膳食中铝和几种元素的相互影响

采用化学分析法测定大学生膳食中铝、钙、镁、锌、铁、磷的摄入量及各元素间的相互影响发现,大学生膳食中铝的摄入量平均为每人4.59mg/d,钙、锌、铁的摄入量分别为供给量的40~1％、81.8％、191.1％,建议应增加富含钙食品的摄入。在摄入高铝(33.88mg·Capita~(-1)·d~(-1))状态下,短期内对血清中铝、钙、镁、锌、铁含量影响不显著,多元逐步回归分析血清铝与磷摄入量存在正相关,与镁摄入量存在负相关。     

Meat and meat products consumption in Italy: contribution to trace elements, heme iron and selected B vitamins supply

This study was undertaken to estimate the contribution of meat and meat products consumption to the daily intakes of trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Se), heme iron, and selected B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin) in Italy. Meat and meat products were selected on the basis of their consumption frequency reported by the most recent nationwide dietary individual survey carried out in Italy (INN-CA study). The daily intakes of total iron and heme iron were 1.65 and 1.13 mg/person/day. Zinc intake was 3.65 mg/person/day. Beef made the main contribution to iron, heme iron, and zinc daily intakes. Copper daily intake was 107.3 microg/person/day, with meat products provided the highest contribution (40 microg/person/day). Daily intake of selenium (7.14 microg/person/day) was provided mainly by poultry consumption. Thiamine intake was 228 microg/person/day, and meat products were the main source (110 microg/person/day). Riboflavin intake was 136 microg/person/day, with both beef and meat products as the main contributors (40 microg/person/day). Niacin intake was 7.53 mg/person/day, and poultry was the main source (2.28 mg/person/day). Meat and meat products were a valuable source of micronutrients, supplying 47, 48, and 24% of zinc, niacin, and thiamin daily requirements, respectively, and over 10% of iron, copper, selenium, and riboflavin daily average requirement values of the italian RDAs calculated for the population involved in the survey (INN-CA study).     

Total-diet study: dietary intakes of macro elements and trace elements in Italy

The present study provides the dietary intakes of macro elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K, P) and trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Se) from the Italian total diet. The contribution of the most representative food groups of the total diet (cereals and cereal products, vegetables, fruit, milk and dairy products, meat and meat products, fish) to the daily intakes of these nutrients was also evaluated. The Italian total diet was formulated following the 'market-basket' approach. Cereals represented the primary sources of Cu (35 %), Fe (30 %) and Mg (27 %). About 89 % of the total daily intake of Fe was derived from plant foods. The vegetables food group was the main source of dietary K (27 %). Most of the Ca (59 %) and P (27 %) was derived from the milk-and-dairy food group. Of the dietary Zn, 41 % was provided by meat, which, together with the fish food group, was the primary source of Se (20 %). The adequacy of the Italian total diet with respect to nutritional elements was assessed by comparing the daily intakes with the average requirement values of the Italian recommended dietary allowances. The present findings indicated that the dietary patterns of the Italian total diet were generally consistent with current Italian dietary recommendations for both macro and trace elements. The major concern was for Ca, for which daily intake was 76 % of the average recommendation for the Italian population. It should not be ruled out that there could be a potential risk of inadequate Fe intake in some segments of the population.     

Investigation of the contents of essential elements in nuts, almonds and dry fruits

Concentrations of Ca, P, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn were determined in nuts, almonds as well as in dry fruits available on Polish market. The contents of minerals in 100 g of nuts were as follows: 55.8-261 mg Ca; 294-724 mg P; 1.11-3.06 mg Fe; 2.05-4.98 mg Zn; 0.5-1.38 mg Cu and 0.93-5.75 mg Mn. Among the analysed dry fruits, the greatest concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, zinc and cooper were recorded for figs, while apricots contained the highest levels of iron and manganese. Based on the data obtained it was possible to estimate the realization of the recommended daily intake of essential elements with the 100 g portion of analysed products for an adult person.     

Concentration of several bioelements in bread and other plant supplements

Concentrations of Ca, P, Fe, Zn and Cu were determined in grain products such as bread and crispbread with natural supplements, and also in seeds and other cereal products available on Polish market, added to improve bread's quality and nutritional value. The contents of minerals in bread were as follow: 35.3-78.4 mg Ca; 88.4-364 mg P; 3.03-5.63 mg Fe; 1.96-3.15 mg Zn and 0.27-0.64 mg Cu in 100 g of product. Among the analyzed products, the highest level of calcium was recorded for poppy and sesame seeds. Based on the data obtained it was possible to estimate the realization of the recommended daily intake of bioelements with the analyzed products for an adult person.     

Free and bound amino acids,minerals and trace elements in matcha (Camellia sinensis L.): A nutritional evaluation

This study provides an overview of free and bound amino acids, minerals and trace elements content in matcha including evaluation of their dietary intakes. The analyses employed IEC and ICP-MS methods. Theanine followed by Glu, GABA, Thr and Me were the most abundant free amino acids. Considering bound amino acids, Glu, Asp, Leu, Lys, Arg and Val were the most frequent. The amino acid score (AAS) for matcha (40.2 %) is comparable to the AAS for wheat and sunflower proteins. Ile and Thr were evaluated as limiting amino acids. Regarding recommended daily allowance (RDA), the contributions of Cys and Met were up to 8%. Matcha is contributor to Adequate Intake (AI) or RDA for males in the following order: Mn (up to 15 %) > Cu > Fe (up to 7%). Similarly, for females, matcha contributes to RDA or AI values in this order: Mn (up to 19 %) > Cu > Zn (up to 5%). It has not been proved that matcha is a significant source of Se and Cr. A daily serving portion of 5 g does not contribute to PTWI (Provisional tolerable weekly intake) and PTMI (Provisional tolerable monthly intake) for Al, Sn, Cd and Hg.     

上海市中福会托儿所膳食中维生素与矿物质调查

目的了解上海市中福会托儿所膳食质量。方法采用全月（２５天）每日食物称重记录法进行儿童营养素供给量估算，并与ＲＤＡ相比较。结果（１）静态与动态指标均较理想的有铁、ＶｉｔＥ、Ｂ２、Ｃ和烟酸；（２）静态指标理想，但动态指标不佳的有ＶｉｔＡ和Ｂ１；（３）静态、动态均不理想的有锌和钙。结论对矿物质与维生素供给量作评估是必要的，而且以日人均供应量与ＲＤＡ相比较，可能会产生假阳性结果。该所存在某些矿物质与维生素供给不足，可能与地域性膳食模式有关。     

医院老年病房四季全膳食中十五种矿物质元素的测定及评价

对我院老年病房四季１１２份全膳食中的１５种元素（钾、钠、钙、磷、镁、锌、铜、铁、锰、硒、铝、钴、铬、钼、镍）进行了实测。结果表明：钾的平均日摄入量为１８０９＋３８ｍｇ，接近ＲＤＡ值的下限；钠的平均日摄入量为５９７２±１４６ｍｇ远高于１１００～３３００ｍｇ的供给标准。钙、磷、镁的日摄入量已达到了ＲＤＡ值的标准。全膳食中锌、铜的含量分别为１１．６８±０．１９ｍｇ和１．７２±０．１０ｒｎｇ，略低于ＲＤＡ值（１５ｍｇ及２～３ｍｇ）的标准，锰含量为３．４１±０．０９ｍｇ硒为９８±２．５μｇ，都处于安全与适宜摄入范围（２．５～５．０ｍｇ和５０～２００μ９）。钴、铬、钼、镍均为人体必需的微量元素、目前我国尚未建立有关营养供给量标准。该项研究结果可为今后确定其推荐供给量标准提供必要的基础资料．     

Calcium Intake among Myanmar Residing in Bago, Kayin, and Yangon Areas

A cross-sectional survey combined with 24-hour dietary recall and food diary was undertaken to assess the calcium intake of the Myanmar population. The study was conducted from November 2003 to October 2005. A total of 886 subjects of both sexes aged above 2 years from three States and Divisions (Bago, Kayin, and Yangon) of Myanmar were included in the study. The major measures were mean daily calcium intake (mg/day) and major sources of calcium in the diet. Overall mean calcium intake was 197+13mg/day (2-9 years), 421+2mg/day (10-19 years), 399+21 mg/day (20-49 years), and 383+25mg/day (>50 years) for males, while the corresponding values for females were 207+17 mg/day, 366+19 mg/day, 387+16 mg/day, and 327 +19 mg/day. Calcium intake was less than 80% of the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for Myanmar for ages 2-9 years and 10-29 years in all the study areas, and for the 50 years and above age group in Yangon. Fish paste was found to be the major source of calcium. Milk and milk products contributed very little to total calcium intake, contributing 2.1% for residents in Yangon, 5.1% in Pa-an and none in Bago. Consumption of calcium rich foods, particularly milk and milk products, should be encouraged among the Myanmar people. Towards this end, appropriate nutrition education materials should be developed for promotional purposes.     

Nutrient intake of working women in Bangkok, Thailand, as studied by total food duplicate method

OBJECTIVES: To establish a general view of food habits in Thailand, and to make a quantitative assessment of rice dependency of Thai people. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Community. SUBJECTS: 52 non-smoking and non-habitually drinking adult women in Bangkok participated in the study. METHODS: The participants offered 24 h food duplicates and peripheral blood samples, and underwent clinical examination including anthropometry. The duplicates were subjected to nutritional evaluation taking advantage of the Thai food composition tables (FCTs), and analyzed for eight nutrient elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). RESULTS: The participants took 1630 kcal from 55 g protein (63% from animal sources), 57 g lipid (mostly from vegetable oil), and 224 g carbohydrate (60% from rice) daily. Nutrient intake at lunch was as large as that at dinner. About a half of the women had insufficient energy intake (ie <80% RDA) whereas 4% had an excess (>120%). Protein intake was sufficient in most cases, whereas lipid intake was in excess in more than a half of the women. Ca, Fe, Mg, Zn and possibly P intakes were below the RDA values in many participants. FCT-based estimates agreed well with the ICP-MS measures in cases of Fe and Ca but tended to be greater than the measures by 50% with regard to P. CONCLUSIONS: Lunch as substantial as dinner for Thai urbanites. There was a marked dependency on rice as an energy source. Whereas protein intake is generally sufficient, the intake of Ca (and to a lesser extent Fe) was insufficient in a majority of the study participants. SPONSORSHIP: Dai-ichi Mutual Life Insurance, Japan; the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the government of Japan.     

Elemental (As,Zn, Fe and Cu) analysis and health risk assessment of rice grains and rice based food products collected from markets from different cities of Gangetic basin,India

The present study measured arsenic (As), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) concentrations in grains of different rice varieties and rice based food products collected from various cities located in Gangetic basin in India. Total 44 rice samples were collected from local markets from different locations and analyzed for elemental concentrations by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The results showed that the mean concentration of As, Zn, Cu and Fe were 0.15 ± 0.10, 117 ± 24, 4.6 ± 0.5 and 32.5 ± 5.7 μg g^-1 dw, respectively in rice grains and 0.17 ± 0.09, 193 ± 241, 4.5 ± 1.0 and 45.7 ± 25 μg g^-1 dw, respectively in rice based food products. The hazard quotient (HQ) of As was the lowest in Patna (2.4) and the highest in Kolkata (5.0) but it was always higher than threshold value of one. The carcinogenic risk of the As for rice grains was found to be higher (10^-3) than safe range of 10^-6-10^-4 set by USEPA except Jabalpur. Daily consumption analyses also indicated that consumption of rice and rice products was not sufficient to fulfill daily requirement of Fe in most of the cities. The present results implicate that the consumption of rice and rice products may act as source of As on one hand and may not provide sufficient essential elements on the other.     

Controlled vitamin C restriction and physical performance in volunteers.

A double-blind study on the effects of vitamin C restriction on physical performance was executed with 12 healthy men. During seven weeks of low vitamin C intake six subjects were on a daily diet of regular food products, providing 20% of the Dutch Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for vitamin C (Dutch RDA is 50 mg/day). Other vitamins were supplemented at twice the RDA level. After three weeks of low vitamin intake an additional vitamin C dose of 15 mg/day was provided, resulting in a total intake of 25 mg/day (50% of the Dutch RDA). Six control subjects consumed the same diet supplemented with twice the RDA for all vitamins. In the restriction group blood vitamin C levels decreased significantly (p less than 0.01). Vitamin C restriction had no harmful effects on health, aerobic power (VO2-max), and onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA). However, an increased heart rate at OBLA level was observed during the period of low vitamin C intake (p less than 0.05), possibly by interference with either catecholamine or carnitine metabolism. These results suggest that short-term marginal vitamin C deficiency does not affect physical performance in single bouts of intensive exercise.     

Controlled vitamin C restriction and physical performance in volunteers

A double-blind study on the effects of vitamin C restriction on physical performance was executed with 12 healthy men. During seven weeks of low vitamin C intake six subjects were on a daily diet of regular food products, providing 20% of the Dutch Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for vitamin C (Dutch RDA is 50 mg/day). Other vitamins were supplemented at twice the RDA level. After three weeks of low vitamin intake an additional vitamin C dose of 15 mg/day was provided, resulting in a total intake of 25 mg/day (50% of the Dutch RDA). Six control subjects consumed the same diet supplemented with twice the RDA for all vitamins. In the restriction group blood vitamin C levels decreased significantly (p less than 0.01). Vitamin C restriction had no harmful effects on health, aerobic power (VO2-max), and onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA). However, an increased heart rate at OBLA level was observed during the period of low vitamin C intake (p less than 0.05), possibly by interference with either catecholamine or carnitine metabolism. These results suggest that short-term marginal vitamin C deficiency does not affect physical performance in single bouts of intensive exercise.     

1992年中国总膳食研究——常量和微量元素

通过测定混合膳食中１０种常量和微量元素含量，评价中国南、北四大地区人群每日膳食中常量和微量元素的摄入状况，并报道了膳食中各元素摄入量以及不同年龄组和春秋两季膳食中各元素摄入量的变化情况。结果表明：儿童膳食中不同程度地存在钙、磷、钾、镁、锌、硒和铜的偏低；成人膳食中钙、钾和锌摄入明显不足，其余７种元素均接近或达到推荐供给量水平，但地区差异较大。本文对钙磷比，钾钠比以及铁和铜与缺铁性贫血之间的关系进行了讨论。     

Effect of tamarind ingestion on fluoride excretion in humans

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of tamarind (Tamarindus indicus) ingestion on excretion of fluoride in school children. DESIGN: Randomized, diet-control study. SUBJECT: Twenty healthy boys were included and 18 of them completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: Each subject consumed 10 g tamarind daily with lunch for 18 days at the social welfare boys' hostel. The nutrient composition of the daily diet was constant throughout the experimental period. RESULTS: Tamarind intake led to significant increase (P<0.001) in the excretion of fluoride in 24 h urine (4.8+/-0.22 mg/day) as compared to excretion on control diet (3.5+/-0.22 mg/day). However, excretion of magnesium and zinc decreased significantly (7.11+/-1.48 mg of Mg and 252.88+/-12.84 microg of Zn per day on tamarind diet as compared to 23.39+/-3.68 mg of Mg and 331.78+/-35.31 microg Zn per day on control diet). Excretion of calcium and phosphorous were not significantly different while creatinine excretion decreased with tamarind intake (225.66+/-81 mg creatinine/day with tamarind and 294.5+/-78.76 mg creatinine/day without tamarind). CONCLUSION: Tamarind intake is likely to help in delaying progression of fluorosis by enhancing urinary excretion of fluoride.     

Essential and non-essential/toxic elements in rice available in the Portuguese and Spanish markets

Eighty-six rice samples, representing the most common rice brands sold in Portuguese and Spanish markets (either locally produced or imported), were analyzed for their content of 35 essential and non-essential/toxic elements using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The mean content of essential elements was: 1189 mg/kg (P), 746 mg/kg (K), 294 mg/kg (Mg), 84.7 mg/kg (Ca), 13.3 mg/kg (Zn), 8.8 mg/kg (Na), 8.3 mg/kg (Mn), 7.5 mg/kg (Fe), 1.9 mg/kg (Cu), 0.55 mg/kg (Mo), 0.18 mg/kg (Se) and 0.12 mg/kg (Co). However, significant differences exist between the different types of rice, with brown rice showing the highest content of most essential elements. The daily intake of essential elements resulting from the average Iberian (Portugal and Spain) per capita consumption of rice was calculated and its contribution to the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) or Adequate Intake (AI) was estimated. Data showed that rice can be an important dietary source of P, Zn, Mn, Cu, Mo and Se but does not significantly contribute to the daily dietary intake of Ca, Na and Fe. The content of toxic elements was very low, indicating that rice can be regarded as a very safe food.     

Selenium,zinc and copper in the Polish diet

The aim of the study was to assess daily dietary intakes of selenium (Se), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in a representative group of Polish individuals using analytical and calculation method, and to determine the contents of Zn and Cu in different foodstuffs available on the Polish market, in order to complete our previous data on Se content in Polish food. Daily intakes of the microelements were assessed analytically in 469 daily food rations, 439 of which were collected from various public canteens and 30 by duplicate portion method from private individuals. Calculated daily intakes were obtained by analysing 157 diet recalls and by the use of our previous and current data on Se, Zn and Cu contents in food, including 235 different food products. Mean intakes in different groups, as shown analytically, ranged from 20 to 59 μg/day for Se, 3.2 to 13.5 mg/day for Zn and from 0.4 to 2.2 mg/day for Cu. Mean daily intakes calculated from 24-h diet recalls were lower than the majority of the mean values obtained analytically and amounted to 30 ± 11 μg for Se, 5.3 ± 1.8 mg for Zn and 0.8 ± 0.3 mg for Cu. Mean concentrations of Zn and Cu in food varied from 0.4 to 17.4 μg/g and from 0.3 to 7.2 μg/g, respectively.     

Marginal nutritional status of zinc, iron, and calcium increases cadmium retention in the duodenum and other organs of rats fed rice-based diets

Dietary minerals Zn, Fe, and Ca are antagonistic to Cd absorption. We showed earlier that rats fed a rice-based diet with a marginal content of these nutrients absorbed more Cd than rats fed adequate Zn-Fe-Ca (Environ. Sci. Technol., 36 (2002) 2684-2692). The present experiment was designed to determine the effects of marginal dietary Zn, Fe, and Ca on the uptake and turnover of Cd in the gastrointestinal tract. Two groups of weanling female rats (six per treatment) were fed a diet containing 40% cooked, dried rice containing 0.6 mg Cd/kg. The diet of one group contained adequate Zn (35 mg/kg), Fe (30 mg/kg), and Ca (5000 mg/kg), while that of the other group contained marginal Zn (6 mg/kg), Fe (9 mg/kg), and Ca (2500 mg/kg). Rats were fed for 5 weeks and then orally dosed with 1g of diet containing rice extrinsically labeled with 109Cd. From 0.25 to 64 days after dosing, 109Cd and total Cd concentrations were determined in intestinal segments. Shortly after dosing, 109Cd, as a percentage of the dose, was about 4 times higher in the duodenum of marginally fed rats than in that of control rats (10% vs 40%, respectively). Sixty-four days after dosing, 109Cd was 10 times higher in marginally fed rats than in controls; however, of the amount at day 1, <0.1% remained at day 64. After 5 weeks, the concentration of elemental Cd in the duodenum of the marginally fed rats was 8 times higher than that of control rats (24 microg/g dry wt. vs 2.9 microg/g dry wt., respectively). Cd concentrations in liver and kidney were 5 times higher in the marginally fed rats than those in controls (liver, 0.81 microg/g dry wt. vs 0.14 microg/g dry wt.; kidney, 4.7 microg/g dry wt. vs 0.92 microg/g dry wt., respectively). These data suggest that marginal intakes of Zn, Fe, and Ca cause the accumulation of Cd in the duodenum, which results in a greater rate of Cd absorption and a greater accumulation in the internal organs. Results are discussed in relation to mineral nutrient status and risk assessment of Cd in natural food sources.     

Effect of experimental zinc deficiency and repletion on sodium, potassium, copper and iron concentrations in guinea-pigs

Zinc, sodium, potassium, copper and iron concentrations were analysed in serum and tissues of guinea-pigs fed on a diet containing 1.25 mg Zn/kg diet over a period of 60 d. The response of the Zn-deficient (ZnD) animals to Zn supplementation (100 mg Zn/kg diet) was also studied for 15 d. Serum studies in the ZnD group revealed significant decreases in the concentrations of Zn and Na from 24 d, and increases in the concentrations of Fe and K from 36 and 48 d onwards respectively; an increase in Cu was seen on day 60 only. Zn deficiency caused significant reductions in Na, K and Zn and increases in Cu and Fe contents of liver and kidney. In testis, significant decreases were noted only in Zn, K and Fe contents. Zn supplementation of the previously ZnD group resulted in marked improvements in serum and tissue mineral levels. However, hepatic Cu and Fe and renal K did not appear to respond appreciably.     

合肥市小学一年级学生头发中6种矿物元素含量及其与食物摄入频率关系

目的 分析合肥市一年级小学生头发中Zn、Ca、Fe、Mg、Cu、Pb等6种矿物元素的含量并探讨矿物元素含量与食物摄入频率的关系.方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法,抽取合肥市小学一年级在校学生进行采样,并对其家长进行问卷调查,获得有效样本180例.采用原子吸收分光光度法测定头发中矿物元素含量,并利用SPSS13.0统计软件进行数据处理.结果 儿童体内矿物元素Fe、Zn、Cu、Ca、Mg存在一定程度的缺乏或过量,以缺乏较明显;儿童体内Pb含量升高也较明显.鸡蛋摄入频率、水产品摄入频率、碳酸饮料摄入频率及是否摄入保健品与各矿物元素的等级无关联;豆制品摄入频率与头发中的Fe、Zn、Cu、Mg和Ca的含量都有关联,不同等级间差异有统计学意义;不同水果摄入频率学生头发中的Fe、Zn和Mg的等级差异有统计学意义;坚果摄入频率与头发中的Fe、Zn、Mg和Ca的含量都有关联,不同等级间差异有统计学意义;西式快餐摄入频率与Pb的含量有关联,摄入频率越高,Pb过量几率越大.结论 合肥市一年级小学生体内6种矿物元素含量均存在较明显的异常,矿物元素的含量与饮食结构具有相关性.