15例飞行员分流型先天性心脏病超声特征及诊治鉴定情况

目的 总结近10年分流型先天性心脏病飞行员情况,为飞行学员医学选拔、飞行员先天性心脏病诊治及鉴定提供合理建议.方法 对2010年1月—2020年9月在我院住院的分流型先天性心脏病飞行员进行统计,分析其超声特征及诊治鉴定情况.结果 近10年共有15例分流型先天性心脏病飞行员在我院诊治,均为年度体检或改装体检中发现,年龄22～47岁,包括房间隔缺损13例(86.7％)、室间隔缺损1例(6.7％)、动脉导管未闭1例(6.7％),其中室间隔缺损飞行员偶有剧烈活动后气促感,余飞行员平时能耐受各种训练,活动时无不适症状.经介入封堵治疗后地面观察3～12个月,1例失访,1例因观察时间短暂时飞行不合格,1例因飞行训练中易出现突发头晕飞行不合格,余12例原机种或限双座飞行合格.结论 介入封堵治疗飞行员分流型先天性心脏病切实可行,治疗后封堵器稳定,经航空医学鉴定不影响飞行者,可准予飞行合格.     

飞行员12例肾结石的诊治及医学鉴定分析

目的 探讨飞行员肾结石的诊断治疗及鉴定原则.方法 回顾分析2006年11月～2008年3月12名患肾结石飞行员诊治过程及医学鉴定结论 .结果 5名肾结石飞行员经治疗结石排出,飞行合格;2名长期治疗无效,予以停飞;3名肾钙化灶飞行员飞行合格.结论 歼击机飞行员及教练机飞行教员患肾结石影响飞行安全,应在结石排出后方可恢复飞行,远离集合系统的肾钙化灶可予以放飞,并应定期观察.     

由飞行加速度及跳伞引起的腰椎间盘脱出症

我院骨外科于1956年至1982年共收治飞行人员腰椎间盘脱出症104例.其中由飞行加速度及跳伞引起者8例,这是一种与地面外伤不同的,发生在飞行人员的特殊类型外伤,现报导如下.一般资料1.年龄:最小25岁,最大40岁.2.机种:歼击机飞行员6例,轰炸机飞行员2例.3.飞行时间:最少160小时,最多1000小时.4.发病诱因:由飞行加速度引起者5例,跳伞引起者3例.5.治疗结果:6例经过保守治疗,其中治愈2例,好转3例,无变化1例,经手术治愈2例.6.飞行鉴定:经体检结论飞行合格者6例,病历记载不详2例.     

军事飞行员主动脉瓣二瓣化畸形5例并文献复习

目的 总结军事飞行员主动脉瓣二瓣化畸形（bicuspid aortic valve,BAV）的临床特点和航空医学鉴定结果,提高对军事飞行员BAV的认识。方法 收集2013年1月—2021年1月于空军特色医学中心检查确诊为BAV的5例军事飞行员的临床资料,回顾性分析BAV的临床诊治、病情进展和航空医学鉴定情况。结果 5例BAV军事飞行员均为年度体检或改装体检时经心脏超声检查确诊,年龄23～51岁。心脏超声提示：3例左冠瓣与右冠瓣融合,2例右冠瓣与无冠瓣融合;5例均伴有主动脉瓣反流,其中2例为轻度,2例为中度,1例为重度且伴主动脉瓣轻度狭窄;1例主动脉瓣增厚,1例主动脉瓣钙化;3例升主动脉扩张;2例左室扩大。经专家评估：4例需密切随访观察,1例择期行Bentall术。经航空医学鉴定：2例原机种飞行合格,1例改装飞行合格,2例暂时飞行不合格。结论 军事飞行员BAV具有临床症状轻、并发症出现早、病情进展快的特点。长期军事训练及航空环境下抗荷动作可能加速BAV病情进展。     

飞行人员气胸临床特点及航空医学鉴定

目的 总结4例飞行人员自发性气胸的诊治及鉴定过程,提出飞行人员自发性气胸的鉴定建议.方法 回顾我中心收治的4例自发性气胸飞行人员的诊治、鉴定过程,提出自发性气胸飞行人员的航空医学鉴定建议.结果 例1,手术去除肺大疱后给予飞行合格结论.例2,给予暂时飞行不合格结论,主要因为其发病后观察时间尚不够长,将来有望恢复飞行.例3,空中战勤人员,经过复查,肺功能良好,考虑其为空中战勤人员,给予双座飞行合格出院.例4,陆航直升机飞行员,双上肺肺大疱暂不需处理,结论飞行合格.结论 自发性气胸在飞行结论鉴定时应综合发作次数、肺大疱位置、飞行机种及飞行人员个人意愿等情况而定.     

1993-2012年住院飞行人员传染病疾病谱及医学鉴定

目的 通过了解住院飞行人员传染病疾病谱和临床特点以及对飞行的影响,为飞行人员的传染病防治及医学鉴定提供依据. 方法 回顾性分析空军总医院1993年5月-2012年8月住院诊治的飞行人员传染病患者的临床病历资料. 结果 19年间传染病住院飞行人员共105例,占同期飞行人员住院人数的0.93％;近5年来下降至0.31％(15/4915),与其他时期比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).飞行人员传染病发病人数呈逐年减少趋势(x2=53.354,P＜0.01).105例传染病疾病分类共12种,排在前3位的是病毒性肝炎(65例)、细菌性痢疾(11例)和感染性腹泻(8例).肝炎病毒感染最为常见,占本组传染病疾病构成比的61.90％;其中乙型肝炎病毒感染51例,占本组传染病疾病构成比的48.57％.105例中医学鉴定结论为飞行不合格52例,停飞率49.52％.65例肝炎病毒感染者中飞行不合格52例,停飞率80.00％;3例地面观察期,待做医学鉴定.其他40例患者中除2例尚在康复治疗外,均经临床治疗后康复痊愈,医学鉴定结论为飞行合格. 结论 飞行人员传染病的发病率及其在飞行人员疾病构成上的比例总体上呈逐年下降,疾病谱相对单一,主要以病毒性肝炎特别是乙型病毒性肝炎和肠道感染性疾病为主,乙型病毒性肝炎是飞行人员传染病中最常见的疾病,也是停飞的最主要原因.     

飞行员肾盏憩室结石4例诊断治疗并文献复习

目的 探讨飞行员肾盏憩室结石诊断治疗方法及飞行医学鉴定标准。方法 回顾分析2014年9月—2020年7月空军特色医学中心收治的4例飞行员肾盏憩室结石患者病例资料并复习相关文献。结果 4例患者均因常规体检发现右肾结石入院,结石长径分别为5.8、8、7 mm和7 mm。4例患者均接受输尿管软镜检查术,其中1例单座机飞行员软镜下结石取净,鉴定飞行合格;1例单座机飞行员术中发现肾盏憩室开口狭小,考虑结石不能排出,特许飞行合格;1例患者术中未能发现肾盏憩室开口,限原机种（双座机）飞行合格;1例民航飞行学员软镜下未能发现肾盏憩室开口,改行经皮肾镜取石术,结石治愈。结论影像学检查结合微创腔镜技术是诊疗肾盏憩室结石的有效方法,可以帮助飞行员重返飞行岗位;应尽快制定肾盏憩室结石的特许飞行医学鉴定标准。     

歼击机飞行员体能训练致横纹肌溶解症一例并文献复习

目的 探讨飞行员运动性横纹肌溶解症的诊断、治疗及医学鉴定,以提高对本病的认识,指导临床航空医疗工作和飞行员体能训练. 方法 分析1例飞行员运动性横纹肌溶解症的诊断、治疗、医学鉴定情况,结合相关文献,总结飞行员运动性横纹肌溶解症的病因、发病机制、临床特点、防治及医学鉴定. 结果 突然大量运动训练可导致机体能量耗损,自由基产生增加,组织渗透性加强,从而引起炎性因子释放,造成横纹肌溶解.本例飞行员经针对病因治疗,减少横纹肌损伤,恢复血流,防治急性肾功能衰竭等治疗,临床治愈.经康复疗养、地面观察,逐渐恢复体能训练,复查各项指标均正常,结论为飞行合格. 结论 运动性横纹肌溶解症是由于过度运动后所致的横纹肌损伤,对该病要做到预防为主,早发现、早诊断、早治疗,对飞行员改善预后和医学鉴定有着重要的临床意义.     

飞行员腰椎间盘突出精准微创手术后飞行适应性评价探讨

目的 通过对患有腰椎间盘突出症的飞行员实施精准微创外科手术及临床随访评估,制定术后飞行适应性评价原则,根据最终的医学鉴定结果对腰椎间盘突出术后飞行适应性进行初步探讨. 方法 确定入选病例的纳入排除标准,选择入组病例,根据病变节段及类型制定个性化手术并予以实施.利用腰椎疼痛视觉模拟量表(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分、下腰痛日本骨科学会(Japan Orthopedic Association,JOA)评分,Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODD评分进行术前评估,及术后6个月、12个月的随访评估.采用SPSS 12.0软件对随访数据资料进行统计学分析. 结果 共有7例飞行员入组,平均年龄33.8岁,平均飞行时间1714 h.其中ODI、JOA、VAS评分术后6个月、术后12个月之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但二者与术前评分比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).7例患者中,6例术后康复6个月,医学鉴定飞行合格;1例医学鉴定飞行不合格. 结论 对于单节段腰椎间盘突出的飞行员,经过保守治疗无效,利用精准微创外科手术治疗,术后效果满意,康复训练6个月左右可予以飞行合格.医学鉴定应在原有鉴定原则基础上进行补充,同时需要个体化评定.     

民航飞行员先天性二叶式主动脉瓣畸形医学鉴定的探讨——附二例病例报告

目的 分析民航飞行员先天性二叶式主动脉瓣畸形的航空医学意义,探讨民用航空医学体检鉴定的政策、标准、方法和措施,提高体检鉴定水平.方法 报告2例民航飞行员先天性二叶式主动脉瓣畸形的临床资料,分析其发病特点;检索并借鉴国外航空医学的处置政策及具体方法,对我国民用航空医学的体检鉴定提出意见和建议.结果 确诊2例飞行员先天性二叶式主动脉瓣畸形,无任何临床症状,无明显血流动力学改变的临床证据,亦不具备介入和(或)手术治疗的临床指征.根据我国现行民航飞行人员体检鉴定标准,仅可按特许鉴定方案进行体检鉴定;两例飞行员特许鉴定合格后,分别恢复飞行3个月和13个月,飞行耐力良好,未见因医学原因出现的飞行事故或飞行事故征候.结论 民航飞行员先天性主动脉瓣畸形的航空医学评定应遵循个别评定、风险评估和谨慎的原则,若无症状、无血流动力学改变的临床证据、不具备介入治疗或手术治疗的指征等,总体风险水平在可接受范围内.在飞行员自我认识、密切航医监控、定期专科会诊的前提条件下可给予特许合格,或考虑授权航空体检医生进行协助特许体检鉴定.     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

幽门螺杆菌分泌与重组表达的VacA蛋白的分离纯化及其致细胞空泡效应与凋亡的对比研究

目的：分离纯化幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的细胞空泡毒素抗原（ VacA）蛋白,并评价其致细胞空泡效应及致细胞凋亡效应。方法分别从幽门螺杆菌ATCC26695菌株培养上清和重组表达VacA蛋白的pQE30-VacA-E．coliM15基因工程菌中分离纯化VacA蛋白,经酸化后,以不同终浓度（5,10 ng／ml）分别与人胃腺癌AGS细胞共孵24 h,观察致空泡效应,并通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果成功分离纯化出幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的VacA蛋白;幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白能显著引起AGS细胞的空泡样改变及凋亡（P＜0．01）,而重组表达的VacA蛋白致细胞空泡样改变及凋亡不显著（ P＞0．05）。结论幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白有良好的空泡毒性及致凋亡效应,而重组表达的VacA蛋白无致空泡及凋亡效应,幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白可用于VacA作用机制的研究。     

化学和生物学融合对国际武器公约履约的影响

化学武器公约（ CWC）和生物武器公约（ BWC）是为禁止生产、发展、储存和使用化学武器和生物武器而制定的国际公约。近年来,科学技术快速发展,知识交叉渗透,学科之间出现整合和融合,促进了科技进步和经济发展。其中化学和生物学融合在有力促进制药、健康卫生、绿色化学和环境保护等产业进步的同时,也对化学和生物武器公约的履约产生了重要的影响。该文综述了与化学武器和生物武器公约相关的化学和生物学融合进展,并分析其对公约履约的影响。     

Oxygen uptake and ventilation during rowing and running in females and males

This study evaluated if the ventilatory response to exercise is impaired by the cramp position of rowing. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal expiratory volume (VEmax), and maximal heart rate (HRmax) during rowing and running were compared in 55 males (age, mean +/- SD, 21 +/- 3 years; height 176 +/- 5 cm; body mass 72 +/- 6 kg) and 18 females (age 20 +/- 2 years; height 164 +/- 5 cm; body mass 61 +/- 4 kg). VEmax was larger during rowing than during running (males, 157 +/- 16 vs. 147 +/- 13 L min(-1); 114 +/- 9 vs. 105 +/- 11 L min(-1), P<0.01). Also VO2max was larger during rowing than during running (males, 4.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4 L min(-1); females, 3.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.4 L min(-1), P<0.01). However, HRmax was lower during rowing than during running (males, 194 +/- 8 vs. 198 +/- 11 beats min(-1); females, 192 +/- 6 vs. 196 +/- 8 beats min(-1), P<0.05). VEmax was correlated to body mass and fat-free mass, as was VO2max. Thus, the oxygen pulse (VO2max/HRmax) was larger during rowing than during running, while the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEmax/VO2max) was similar. We showed that bending the body during rowing does not seem to impair ventilation either in males or in females. The results indicate that VEmax and VO2max relate to body size and fat-free mass for both females and males. The findings indicate that the involvement of more muscles, the entrainment, and the body position during rowing facilitates ventilation and venous return and lowers maximal heart rate.     

Coracoclavicular and coracoacromial ligament calcification and ossification

Thirty-six patients with calcification or ossification at or around the coracoclavicular and coracoacromial regions were analyzed with regard to type, location, and configuration of the deposits and related clinical history. Calcification or ossification in the coracoclavicular region resulted largely from trauma (36%) or renal failure (28%). Trauma patients may develop punctate calcification or ossification but do not develop the tumoral type of calcification. About 5% of the renal failure patients had coracoclavicular ligament calcifications, one-half of which were of the tumoral type. Renal failure patients may have punctate or tumoral calcifications but do not develop ossification.     

CLIP相关技术的研究进展

在真核生物基因表达的转录后调节中,RNA结合蛋白（ RBP）起着关键作用,很多RBP的异常与人类疾病的发生密切相关。自2000年的RNA免疫沉淀和芯片分析方法（ RNA immunoprecipitation with differential display or microarray analysis , RIP-ChIP）出现以来,人们开始就RBP与RNA相互作用进行了系统而广泛的研究。经过改良和发展,基于体内实时紫外交联免疫沉淀法（ ultraviolet crosslinking and immunoprecipitation , CLIP ）、交联免疫沉淀cDNA文库高通量测序法（ high-throughput sequencing of CLIP cDNA library , HITS-CLIP）、光催化核糖核苷增强交联和免疫沉淀法（ photoactivatable-ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunprecipitation , PAR-CLIP）以及提高个别核苷酸分辨率交联和免疫共沉淀法（ individual nucleotide resolution CLIP , iCLIP）等RIP-ChIP衍生方法相继产生,使用这些方法,可以解析RBP的RNA识别特异性,而且通过与高通量测序技术结合,可以实现转录组尺度的RBP的靶序列的鉴定,分辨率也得到极大提高。该文就RNA与蛋白的相互作用的基本原理及其研究进展、相关技术存在的问题以及发展趋势进行简要综述。     

Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of self-reported and device-assessed physical activity and sedentary behaviour

ObjectivesTo examine the longitudinal associations and differences between self-reported and device-assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB), using a multifaceted statistical approach.DesignLongitudinal measurement burst.MethodsIn total, 52 university students (78% female) aged 18–38 years (mean = 21.94 ± 4.57 years) participated. The study consisted of three blocks of six days of measurement, during which participants wore an accelerometer on their wrist for the entire block, and self-reported their PA over the 6 days at the end of each block.ResultsMeaningful latent differences between methods were observed for moderate PA and SB across all three assessment periods, such that participants underreported the time spent in each activity. Bland–Altman plots revealed a positive mean difference for vigorous PA, with over-reporting increasing as mean levels increased. Negative mean differences were observed for all other intensities. Underreporting of moderate PA increased as the mean level increased, whereas for light PA and SB, underreporting decreased at high levels. Repeated measures correlations revealed a meaningful association for vigorous PA only, suggesting that as self-reported minutes increase so too do device-measured minutes.ConclusionsWe found evidence of cross-sectional and longitudinal differences and weak associations between self-reported and device-assessed PA and SB. Future work is needed to enhance the quality of self-reported methods to assess PA and SB (e.g., face and content validity), and consider improvements to the processing of device-based data.     

Old and dangerous: Prison and dementia

Older prisoners are the fastest growing group of prisoners in many countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of detention of persons suffering from dementia. Medline searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters and books published until August 2016. Search terms included dementia, elderly, prison and criminal. Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed for further relevant references. As results, there is a lack of data about elderly with dementia in prisons. Given the rise in the average age, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the number of older prisoners is growing. Moreover, some elderly are imprisoned with a concomitant cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorder while others will develop such diseases once incarcerated. At the present time, legal and social systems seem unprepared to handle the phenomenon of dementia in prison. As proposal, health assessments for older first time offenders should become a practice inside the correctional facilities and include an evaluation for specific health issues, such as psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive impairment.