深圳市HIV阳性人群HPV病毒载量分析

目的 了解深圳市人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV)阳性及阴性人群中人乳头瘤病毒 (HPV)感染情况.方法 荧光定量PCR法检测HPV感染情况以及病毒载量.结果 40例HIV阳性组中HPV阳性20例,感染率为50.0%,在HIV阴性组中HPV阳性7例,感染率为17.5%,差异有统计学意义 (P<0.05);HIV阳性组HPV病毒载量比HIV阴性组至少高1个数量级 (P<0.05);检出16种HPV亚型,其中包括11种高危型,5种低危型,感染率最高的为16型 (5例),其次为52型 (4例)、58型 (3例).结论 HIV感染人群中HPV感染率、病毒载量较高,且多型感染情况较严重.     

Induction of protective immunity in swine by immunization with live attenuated recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing the capsid precursor encoding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) causes morbidity to livestock and serious economic consequences to its associated industry and therefore it is necessary to develop a safe and efficient vaccine to prevent or control this disease. A recombinant live attenuated virus vaccine, designated PRV-P1, was generated by insertion of an expression cassette containing CMV promoter, FMDV P1 gene and SV 40 poly-A into the gG gene region of a live attenuated pseudorabies virus vaccine strain (TK⁻/gG⁻/LacZ⁺). To determine the induction of protective immunity, 16 FMDV and PRV seronegative white swine were randomly divided into four groups and immunized intramuscularly. The parental virus (TK⁻/gG⁻/LacZ⁺) was injected into three pigs, the recombinant virus PRV-P1 into five pigs and commercial FMD-inactivated vaccine into five pigs, with PBS (negative control) into three pigs. All animals were immunized again 4 weeks later to boost the immune response and challenged with virulent type O FMDV O/ES/2001 strain 4 weeks after the second immunization. Results showed PRV-P1 vaccinated pigs induced high-level neutralizing antibody response to both FMDV and PRV, and strong CTL response against FMD antigen activation. Three of five pigs were completely protected against challenge with FMDV, one pig minimally protected and the other one had increased protection but not complete. However, one pig vaccinated with commercial FMD vaccine developed constant pyrexia. Average levels of antibodies against non-structural 3ABC proteins were significantly lower and efficacy on inhibition of FMDV replication was much increased in swine vaccinated with PRV-P1 than those immunized with commercial FMD vaccine after FMDV challenge. Our results showed that the recombinant PRV-P1 can induce not only humoral and cell-mediated immune responses but also partial protection against FMDV challenge, making it a good candidate for future development of the FMD vaccine.     

Global distribution of rubella virus genotypes

Phylogenetic analysis of a collection of 103 E1 gene sequences from rubella viruses isolated from 17 countries from 1961 to 2000 confirmed the existence of at least two genotypes. Rubella genotype I (RGI) isolates, predominant in Europe, Japan, and the Western Hemisphere, segregated into discrete subgenotypes; international subgenotypes present in the 1960s and 1970s were replaced by geographically restricted subgenotypes after approximately 1980. Recently, active subgenotypes include one in the United States and Latin America, one in China, and a third that apparently originated in Asia and spread to Europe and North America, starting in 1997, indicating the recent emergence of an international subgenotype. A virus that potentially arose as a recombinant between two RGI subgenotypes was discovered. Rubella genotype II (RGII) showed greater genetic diversity than did RGI and may actually consist of multiple genotypes. RGII viruses were limited to Asia and Europe; RGI viruses were also present in most of the countries where RGII viruses were isolated.     

广东地区蝙蝠携带登革热病毒、寨卡病毒以及狂犬病病毒的流行病学调查

目的 了解广东地区蝙蝠携带狂犬病病毒、寨卡病毒以及登革热病毒情况。方法 2014-2016年分别在广州市和湛江市部分地区采集蝙蝠,取其血清和脑组织标本,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应法（real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,qRT-PCR）、巢式聚合酶链反应（nested polymerase chain reaction,Nested PCR）,酶联免疫吸附测定（enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）和细胞培养分离检测所采标本中的狂犬病病毒、登革热病毒和寨卡病毒的感染情况。结果 采集蝙蝠共174只,分属2科3个种：果蝠科的犬蝠属（Cynopterus sphinx）33只、蝙蝠科的普通伏翼属（Pipistrellusabramus）9只及高头蝠属（Scotophiluskuhlii）132只。分别取得血清、脑组织各174份。在犬蝠脑标本中检出登革热病毒阳性1份,阳性率0.06%（1/174）,寨卡病毒、狂犬病病毒均未检出。结论 广东两个地区的3种蝙蝠作为寨卡病毒、登革热病毒和狂犬病病毒宿主的可能性较小。     

Recombinant varicella vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses to SIV and reduce viral loads in immunized rhesus macaques

The development of an effective AIDS vaccine remains one of the highest priorities in HIV research. The live, attenuated varicella-zoster virus (VZV) Oka vaccine, safe and effective for prevention of chickenpox and zoster, also has potential as a recombinant vaccine against other pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The simian varicella model, utilizing simian varicella virus (SVV), offers an approach to evaluate recombinant varicella vaccine candidates. Recombinant SVV (rSVV) vaccine viruses expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) env and gag antigens were constructed. The hypothesis tested was that a live, attenuated rSVV-SIV vaccine will induce immune responses against SIV in the rhesus macaques and provide protection against SIV challenge. The results demonstrated that rSVV-SIV vaccination induced low levels of neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses to SIV in immunized rhesus macaques and significantly reduced viral loads following intravenous challenge with pathogenic SIVmac251-CX-1.     

Tickborne arbovirus surveillance in market livestock, Nairobi, Kenya

To identify tickborne viruses circulating in Kenya and the surrounding region, we conducted surveillance at abattoirs in Nairobi, Kenya. Species of ticks collected included Rhipicephalus pulchellus (56%), Amblyomma gemma (14%), R. appendiculatus (8%), A. variegatum (6%), and others. A total of 56 virus isolates were obtained, 26 from A. gemma, 17 from R. pulchellus, 6 from A. variegatum, and 7 from other species. Virus isolates included Dugbe virus (DUGV), an unknown virus related to DUGV, Thogoto, Bhanja, Kadam, Dhori, Barur, and foot-and-mouth disease (FMDV) viruses. This is the first report of Dhori virus isolation in East Africa and the first known isolation of FMDV associated with tick collection. Our results demonstrate the potential for tickborne dissemination of endemic and emergent viruses and the relevance of A. gemma in the maintenance of tickborne viruses in this region.     

Arboviruses: A global public health threat

A conference on «ARBOVIRUSES, A GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH THREAT» was organized on June 20–22, 2018 at the Merieux Foundation Conference Center in Veyrier du Lac, France, to review and raise awareness to the global public health threat of epidemic arboviruses, and to advance the discussion on the control and prevention of arboviral diseases. The presentations by scientists and public health officials from Asia, the Americas, Europe and Africa strengthened the notion that arboviral diseases of both humans and domestic animals are progressively becoming dominant public health problems in the world. The repeated occurrence of recent deadly epidemics strongly reinforces the call for action against these viral diseases, and the need for developing effective vaccines, drugs, vector control tools and strong prevention programs.     

海南省2017-2018年虫媒病毒的分离与鉴定

目的了解海南省虫媒病毒种类及分布变化。方法于2017-2018年在海南省野外采集吸血昆虫标本,所有吸血昆虫标本实验室处理后用BHK-21细胞和C6/36细胞进行病毒分离,同时使用RT-PCR平行检测吸血昆虫标本中虫媒病毒基因。结果共采集到4属(库蚊、阿蚊、伊蚊、按蚊)15062只蚊虫和11360只蠓虫。采集的蚊虫中三带喙库蚊居多,占蚊虫采集总数92.88%(13990/15062)。经组织培养细胞共获得4株病毒分离物,其中3株乙型脑炎(乙脑)病毒、1株盖塔病毒,在5批三带喙库蚊标本中检测到乙脑病毒基因阳性。遗传进化分析结果显示这3株乙脑病毒和5批PCR筛检阳性的标本均属于基因1型乙脑病毒。当地乙脑病毒的最低感染率为0.57‰(8/13990)。在5批蠓虫标本中检测阿卡斑病毒基因阳性,当地阿卡斑病毒的最低感染率为0.44‰(5/11360)。基于病毒S基因和M基因序列的系统进化分析显示这5株阿卡斑病毒处于单独进化分支形成独特的地理分布特征。结论继1980年代以来,从海南省的蚊虫标本中再次分离到乙脑病毒和盖塔病毒、蠓虫标本中检测到阿卡斑病毒。应加强乙脑病毒、盖塔病毒和阿卡斑病毒对人畜动物感染状况及疾病负担的监测,以减少对当地公共卫生健康的危害。     

Cross-Neutralization between Human and African Bat Mumps Viruses

Recently, a new paramyxovirus closely related to human mumps virus (MuV) was detected in bats. We generated recombinant MuVs carrying either or both of the fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase bat virus glycoproteins. These viruses showed replication kinetics similar to human MuV in cultured cells and were neutralized efficiently by serum from healthy humans.     

福州口岸入境船舶上首次发现埃及伊蚊及其携带的病原体

[目的]通过加强入境船舶医学媒介监测,防止新蚊种、蚊媒传染病传入和传播。[方法]对入境船舶的积水容器进行蚊幼虫监测,并采样送实验室进行形态学鉴定,登革热、黄热病、基孔肯雅热等病原检测,对船舶实施灭蚊等卫生处理,对船员施行流行病学调查、体温检测、医学检查等措施。[结果]全船发现9处积水,1处蚊幼虫阳性,积水4000ml,幼虫70条,羽化后经实验室鉴定该蚊幼虫均为埃及伊蚊,未检出登革热、基孔肯雅、西尼罗、乙脑等病毒。对该轮船员进行流行病学调查、医学检查,未发现登革、基孔肯雅热、乙型脑炎、西尼罗热、黄热病等病人。对船舶实施灭蚊等卫生处理措施后,未再发现成蚊和蚊幼虫。[结论]埃及伊蚊属福州地区外来蚊种,是传播黄热病、登革热等热带病的重要媒介。提示福州口岸应提高防范意识,特别应加强来自蚊媒传染病疫区船舶的蚊媒监测、卫生处理工作。     

辽宁省部分地区2008年虫媒病毒分离鉴定

目的在辽宁省采集蚊虫标本进行病毒分离,了解虫媒病毒分布情况。方法2008年夏季在辽宁省丹东和锦州市采集蚊虫标本,利用C6/36和BHK-21等细胞分离病毒;对新分离病毒利用血清学、分子生物学和生物信息学方法进行鉴定。结果在辽宁省丹东和锦州市共采集蚊虫标本3属5种9296只,包括库蚊属的三带喙库蚊、淡色库蚊,伊蚊属的刺扰伊蚊、背点伊蚊和按蚊属的中华按蚊。从蚊虫标本中共得到4株病毒分离物,其中1株为乙型脑炎(乙脑)病毒(丹东市的三带喙库蚊),2株为版纳病毒(锦州市的中华按蚊),1株为辽宁病毒和版纳病毒混合(锦州市的中华按蚊)。新分离乙脑病毒属于基因Ⅰ型乙脑病毒,E基因编码病毒毒力和抗原表位的位点未发生改变。结论在辽宁省再次分离到乙脑病毒,并首次证明辽宁省存在辽宁病毒。     

北京地区婴幼儿病毒性肺炎血清抗体调查

本文对1978年冬~1988年春诊断为婴幼儿肺炎住院病人171份双份血清,采用血凝抑制试验及免疫酶联检测方法,进行腺病毒抗体检测。结果S₂≥S₁₄倍升高者56份,阳性率为32.75%,以3、7两型腺病毒为主;对6个冬春129份双份血清进行流感、副流感病毒抗体检测,结果S₂≥S₁₄倍升高者11例,阳性率为8.53%,以甲₁和甲₃型为主;行副流感病毒抗体检测结果,S₂≥S₁₄倍升高者27份,阳性率为20.93%,型别以副Ⅲ居多;对4个冬春60份双份血清行RSV抗体检测,结果阳性者14份,阳性率为23.30%。     

Prevalence of hepatitis virus infections in Albanian refugees

A sample of 393 Albanian refugees, including both children and adults, was tested for serological HAV, HBV, HDV and HCV markers. A high prevalence of infection with both the hepatitis A and B viruses was found, while HDV and HCV infections were uncommon. The overall prevalence of anti-HAV was 96%; it was very high in children 0-10 years, suggesting that HAV infection is largely acquired during childhood and that poor ambiental conditions influence the spreading of this viral infection.One or more serological markers of HBV infection were found in 295 Albanians (75%), confirming the endemic nature of this virus in the Albanian community. The overall prevalence of HBsAg was 19%, and the carrier rate was higher in males than in females. The high HBsAg prevalence among children suggests that HBV infection is usually acquired in early childhood.The serological data obtained in the Albanian sample examined clearly indicate the urgent need for measures to reduce the incidence of HAV and HBV infections and to avoid the further spread of HDV and HCV infections.Finally, the high prevalence of type B hepatitis indicates the necessity of vaccination against HBV for all risk groups and for all children at birth.     

Hantavirus and arenavirus antibodies in persons with occupational rodent exposure

Rodents are the principal hosts of Sin Nombre virus, 4 other hantaviruses known to cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in North America, and the 3 North American arenaviruses. Serum samples from 757 persons who had worked with rodents in North America and handled neotomine or sigmodontine rodents were tested for antibodies against Sin Nombre virus, Whitewater Arroyo virus, Guanarito virus, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Antibodies against Sin Nombre virus were found in 4 persons, against Whitewater Arroyo virus or Guanarito virus in 2 persons, and against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in none. These results suggest that risk for infection with hantaviruses or arenaviruses usually is low in persons whose occupations entail close physical contact with neotomine or sigmodontine rodents in North America.     

48例静脉药瘾者多重病毒感染临床分析

目的探讨静脉药瘾病毒性肝炎患者多重病毒感染率及转归。方法对48例静脉药瘾病毒性肝炎患者进行乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）、丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）、人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）血清标志物及核酸测定,并进行临床分析。结果48例静脉药瘾病毒性肝炎患者中,HBV、HCV双重感染率为31.25%,HBV、HIV双重感染率为4.17%,HBV、HCV、HIV三重感染率为62.50%;重型肝炎者占70.83%。重型肝炎患者住院时间为（48.67±19.25）d,与同期住院的非药瘾重型肝炎患者住院时间（65.32±31.49）d相比,明显缩短（U=4.25,P＜0.01）。结论静脉药瘾者病毒重叠感染率高,且重型肝炎患者多,但相对非药瘾重型肝炎患者恢复较快。     

版纳病毒及其感染

版纳病毒于1987年首次分离自我国云南省西双版纳地区采集的发热和脑炎患者脑脊液和血清标本,是呼肠孤病毒科新建立病毒属——Seadornaviru（s东南亚十二节段RNA病毒属）的模式病毒。作为一个新分离的与人类疾病关系密切的病毒,版纳病毒引起了相关学术界的广泛关注。现就版纳病毒的病原学特征、地理分布、媒介、人畜感染情况等方面的研究进展做一综述。     

Monitoring the uptake of live avian vaccines by their detection in feathers

Protection against diseases caused by the avian viruses, Marek's disease, Infectious laryngotracheitis, chicken anemia and turkey meningoencephalitis is achieved by live vaccines. The application quality is important to assure proper uptake in commercial flocks. We describe a novel evaluation method for the vaccination process by sequential monitoring the vaccine viruses in feathers. Feather collection is easy, non-invasive and non-lethal for the birds, therefore advantageous for monitoring purposes. To demonstrate the vaccine virus presence, an innovative assay of nested real-time amplification was approached because vaccine viruses presence in vivo is less abundant comparing to virulent wild-type isolates.The Marek's disease virus vaccine virus, Rispens/CVI988, in feathers of commercial flock was detected from 4 to 7 days and for at least 3 months post-vaccination, until the survey stopped. As the drinking water route was newly adopted for Infectious laryngotracheitis vaccination, one or two vaccine doses/bird were administered. The virus uptake was detected in feathers between 2 and 20 days-post-vaccination. With a doubled vaccine dose the positivity bird rate was higher. For the first time the chicken anemia vaccine virus presence in chicken feathers was demonstrated between 14 and 35 days-post-vaccination. No previous studies were available, thus in parallel to feathers the vaccine virus was demonstrated in the livers and spleens. The turkey meningoencephalitis vaccine virus uptake in turkey feather-pulps is even more innovative because this is the first turkey virus amplified from feather-pulps. The vaccine virus presence resemble the kinetics of the other 3 viruses, 3–21 days-post-vaccination. Detecting the specific antibodies following vaccination possessed a lower sensitivity than vaccine virus demonstration in feathers. In summary, the presented assay can be adopted for the quality evaluation of the vaccination process in poultry.     

多重逆转录-聚合酶链反应检测麻疹风疹流行性腮腺炎病毒基因的研究

目的　探索麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎 (腮腺炎 )病毒感染的快速诊断方法。方法　利用多重逆转录 聚合酶链反应 (MRT PCR)方法对麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎病毒的相关基因检测进行研究。结果　直接从麻疹疫苗沪1 91 株 ,风疹疫苗BRDⅡ株 ,腮腺炎疫苗S79株 ,冻干麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹联合减毒活疫苗及临床麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎患者的标本中 ,同时检测出麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎病毒 6 3 5bp、4 1 1bp、5 1 9bp的特异性核酸片段 ,MRT PCR 1次扩增灵敏度均可分别达到 1TCID50 。结论　该方法能特异、敏感地检测临床标本中麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎病毒 ,是快速诊断麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎病毒感染的理想方法     

美国FDA《血液行业指引:降低寨卡病毒输血传播风险的推荐意见》主要内容及其启示

寨卡病毒（ZIKV）和登革病毒（DENV）在分子结构和流行特征方面具有很多相似性,登革热疫情现在已经作为很多模型预测寨卡流行的参考。全面综合和对比ZIKV和DENV在宿主、传播途径、易感人群方面的异同,对了解2者的关系有重要意义。同时结合广东省登革热疫情、寨卡疫情,分析2者在广东省的流行情况,为防控提供参考意见。     

Relationships Between Community Virus Activity and Cardiorespiratory Rehospitalizations From Post-Acute Care

ObjectivesQuantify the relationship between increasing influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) community viral activity and cardiorespiratory rehospitalizations among older adults discharged to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs).DesignRetrospective cohort.Setting and ParticipantsAdults aged ≥65 years who were hospitalized and then discharged to a US SNF between 2012 and 2015.MethodsWe linked Medicare Provider Analysis and Review claims to Minimum Data Set version 3.0 assessments, PRISM Climate Group data, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention viral testing data. All data were aggregated to US Department of Health and Human Services regions. Negative binomial regression models quantified the relationship between increasing viral activity for RSV and 3 influenza strains (H1N1pdm09, H3N2, and B) and cardiorespiratory rehospitalizations from SNFs. Incidence rate ratios described the relationship between a 5% increase in circulating virus and the rates of rehospitalization for cardiorespiratory outcomes. Analyses were repeated using the same model, but influenza and RSV were considered “in season” or “out of season” based on a 10% positive testing threshold.ResultsCardiorespiratory rehospitalization rates increased by approximately 1% for every 5% increase in circulating influenza A(H3N2), influenza B, and RSV, but decreased by 1% for every 5% increase in circulating influenza A(H1N1pdm09). When respiratory viruses were in season (vs out of season), cardiorespiratory rehospitalization rates increased by approximately 6% for influenza A(H3N2), 3% for influenza B, and 5% for RSV, but decreased by 6% for influenza A(H1N1pdm09).Conclusions and ImplicationsThe respiratory season is a particularly important period to implement interventions that reduce cardiorespiratory hospitalizations among SNF residents. Decreasing viral transmission in SNFs through practices such as influenza vaccination for residents and staff, use of personal protective equipment, improved environmental cleaning measures, screening and testing of residents and staff, surveillance of viral activity, and quarantining infected individuals may be potential strategies to limit viral infections and associated cardiorespiratory rehospitalizations.