American Uveitis Society Meeting October 30, 1995 Marriott Marquis Hotel, Atlanta, GA, USA

1 Retinal vascular occlusion and scleroderma. Tessler H, Flores-Guevara J, Goldstein D, Chicago, IL, USA. 2 MHC Class II antigen expression in ciliary body in spontaneous and experimental uveitis. Kalsow C, Zhavoronkova M, Dwyer A, Rochester, NY & Scottsville, NY, USA. 3 IL-10 in the vitreous of patients with intraocular lymphoma. Whitcup S, Solomon D, Nussenblatt R, Chan C-C, Bethesda, MD, USA 4 Iris juvenile xanthogranuloma studied by immunohistochemistry. Shields J, Shields C, Eagle R, DePotter P, Collins M, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 5 Outcomes analysis in with JRA-associated uveitis. Dana M-R, Merayo-Lloves J, Foster C, Boston MA, USA. 6 Persistent glaucoma secondary to periocular steroids. Akduman L, Conway M, Burchfield J, Kolker A, Black D, DelPriore L, Kaplan H, St. Louis, MO, USA 7 The use of itraconazole in ocular histoplasmosis Callanan D, Fish G, Dallas, TX, USA 8 Succesful treatment of macular hole secondary to sympathetic ophthalmia. Cano J, Diaz M, Navea A, Ruiz C, Castilla M. Barcelona, Spain. 9 HLA-DR2+ intermediate uveitis. Pulido J, Tang W, Han D, Mieler W. Milwaukee, WI, USA. 10 Vein occlusion in AIDS misdiagnosed as CMV retinitis. Park K, Marx J, Rao N. Los Angeles, CA, USA. 11 HIV-associated foveal hemorrhage. Crews K, Zimmerman P, Lohner S. Salt Lake City, UT, USA. 12 Cytomegalovirus papillitis in patients with AIDS. Patel S, Rutzen A, Marx J, Thach A, Chong L, Rao N, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 13 Recurrence rate of CMV retinitis following the ganciclovir implant and pars plans vitrectomy and silicone oil. Marx J, Thach A, Rao N, Chong L. Los Angeles, CA, USA.     

The origins of the National Eye Institute 1933–1968

Many organizations and individuals prompted the authorization of the National Eye Institute by the United States Congress. The United States Marine Hospital and Public Health Service established a Laboratory of Hygiene in 1887, which became the research center of the National Institute of Health in 1930. The Albert D. and Mary Lasker Medical Foundation was mainly responsible for the 1945 conversion of the American Society for the Control of Cancer to the American Cancer Society, dedicated to medical research. Mildred Weisenfeld, a patient with retinitis pigmentosa, founded The Fight for Sight! in 1946 to provide funds for eye research. The Laskers invited Miss Weisenfeld to testify in support of a National Institute of Neurology, and her appeal was so persuasive that it emerged as the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness. Congressman John Fogarty and Senator Lister Hill directed the attention of the Congress and the public to the need for the Federal support of medical research. In 1960 Jules Stein, the legendary founder of the Music Corporation of America (MCA), established a new philanthropy, Research to Prevent Blindness, which provided skilled leadership in detailing the need for research in blinding disease and obtaining Congressional and Presidential approval of a new institute. The Committee for Research in Ophthalmology and Blindness was instrumental in bringing the groups interested in the welfare of the blind into harmony with groups concerned with medical research in blinding disease. The Association of University Professors of Ophthalmology was the first medical society to support the need for a National Eye Institute. The National Eye Institute was formally approved 8 August 1968 and celebrated its 25th anniversary in 1993.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Aids to Ophthalmology P. T. Khaw, D. S. Hughes, S. J. Keightley, R. F. Walters and A. R. Elkington
Genetic Risks. A Reference for Eye Care Practitioners William M. Lyle
Handbook of Refraction Edited by George E. Garcia
Neurobiology of the Inner Retina Edited by Reto Weiler and Neville N. Osborne
Atlas of Ocular Motility L. B. Nelson and R. A. Catalano W. B. Saunders     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Visual Fields: A Basis for Efficient Investigation. By C. H. B edwell .
All about Glaucoma. By W. L eydhecker and R. P itts C rick .
Developments in Ophthalmology, Vol. 6: Diagnostic Techniques and Clinical Questions. Edited by W. S traub .
A Colour Atlas of Contact Lenses. By M. R uben .
Symptoms in Eye Examination. By G. B all .
The Eye and Immunology. By M. R. A llansmith .
Symposium on Diseases and Surgery of the Lids, Lacrimal Apparatus, and Orbit. Transactions of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology.
Year Book of Ophthalmology 1981. Edited by W. F. H ughes .
Contact Lens Practice. By R. B. M andell .
The Secondary Glaucomas. Edited by R. R itch and M. B. S hields , C. V. Mosby Co.     

远程医疗数字化成像在糖尿病视网膜病变筛查中的应用

糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)目前已成为获得性失明的主要原因之一,早期发现、诊断、及时治疗被认为是减少糖尿病造成视力损失的有效手段。基于数字化成像的远程医疗在DR的早期发现及诊断中起到至关重要的作用,其准确性及可靠性研究也日渐完善,也是目前DR早期筛查中快速的检查方法之一。随着远程医疗数字化成像的发展,使用人工智能协助DR诊断也成为未来发展的方向。     

History of academic ophthalmology in Wroclaw,Poland in 1812-2002

The authors present the history of the Department of Ophthalmology in Wroclaw, since 1812. Special attention is paid to following professors of ophthalmology and directors of the University Eye Hospital: T.V.G. Benedict, A.T. Mitteldorf, R. Foerster, H.L. Cohn, H. Magnus, A. Groenouw, H. Willbrand; W. Uhthoff, Th. Axenfeld, G. Lenz, A. Huszcza, L. Baran, A. Bielschowsky, W. Dieter, A. Bednarski, M. Grzedzielski, L. Hirschfeld, W.J. Kapuscinski, S. Drozdowska, E. Ogielska, P. Hanczyc, M.H. Nizankowska     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Springer Series in Optical Sciences, Vol. 41, Advances in Diagnostic Visual Optics. Edited by G. M. B reinin and I. M. S iegel
Foundations of Sensory Science. By H. A utrum , L. M. B eidler , H. D avis , H. E ngstrom , G. A. F ry , R. G ranit , W. D. K eidel , D. R. K enshalo , O. L owenstein , C. P faffmann , L. A. R iggs , D. S chneider , T. T omita , W. D. W right and J. J. Z wislocki
Clinical Low Vision. By E. E. F aye
Molecular and Cellular Basis of Visual Acuity. Edited by S. R. H ilfer A nd J. B. S heffield
Basic Clinical Ophthalmology. By C alvert I. P hillips
Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Eye Movement Research. Edited by A. G. G ale and F. J ohnson
Atlas of Ophthalmic Ultrasonongraphy and Biometry. By H. J. S hammas     

Fuchs葡萄膜炎的研究进展

Fuchs葡萄膜炎(fuch suveitis,FU)是一种慢性、轻度的葡萄膜炎。越来越多的证据表明,风疹病毒感染与该病的发生有确切的相关性。该病也被命名为Fuchs虹膜异色性虹膜睫状体炎,但虹膜异色取决于虹膜色素上皮中的色素含量和虹膜萎缩的程度,许多患者不出现典型的虹膜异色,这是该病经常被延误诊断的原因。另外,近期的研究提示FU的炎症状态涉及到包括脉络膜的整个葡萄膜。该病的进展与并发白内障和继发青光眼相关。近年来文献报道多采用白内障超声乳化吸出合并囊袋内人工晶状体植入术治疗并发性白内障,尽管术中房角出血和术后前房炎性反应的并发症高于常规的白内障手术,多数患眼视力预后良好。继发青光眼的治疗通常更具挑战性,因其对药物、激光和手术治疗的反应比其他类型青光眼较差。如果采用小梁切除术,术中使用抗代谢药物可以提高手术成功率。近期有研究采用新型青光眼白内障联合手术对该病并发症进行治疗,尚有待远期的疗效观察结果。     

病理性近视研究进展

病理性近视已成为华人首位致盲眼病,病理性近视的典型眼底病变包括豹纹状眼底、漆裂纹、弥漫性或片状萎缩、脉络膜新生血管、黄斑萎缩、后巩膜葡萄肿等.其中后巩膜葡萄肿和眼球变形是威胁视力的重要并发症,监测视盘周边的萎缩弧、脉络膜视网膜萎缩病灶或漆裂纹做为病理性近视早期评估手段具有重要意义.教育压力增加、近距离工作增加等环境因素为主要的致病因素,阿托品局部治疗和增加户外活动时间是行之有效的预防方法.对于已经发生高度近视的患者,巩膜加固术、胶原交联法是可能的有效延缓病情的手段.     

American uveitis society meeting october 31, 1994 san francisco, california

1 Ophthalmic manifestations of presumed rifabutin-related uveitis. Arevalo JF, Freeman WR, La Jolla, CA, USA. 2 Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis acute anterior uveitis by PCR. Cano J, Diaz M, Navee A, Maldonado M, Barcelona, Spain. 3 Neuroretinits in patients with AIDS. Berger B, Austin TX, USA. 4 Presumed varicella zoster retinitis in a pediatric patient with AIDS. El Baba F, Nachman S, Stony Brook, NY, USA. 5 ARN with hypopyon caused by EVB and herpes type VI viruses. Cano J, Diaz M, Navea A, Maldonado MJ, Barcelona, Spain. 6 CD8(+) T-lymphocytes and ocular infections in HIV(+) patients. Lowder CY, Butler CP, Dodds EM, Recillas-Gispert C, Cleveland, OH, USA. 7 Intravitreal foscanet for persistent CMV. Lieberman RM, Orellana J, New York, NY, USA. 8 Perfluorocarbon liquid versus air-fluid exchange during surgical repair of retinal detachment caused by cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Sery T, Gomes J, Sando R, Dua H, Donoso L, Vrabec T, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 9 Endogenous ophthalmitis simulating retinoblastoma: a report of six cases. Shields J, Shields C, Eagle R, Barrett J, DePotter P, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 10 Ocular lymphoma resembling chronic postoperative endophthalmitis. Fox G, Chan CC, Whitcup SM, Nussenblatt R, Bethesda, MD, USA. 11 A phase II trial of combination chemotherapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma. Whitcup SM, Stark-Vanes V, Nussenblatt RB, Heiss H, Witte R, Bethesda, MD, USA. 12 Cancer-induced autoimmune retinopathy. Thirkill C, Sacramento, CA, USA. 13 Leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Tessler H. Chicago, IL, USA. 14 Bilateral choroidal neovascular membranes after Candida albicans chorioretinitis. Dodds E, Townsend-Pico W, Lowder CY, Lewis H, Cleveland, OH, USA. 15 An unusual complications of Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. Gormley PD, Flaxel CJ, Pavesio CE, Conrad DK, Lightman S, London, UK. 16 Surgical removal of a choroidal neovascular membrane in sympahtetic ophthalmia. Conrad DK, McCluskey PJ, Schwartz S, Gregor Z. Lightman S, London, UK. 17 Peripheral laser scatter ablation in pars planitia. Park SE, Mieler WF, Pulido JS, Milwaukee, WI, USA.     

Early surgery and visual correction of an infant born with unilateral eye lens opacity

A healthy neonate born with unilateral cataract was operated upon on Life Day 4. Visual correction and testing were initiated promptly. Resolution showed continuous improvement in the normal eye, with no improvement noted in the operated eye until adequate visual correction was provided. Following correction there was prompt marked improvement of visual resolution.Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.This research has been supported in part by Research Grant No. EY 01418 (to JME), National Eye Institue, NIH, Bethesda, Md.This research has been supported in part by a research grant from the National Eye Institute (EY-01418, to JME) National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. The authors also wish to express their appreciation to Soft Lenses, Inc., of San Diego and the Bausch and Lomb Corp., Rochester, NY for their cooperation in supplying the necessary lens materials.     

Contrast (modulation) sensitivity functions measured in patients with high refractive error with emphasis on aphakia: I. Theoretical considerations

Recently, alterations in contrast (modulation) sensitivity functions of patients with high refractive errors have been noted. For example, this seems to be a common finding in aphakia. In some measure the observed alterations are due to the effect of the corrective lens and the optics of the eyes. These optical effects (in addition to blur) must be factored out in order to determine whether residual effects on the visual system remain. The argument is applicable to photographs of sine wave fringes as well as devices designed to produce interference patterns directly on the retina. A simple means for largely correcting these lens effects is discussed.On temporary leave from Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA. Reprint requests to Professor Ohzu, Waseda University.This work has been supported in part by a grant from the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science and in part by National Eye Institute Grant No. EY 01418 (to JME), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.     

A tribute to Charles David Kelman MD: ophthalmologist, inventor and pioneer of phacoemulsification surgery

Charles David Kelman was born in Brooklyn, New York, USA, on 23 May 1930 and passed away in Boca Raton, Florida, USA, on 1 June 2004 at the age of 74 years after a long battle with cancer. He received a Bachelor of Science degree from Tufts University in 1950 and completed medical studies at the University of Geneva, Switzerland, in 1956. He was Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology at New York Medical College and an Attending Surgeon at New York Eye and Ear Infirmary and Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital. Although a prolific inventor, he will be best remembered for developing phacoemulsification, following his realization while sitting in a dentist's chair, that ultrasonic vibrations could be used to emulsify the aged crystalline lens through a very small incision. His pioneering work revolutionized cataract surgery. He also pioneered cryo-extraction of cataracts, the use of freezing for the repair of retinal detachments and designed numerous ophthalmic instruments and intraocular lenses. Dr Kelman received numerous awards, including the American Academy of Ophthalmology Achievement Award (1970), the Ridley Medal from the International Congress of Ophthalmology (1990), and the Inventor of the Year Award from The New York Patent, Trademark and Copyright Law Association (1992). Most recently (2003), Dr Kelman was honoured by the American Academy of Ophthalmology with the Laureate Recognition award. Dr Kelman was also an accomplished Broadway producer, composer and jazz saxophonist. With his demise, the ophthalmic and medical community lost a famed inventor with multifaceted talents and one of the great ophthalmologists of the twentieth century.     

甲状腺相关眼病免疫学发病机制研究进展

甲状腺相关眼病(thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy,TAO)通常发生于Graves病,两者有着相似的病理生理学特点。促甲状腺激素受体(thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor,TSHR)在Graves病以及TAO的病程中都扮演了重要的角色。在TAO中,TSHR表达于眼眶成纤维细胞的表面。多种因素,如细胞与体液免疫、促甲状腺免疫球蛋白(thyrotropin stimulating immunoglobulin,TSI)、促甲状腺激素(thyroid-stimulating hormon,TSH)、血小板衍生因子(platelet derived growth factor,PDGF)以及其他甲状腺抗体等,对眼眶成纤维细胞表面的TSHR产生影响从而共同激活疾病进程。激活的辅助性T细胞(helper T cell,Th cell)重新识别TSHR肽并通过促甲状腺激素受体抗体(thyrotrophin receptor antibody,TRAb)结合TSHR,促进眼眶成纤维细胞分泌炎症因子和趋化因子,增加透明质酸(hyaluronic acid,HA)的生成与脂肪形成,最终导致眼眶连接组织的重塑,如眼外肌增粗及眼眶脂肪的增生。此外,TAO患者的眼眶成纤维细胞表达高水平的胰岛素样生长因子-1受体(insulin-like growth factors-1 receptor,IGF-1R),刺激性的自身抗体直接作用于IGF-1R导致了TAO中眼眶成纤维细胞激活,并分泌炎症介质促进眼眶炎症。     

人工智能在眼科的应用进展

人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)是一门综合性的交叉学科,是汇集新思想、新观念、新理论、新技术等的新兴学科。现阶段人工智能已经在多个领域都得到了比较广泛的应用,在医疗领域中,如AI辅助下的医学影像判读,在一些疾病诊断方面其准确性已经可以和医学专家媲美。目前在眼科领域多从糖尿病视网膜病变、年龄相关性黄斑变性、青光眼、白内障等眼科常见疾病入手,人工智能医学影像判读可以帮助初步筛查、辅助诊断工作,但也面临诊断片面、准确率待提高等挑战。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Congenital Abnormalities of the Optic Nerve and Related Forebrain. By T homas C. A cers .
Corneal Grafting: Principles and Practice. By T homas A. C asey and D aniel J. M ayer .
Clinical Wide-Field Specular Microscopy. By D aniel J. M ayer .
Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts By F rank W. N ewell 5th Edn.
Ophthalmology. A Clinical Introduction. By John W. Gittinger, Jr.
External Eye: Methods of Examination. By M ogens S. N orn .     

Irregularities on the surface of single-piece AcrySof SA60AT intraocular lenses

PURPOSE: To report a case series of what initially appeared to be macroscopic biomaterial deposits and irregularities on the surface of AcrySof SA60AT intraocular lenses (IOLs) (Alcon Inc.) SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology and Somerset Hospital, Taunton, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; and Intraocular Implant Unit, Sydney Eye Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. METHODS: Twelve AcrySof SA60AT IOLs were initially thought to have irregularities on their surfaces when examined under the operating microscope before implantation in the capsular bag during cataract surgery. The IOLs were sent for further analysis, including gross examination and light and scanning electron microscopy, to John A. Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, and to Alcon Laboratories, Hemel Hempstead, United Kingdom. RESULTS: Light microscopy revealed the presence of irregular fine lesions on the IOLs' optics and haptics. The lesions consisted of elevations and depressions of the IOL surface that were present on both the anterior and the posterior surfaces of the IOLs. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the presence of physical/mechanical damage to the IOLs, which was thought to originate from the packaging. The manufacturer believed this to have resulted from compression of the IOL between the container and its cover. CONCLUSIONS: Implantation of an imperfect IOL remains a potentially serious occurrence. Faults still occur in modern IOLs, and some defects can be detected by examining the IOL under the operating microscope before implantation into the eye.     

The construction of the new Kresge Eye Institute

The present Kresge Eye Institute building, the site of the Department of Ophthalmology of the Wayne State University School of Medicine, opened in 1989. The new building was the culmination of a decade of planning, persuasion, perseverance, and compromise. The previous facility was physically connected to the Harper Hospital in the Detroit Medical Center and began operation in 1974. A campaign to expand the Kresge Eye Institute started in 1979 when the dean of the medical school and the majority of the administrators and trustees agreed that expansion was justified, but there were many political and economic obstacles. After ten years of negotiation, when the situation seemed hopeless, fiscal problems threatened to close the Hutzel Hospital, a component of the Detroit Medical Center. The Medical Center Board agreed with the Hutzel Hospital trustees to sustain the Hutzel Hospital by transforming the hospital into a specialty hospital containing only three services: ophthalmology, orthopedics, and obstetrics. A new Kresge Eye Institute was approved on the condition that it be moved from the Harper Hospital to the Hutzel Hospital. By 1989, a four-story building connected to the Hutzel Hospital was completed. Although economic and political factors were more important than medical needs in obtaining the new building, the result was an institution of the appropriate size and scope to serve the ophthalmic needs of metropolitan Detroit and the Wayne State University School of Medicine. ‘I began to think that the very soul of the world was economic, and that the lowest abyss is not absence of love, but the absence of coin’. (E.M. Forster, Howards End) Read at the annual meeting of the Cogan Ophthalmic History Society, The National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, March 16 and 17, 1996.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Geriatric Ophthalmology. Edited by M. L. K witko and F. J. W enstock
Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Transactions of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology, 34th Annual Session.
Ocular Accommodation, Convergence, and Fixation Disparity: A Manual of Clinical Analysis. By D avid A. Goss
Cataract and Implant Surgery. By J.J. K anski and R. B. S. P ackard
Techniques in Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery. Edited by R. E. W esley
Chandler and Grant's Glaucoma. By D. L. E pstein     

角膜胶原交联术及不同交联剂的研究进展

角膜胶原交联术是治疗圆锥角膜的有效手段之一,通过角膜交联剂与光照射提高角膜强度,遏制或延缓圆锥角膜进行性发展。基于传统核黄素紫外光交联的创新术式和基于不同交联剂的交联方式不断涌现,包括跨上皮、快速核黄素紫外光交联,玫瑰红绿光交联、京尼平交联和甘油醛交联等。对于以上交联术式和不同交联剂的研究均致力于增加治疗效果和减少患者不适,研究结果将为临床上选择合适的角膜胶原交联术式治疗圆锥角膜提供理论基础和临床依据。