mm,角度偏离值（4．53±1．89）°。结论：将三维激光扫描技术应用于种植领域,结合SimPlant软件模拟种植和快速成型等技术制作的种植导板定位准确,为提高种植的成功率提供了可靠保障。     

种植导航模板的计算机辅助设计和制造

目的：采用计算机辅助设计和制造技术制作种植导航模板,以确保种植体植入的安全性,获得理想的植入位置和方向。方法：应用牙科CT扫描患者上下颌牙弓,并转换成三维模型;取模并翻制牙颌石膏模型,测量牙颌石膏模型表面三维数据,获得点云数据文件,并转换成三维模型,并与CT获得的三维模型配准。按照种植体植入标准和要求计算机辅助设计种植导航模板,利用数控激光快速成型技术制作模板。结果：完成的计算机辅助设计和制造的种植导航模板实物质量稳定,精度较高。结论：种植导航模板能在术前确定种植位置以及方向,术中具有导航作用,具有一定的应用前景。     

Surgical planning and prosthesis construction using computer technology and medical imaging for immediate loading of implants in the pterygomaxillary region

This report describes a protocol that uses computerized tomography (CT), computer-aided design/computer-assisted manufacture (CAD/CAM) technology, and the Internet to plan placement of anterior and posterior dental implants and construct a precise surgical template and definitive prosthesis, which is connected at the time of implant placement. This procedure drastically reduces surgical treatment time and the recovery period. Patients with an edentulous arch had a denture with radiopaque markers constructed for CT scans of the appropriate jaw. The CT images, with acquisition slices of 0.5 mm, were transferred into a three-dimensional image-based program for planning and strategic placement of dental implants. After implants were virtually placed on the computer, the surgical treatment plan was sent to a manufacturing facility for construction of a surgical template and the prosthesis, Special surgical guide components were also manufactured for placement of implants in the pterygomaxillary region. The manufactured surgical components, surgical template, and definitive prosthesis were then delivered to the clinical site. Implant placement surgery was performed using the surgical template, without a flap, and the prosthesis was delivered, achieving immediate functional loading. Minor occlusal adjustments were made. The total surgical treatment time required was less than 60 minutes. Postoperative symptoms, such as pain, swelling, and inflammation, were minimal. Identification of the bone in relationship to the tooth position via three-dimensional CT prior to surgery allows precise placement of implants. CAD/CAM technology using the three-dimensional images allows for fabrication of the surgical guide and final prosthesis. This is a significant advancement in implant dentistry and prosthodontics.     

Synthesis of CAD/CAM, robotics and biomaterial implant fabrication: single-step reconstruction in computer-aided frontotemporal bone resection

The preoperative manufacturing of individual skull implants, developed by an interdisciplinary research group at Ruhr-University Bochum, is based on the use of titanium as the most common material for implants at present. Using the existing technology for materials that can be milled or moulded, customized implants may be manufactured as well. The goal of the study was to examine biodegradable materials and to evaluate the practicability of intraoperative instrument navigation and robotics. Data acquisition of an adult sheep's head was performed with helical computer tomography (CT). The data were transferred onto a computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing system (CAD/CAM system), and two complex defects in the frontotemporal skull were designed. Standard individual titanium implants were milled for both of the defects. Additionally, for one of the defects a resection template, as well as a mould for the biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) implant, were fabricated by the CAD/CAM system. A surgeon carried out the first bone resection (#1) for the prefabricated titanium implant using the resection template and an oscillating saw. The robot system St?ubli RX90CR, modified for clinical use, carried out the other resection (#2). Both titanium implants and the PDLLA implant were inserted in their respective defects to compare the precision of their fit. A critical comparison of both implant materials and both resection types shows that fabrication of a PDLLA implant and robot resection are already possible. At present, the titanium implant and resection using a template are more convincing due to the higher precision and practicability.     

Clinical application of stereolithographic surgical guides for implant placement: preliminary results

BACKGROUND: The success of implant-supported restorations requires detailed treatment planning, which includes the construction of a surgical guide. Recently, computer-aided rapid prototyping has been developed to construct surgical guides in an attempt to improve the precision of implant placement. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the match between the positions and axes of the planned and placed implants when a stereolithographic surgical guide is employed. METHODS: Six surgical guides used in four patients (three women, one man; age from 23 to 65 years old) were included in the study and 21 implants were placed. A radiographic template was fabricated and computer-assisted tomography (CT) was performed. The virtual implants were placed in the resulting 3-dimensional image. Using a stereolithographic machine, liquid polymer was injected and laser-cured according to the CT image data with the planned implants, generating three surgical guides, with increasing tube diameters corresponding to each twist drill diameter (2.2, 3.2, and 4.0 mm), for each surgical area. During the implant operation, the surgical guide was placed on the jawbone and/or the teeth. After surgery, a new CT scan was taken. Software was used to fuse the images of planned and placed implants, and the locations and axes were compared. RESULTS: On average, the match between the planned and the placed implant axes was within 7.25 degrees +/- 2.67 degrees ; the differences in distance between the planned and placed positions at the implant shoulder were 1.45 +/- 1.42 mm, and 2.99 +/- 1.77 mm at the implant apex. In all patients, a greater distance was found between the planned and placed positions at the implant apex than at the implant head. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical data suggest that computer-aided rapid prototyping of surgical guides may be useful in implant placement. However, the technique requires improvement to provide better stability of the guide during the surgery, in cases of unilateral bone-supported and non-tooth-supported guides. Further clinical studies, using greater number of patients, are necessary to evaluate the real impact of the stereolithographic surgical guide on implant therapy.     

Depth deviation and occurrence of early surgical complications or unexpected events using a single stereolithographic surgi-guide

The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of depth implant insertion and to describe the frequency of early surgical complications or unexpected events, recorded using a single, totally guided, stereolithographic surgi-guide (bone-, mucosa- and teeth-supported) for both osteotomy site preparation and implant delivery. Ten adults were included in this study. Six patients were treated in both arches, and the number of computer aided implantology (CAI) interventions was 16, which equalled the number of guides used, for a total of 111 implants inserted. Complications and unexpected events occurred during the positioning of the surgical guide and whilst preparing the implant site and installing implants. In order to minimize the risk of complications and unexpected events, attention must be paid to every stage of treatment, including checking computed tomography (CT) images, guide manufacturing, proper guide positioning in the mouth, guide fixation, rotational allowance of drill in tubes, shape and sharpness of the drills, first entry point, mouth opening and guided implant insertion.     

Computer-aided design and manufacturing construction of a surgical template for craniofacial implant positioning to support a definitive nasal prosthesis

Aim: To design a surgical template to guide the insertion of craniofacial implants for nasal prosthesis retention. Materials and methods: The planning of the implant position was obtained using software for virtual surgery; the positions were transferred to a free‐form computer‐aided design modeling software and used to design the surgical guides. A rapid prototyping system was used to 3D‐print a three‐part template: a helmet to support the others, a starting guide to mark the skin before flap elevation, and a surgical guide for bone drilling. An accuracy evaluation between the planned and the placed final position of each implant was carried out by measuring the inclination of the axis of the implant (angular deviation) and the position of the apex of the implant (deviation at apex). Results: The implant in the glabella differed in angulation by 7.78°, while the two implants in the premaxilla differed by 1.86 and 4.55°, respectively. The deviation values at the apex of the implants with respect to the planned position were 1.17 mm for the implant in the glabella and 2.81 and 3.39 mm, respectively, for those implanted in the maxilla. Conclusions: The protocol presented in this article may represent a viable way to position craniofacial implants for supporting nasal prostheses. To cite this article:
Ciocca L, Fantini M, De Crescenzio F, Persiani F, Scotti R. Computer‐aided design and manufacturing construction of a surgical template for craniofacial implant positioning to support a definitive nasal prosthesis.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22 , 2011; 850–856
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02066.x