肝硬化合并门静脉海绵样变性的外科治疗(附18例分析)

目的探讨不同手术方法治疗肝硬化合并门静脉海绵样变性(CTPV)的疗效。方法18例肝硬化合并CTPV患者,行经典原位肝移植7例,其中包括肝硬化合并肝癌3例;脾切除、脾-肾静脉分流加贲门周围血管离断流术6例;脾切除加食管胃底静脉断流术(食管下端切断吻合)5例。结果行经典原位肝移植7例患者,随访0.5~3年全部存活(1例因肝癌转移仍在治疗中),脾亢及食管胃底静脉曲张消失,无上消化道出血发生,彩色多普勒检查示CTPV完全消失。行脾切除、脾-肾静脉分流加贲门周围血管离断术6例患者,术后随访3~5年,l例死于肝功能衰竭,仍存活5例中1例反复发生肝性脑病、1例术后2年出现脾-肾静脉分流处血栓并再发上消化道出血,彩色多普勒检查示CTPV减轻。行脾切除加食管胃底静脉断流术(食管下端切断吻合)5例患者,术后随访3~6年,1例死于肝功能衰竭,1例死于上消化道大出血,仍存活3例中均有反复上消化道出血发生,彩色多普勒检查示CTPV加重或无改变。结论肝硬化合并CTPV的外科治疗,以原位肝移植为首选,脾切除、脾-肾静脉分流加断流术优于脾切除加断流术。     

继发性门静脉海绵样变性的彩色多普勒超声诊断

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声对继发性门静脉海绵样变性的诊断价值。方法 对46例经手术及CT、血管造影证实的继发性门静脉海绵样变性患者应用彩色多普勒超声检查门静脉主干、左、右分支及其周围结构,观察病变区血流状态和分布情况,并测量血流参数。结果 门静脉海绵样性的声像图显示肝门区门静脉正常结构消失,其周围或管腔内有网格状无回声,并可在异常的网格状无回声内探及血流信号及连续状低速门静脉样血流频谱。46例彩色多普勒超声诊断全部正确,与临床诊断符合率为100％。结论 彩色多普勒超声有助于临床选择正确的治疗措施,是继发性门静脉海绵样变性的首选诊断方法。     

解剖性脾切除对预防门脉高压症术后门静脉血栓形成的临床分析

目的:探讨肝硬化门脉高压行脾切除加门体断流术后门静脉系统血栓形成的机制及其预防方法.方法:回顾性分析30例肝硬化门脉高压并接受脾切除加门体断流术的病例,30例患者分成A(对照组,n=13)、B(治疗组,n=17)两组,其中B组术中采用解剖性脾切除.观察两组术后门脉系统血栓形成情况.结果:两组病例分别于术后第一、二周行门脉系统彩色多普勒超声检查,发现门脉系统血栓形成A组10例(10/13),B组5例(5/17).门静脉系统血栓发生率两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:解剖性切脾可以降低门脉高压脾切除、门体断流术后门静脉系统血栓形成几率.     

超声对门静脉海绵样变性的诊断价值及其临床意义

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对门静脉海绵样变性（CTPV）的诊断价值及其临床意义。方法应用彩色多普勒超声检查11例CTPV患者,观察门静脉系统的血流状况,结合二维超声,对CTPV的声像图特点进行观察与分析。结果 11例患者彩超结果与血管造影或CT相符合,CTPV的声像图特点是病变部位门静脉内径变细、闭塞或栓塞,其周围可见＂蜂窝状＂的管道回声,多普勒检查示＂蜂窝状＂管道内为门静脉频谱;继发改变有脾大、胃冠状静脉扩张。结论 CTPV的二维及彩色多普勒超声具有特征性声像图表现,对CTPV的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要价值,为临床制定治疗方案提供可靠依据。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断门静脉海绵样变性的临床应用价值

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声在诊断门静脉海绵样变性(cavernous transformation of the portal vein,CTPV)中的临床应用价值.方法 使用彩色多普勒超声观察和分析36例CTPV患者的门静脉系统及周围相关脏器二维超声与血流状况.结果 CTPV患者的超声具有特征性表现,与血管造影或MRI或手术相符合,诊断准确可靠,继发改变为门静脉高压综合征.结论 彩色多普勒超声能客观反映CTPV的部位、性质及血流特点,时CTPV的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要价值,可作为本病诊断的首选检查方法并为临床制订治疗方案提供可靠依据.     

成人门静脉海绵样变性的外科治疗

目的探讨成人门静脉海绵体变性(CTPV)的最佳治疗措施。方法对35例成人门静脉海绵体变性患者的临床资料进行了回顾性分析。结果14例行脾动脉结扎、胃冠状血管及分支结扎、肠—腔C型架桥术;10例已切脾断流后再出血患者,冠状静脉主干结扎后,8例行肠—腔C型架桥术,1例行肠系膜下静脉—下腔静脉C型架桥术,1例因静脉曲张和出血部位在空肠上段而行空肠节段切除术;6例行脾—腔架桥术;2例行改良脾—肺固定术;脾—肾架桥术和门静脉—下腔静脉架桥术各1例,1例因各种分流术无法实施,而行脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术。随访6个月～4．5年,食管胃底曲张静脉减轻或消失。无再出血和肝性脑病发生。结论门—体分流术加门—奇断流术是治疗CTPV的最佳选择。     

内镜套扎在治疗儿童门静脉海绵样变性上消化道出血的临床应用

目的：探讨内镜套扎治疗儿童门静脉海绵样变性的临床疗效。方法：对23例以消化道出血、脾肿大、脾功能亢进等临床表现为首发症状，经彩色多普勒超声和（或）门静脉血符造影确诊的门静脉海绵佯变性患儿进行内镜套扎治疗，定期复查，必要时重复内镜套扎。结果：经2-4次内镜套扎术后患儿食管静脉曲张均消失，定期入院复查者，随访术出现复发呕血。以前未出过血的患儿也未出现出血。结论：内镜套扎治疗儿帝门静脉海绵样变性引起的食管静脉曲张安全有效，可有效防治首次及复发出血，     

门静脉海绵样变21例临床分析

目的探讨门静脉海绵样变（CTPV）的临床特点、发病机制与治疗措施。方法对21例CT-PV患者的上消化道钡餐、彩超、磁共振门静脉成像、间接门静脉造影检查及治疗方法进行临床分析。结果CTPV诊断主要依据为X线钡餐、胃镜、彩超、磁共振门静脉成像、门静脉造影。其中磁共振门静脉成像、门静脉造影是确诊的完全标准。结论对需手术者应选用断流术，门静脉压力〉30cmH2O以上者应加作脾、肾静脉分流术。     

经脾静脉置管预防脾切除断流术后早期门静脉血栓

目的评价经脾静脉置管抗凝治疗对脾切除断流术后门静脉血栓形成的预防效果及安全性。方法 60例择期行脾切除断流术的门脉高压上消化道出血患者随机分为置管组和对照组,采用超声多普勒和(或)强化螺旋CT扫描监测术后门静脉血栓形成情况。结果 60例患者全部随访3个月,对照组累计门静脉血栓发生率为56.7%,置管组为16.7%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经脾静脉置管以200U/h的剂量输入肝素溶液对体循环静脉血凝血酶原时间和活化部分凝血活酶时间无影响。结论断流术后经脾静脉置管抗凝治疗能有效降低门脉高压脾切除断流术后早期门静脉血栓形成,是安全可行的。     

脾切除联合断流术后脾静脉血栓形成的诊治分析

目的探讨脾切除联合断流术后脾静脉血栓的成因及治疗。方法对我院近年收治的肝硬化合并门静脉高压症行脾切除联合断流术并发脾静脉系血栓患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果肝硬化门静脉高压症脾切除联合断流术病人36例,脾静脉血栓发生5例,约7.2%。均经彩色多普勒超声证实,经早期口服双嘧达莫、拜阿司匹林,静滴低分子右旋糖酐祛聚治疗,随诊3～6个月,血栓无进一步发展或消失,也未引起相应其它并发症。结论肝硬化合并门静脉高压症脾切除联合断流术后脾静脉系统血栓有一定发病率,早期诊断,并及时治疗效果好。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.