苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平治疗原发性高血压的临床疗效及其对患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的 评价苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平治疗原发性高血压的临床疗效及其对患者血管内皮功能的影响.方法 200例原发性高血压患者(高血压组)按随机数字表法分为氨氯地平组(给予苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平治疗)和替米沙坦组(给予替米沙坦治疗),每组100例,连续治疗4周,检测治疗前后收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素(ET)-1和血脂水平,观察不良反应.并与80例健康查体者(对照组)进行比较.结果 治疗前高血压组血脂、血压、NO及ET-1水平与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).氨氯地平组临床疗效总有效率为97.0％(97/100),替米沙坦组为88.0％(88/100),两组比较差异有统计学意义(x2=5.838,P＜ 0.05).氨氯地平组和替米沙坦组治疗后DBP、SBP水平与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义[(77.93 ±24.74) mm Hg(1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa)比(103.37±34.46) mm Hg、(113.83±36.14) mm Hg比(167.74±55.91) mm Hg和(85.93±27.28) mm Hg比(104.23±34.74) mm Hg、(135.93±43.15) mm Hg比(164.57±54.86) mm Hg] (P＜0.05),并且氨氯地平组患者血压改善更显著,与替米沙坦组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).氨氯地平组和替米沙坦组治疗后NO水平均较治疗前显著上升[(70.28±22.31)μmol/L比(50.97±16.99)μmol/L、(60.93±19.34)μmol/L比(51.15±17.05)μmol/L],ET-1水平均较治疗前显著下降[(52.69±16.73) ng/L比(69.38±23.13) ng/L、(65.71±20.86) ng/L比(71.58±23.86) ng/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),并且氨氯地平组患者NO、ET-1水平基本达到正常水平,与替米沙坦组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).高血压组在治疗期间无不良反应发生.结论 苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平治疗原发性高血压疗效显著,且安全可靠,可有效改善血管内皮功能紊乱,值得应用推广.     

高强度运动对高同型半胱氨酸血症大鼠抗氧化和内皮功能的影响

目的探讨高强度间歇训练(HIIT)对高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHcy)大鼠抗氧化和血管内皮功能的影响。方法 35只大鼠分为对照组(n=8)和实验组(n=27),实验组大鼠用含3%蛋氨酸饲料喂养,持续8周,构建HHcy大鼠模型。建模成功后,实验组随机分为模型组、叶酸组和叶酸+HIIT组,治疗16周。检测各组大鼠血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、血浆丙二醛(MDA)、羟自由基(OH-)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)及内皮素1(ET-1)水平;取大鼠腹主动脉做病理学检查。结果治疗16周后,叶酸+HIIT组大鼠血清Hcy水平与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),血清Hcy水平依次为模型组(23.95±3.35)μmol/L,叶酸组(8.73±0.60)μmol/L,叶酸+HIIT组(6.19±0.34)μmol/L;叶酸+HIIT组MDA较叶酸组和模型组下降(P0.05),与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);叶酸组和叶酸+HIIT组SOD活力和GSH-PX含量较模型组升高(P0.05),叶酸+HIIT组较叶酸组升高(P0.05);叶酸组ET-1、NOS和NO水平与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),而叶酸+HIIT组ET-1和NOS水平与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);叶酸+HIIT组大鼠血管组织形态学观察可见轻度动脉硬化病变。结论高强度间歇训练联合叶酸治疗可以降低HHcy大鼠血清Hcy水平,改善氧化应激状态,减轻内皮功能损伤,且效果优于单纯叶酸治疗。     

叶酸对伴有高同型半胱氨酸血症的农村高血压患者内生肌酐清除率的影响

目的探讨叶酸对伴有高同型半胱氨酸血症(hyperhomocysteinemia,Hhcy)的农村高血压患者内生肌酐清除率(creatinine clearance rate,Ccr)的影响。方法入选2012年1月—2014年1月收治的农村高血压患者152例,按就诊先后顺序分为观察组与对照组各76例,两组患者均低盐饮食,服用氨氯地平及美托洛尔将血压控制在130/80mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133 kPa)以下。观察组在此基础上口服叶酸治疗,5 mg/d。4周为1疗程,共治疗1疗程。比较两组患者治疗前后血压变化、Scr、BUN、Ccr及Hcy水平。计量资料比较采用t检验,计数资料采用百分数表示,比较采用χ2检验,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果观察组治疗后血压[(138.6±10.5)、(89.2±3.5)mm Hg]均显著低于对照组[(142.5±11.2)、(90.7±3.6)mm Hg],差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。观察组治疗后BUN、Hcy及Scr[(5.2±1.2)mmol/L、(9.7±3.4)μmol/L、(58.7±18.4)μmol/L]均显著低于对照组[(7.5±1.5)mmol/L、(33.8±6.6)μmol/L、(89.1±16.0)μmol/L],Ccr[(80.2±11.9)%]显著高于对照组[(59.2±7.6)%],差异均具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论高血压伴HHcy患者补充叶酸有效降低Hcy水平,提高Ccr,从而改善肾功能。     

阿托伐他汀对老年2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜-中层厚度及血管内皮功能的影响

目的 探讨不同剂量阿托伐他汀对老年2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT)及血管内皮功能的影响.方法 选择172例老年2型糖尿病患者,按随机数字表法分为A组(阿托伐他汀10 mg/d)63例、B组(阿托伐他汀20 mg/d)54例及C组(阿托伐他汀40 mg/d)55例,疗程为12个月.测定治疗前及治疗6、12个月血脂、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、颈动脉IMT及血管内皮功能.结果 三组治疗前血脂、hs-CRP、颈动脉硬化情况及血管内皮功能比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).三组治疗6、12个月总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇及hs-CRP明显降低,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著增高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).C组治疗12个月TC、rG及hs-CRP明显低于A组和B组[(3.52±0.55) mmol/L比(4.45±0.71)、(4.31±0.75) mmol/L,(1.20±0.12) mmol/L比(1.64±0.18)、(1.51±0.17) mmol/L,(4.22±0.28) mg/L比(5.34±0.48)、(5.02±0.44)mg/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).C组治疗12个月颈动脉IMT、斑块Crouse积分及斑块检出率与治疗前比较明显下降[(0.84±0.07) mm比(1.07±0.10) mm、(4.03±1.14)分比(4.34±1.18)分、41.8％(23/55)比78.2％(43/55)],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).C组治疗12个月内皮素及血栓素B2与治疗前比较明显降低[(68.48±9.35) ng/L比(90.07±10.19) ng/L,(80.08±14.27) ng/L比(104.77±12.36)ng/L],一氧化氮及6-酮-前列腺素F1α与治疗前比较明显增高[(72.28±9.40)μmol/L比(61.88±10.01) μmol/L,(72.39±8.67) ng/L比(54.92±10.78) ng/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).三组治疗12个月血流介导的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能明显改善(P＜0.05),B、C组治疗12个月硝酸甘油介导的非内皮依赖性血管舒张功能与治疗前比较显著增加[(11.12±1.00)％比(6.38±0.49)％、(13.43±1.11)％比(6.39±0.52)％],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 在控制血糖的基础上,联合应用阿托伐他汀可以延缓老年2型糖尿病患者颈动脉硬化进展,并改善其血管内皮功能.     

窒息新生儿出生体重与血清同型半胱氨酸及叶酸水平研究

目的 探讨新生儿血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、叶酸水平与新生儿窒息的相关性.方法 检测73例正常新生儿(正常新生儿组)、30例轻度窒息新生儿(窒息新生儿组)血清Hcy及叶酸水平,并进行比较.结果 正常新生儿组血清Hcy水平显著低于窒息新生儿组,叶酸水平显著高于窒息新生儿组[(7.95±0.98)μmol/L比(13.99±2.91)μmol/L,(3.38±0.28) μg/L比(2.39±0.32)μg/L],差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).窒息新生儿组中低出生体重新生儿的Hcy水平更高,为(15.88±2.95)μmol/L,而叶酸水平更低,为(2.31±0.17)μg/L.结论 在临床工作中,对于窒息、低出生体重的新生儿更应当加强管理,酌情补充叶酸,提高叶酸水平,降低Hcy水平,降低窒息的发生率.     

二甲双胍对肥胖患者血压的影响

目的观察二甲双胍对不确诊糖尿病的肥胖高血压患者血压和血糖的影响.方法采用双盲法,将二甲双胍和谷维素装入相同的胶囊进行编号,按就诊顺序抽取编号.治疗组二甲双胍250 mg,3次/d;对照组用谷维素10 mg,3次/d.疗程10 d.结果治疗组,收缩压由(150±9)mm Hg降至(130±7)mm Hg,舒张压由(91±11)mm Hg降至(75±9)mm Hg,(P＜0.01).对照组差异不显著;治疗组,空腹血糖由(5.9±0.8)mmol/L降至(5.0±1.6)mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖由(9.1±2.1)mmol/L降至(8.2±1.9)mmol/L,(P＜0.01).结论二甲双胍对肥胖高血压患者有降压作用.     

血小板源性生长因子BB与血液透析患者颈动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的 测定血液透析患者血浆血小板源性生长因子BB(PDGF-BB)水平,探讨其在血液透析患者颈动脉粥样硬化发生发展中的意义.方法 选择36例维持性血液透析患者作为试验组及性别、年龄相匹配的20例健康体检者作为健康对照组,采用酶联免疫吸附试验法测定两组血浆PDGF-BB水平,同时应用彩色多普勒超声显像仪检查两组颈动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT)及所探测到的斑块情况,并进行统计学分析.结果 试验组颈动脉IMT为(1.01 ±0.23) mm,颈动脉粥样硬化阳性率为69.4％ (25/36);健康对照组颈动脉IMT为(0.72 ±0.15) mm,颈动脉粥样硬化阳性率为10.0％(2/20).试验组颈动脉IMT及颈动脉粥样硬化阳性率均显著高于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).试验组血浆肌酐、白蛋白、总胆固醇较健康对照组显著增高[(1991.8±228.6)μmol/L比(71.2±15.9)μmol/L、(36.78±3.40)g/L比(41.96±2.07) g/L、(4.97±0.57) mmol/L比(4.48±0.84) mmol/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01或＜0.05).试验组血浆PDGF-BB水平显著高于健康对照组[(93.27±31.58)ng/L比(31.71±15.78) ng/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).试验组中颈动脉粥样硬化阳性患者年龄、血浆PDGF-BB及三酰甘油水平均高于颈动脉粥样硬化阴性患者[(48.04±9.97)岁比(34.54±10.35)岁、(102.60±32.87) ng/L比(72.06±13.67) ng/L、(1.51±0.59) mmol/L比(1.01 ±0.27) mmol/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).回归分析显示,年龄(β=0.346,P＜ 0.01)、PDGF-BB(β=0.594,P＜ 0.01)为影响IMT的重要因素.结论 血液透析患者血浆PDGF-BB水平明显增高,其对颈动脉粥样硬化的发生有重要作用.     

2型糖尿病患者血尿酸、尿白蛋白排泄率水平与颈动脉内膜-中层厚度的关系

目的 探讨血尿酸(SUA)与尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)水平和2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT)的关系.方法 选取271例2型糖尿病患者,根据UAER及SUA水平分为A组(UAER 20～200 μg/min,SUA正常)83例,B组(UAER 20～200μg/min,SUA增高)84例,C组(UAER＞200μg/min,SUA正常)61例和D组(UAER＞ 200μg/min,SUA增高)43例.收集相关临床资料,比较各组体质指数(BMI)、病程、SUA、UAER、颈动脉IMT、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2 hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、总胆固醇、三酰甘油(TG)等差异,Pearson法检验患者SUA水平与各项临床指标的相关性；多元逐步回归法分析影响UAER和颈动脉IMT的相关因素.结果 B组FPG、2 hPG、SUA、UAER水平及颈动脉IMT明显高于A组[(8.29±2.04) mmol/L比(6.92±1.99)mmol/L、(9.27±2.13) mmol/L比(7.97±2.26) mmol/L、(406.6 +48.5) μmol/L比(194.4 +37.6)μmol/L、(146.39±31.22)μg/min比(99.14±21.38)μg/min、(0.96±0.21) mm比(0.57±0.16) mm](P＜0.05)；C组FPG、颈动脉IMT高于A组[(8.52±1.88) mmol/L比(6.92±1.99) mmol/L、(0.98±0.21)mm比(0.57±0.16) mm],UAER水平高于A组及B组[(225.86±35.47) μg/min比(99.14±21.38)、(146.39±31.22)μg/min] (P＜ 0.05)；D组FPG、2 hPG、颈动脉IMT、SUA及UAER水平[(9.68±2.16) mmol/L、(11.36±2.73) mmol/L、(1.46±0.25) mm、(453.9±50.0)μmol/L、(296.45±39.56)μg/min]明显高于A、B、C组(P＜0.05).SUA水平与年龄、病程、BMI、FPG、2 hPG、HbA1c、TG、UAER及颈动脉IMT相关(r=0.13、0.16、0.28、0.24、0.23、0.20、0.19、0.31、0.24,P＜0.05)；年龄、病程、HbA1c、SUA、收缩压、TG是影响颈动脉IMT的独立危险因素(OR=1.084、1.014、1.118、1.008、1.002、1.005,P＜0.05或＜0.01)；病程、SUA、TG水平是影响UAER的危险因素(OR=1.016、1.028、1.524,P＜0.01或＜0.05).结论 SUA、UAER水平与糖尿病大血管病变密切相关,可作为早期预测糖尿病血管病变风险的指标.     

脑梗死患者同型半胱氨酸和血栓状态与临床疗效的关系

目的 探讨脑梗死患者不同阶段同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平.方法 选择132例脑梗死患者(脑梗死组),其中初次发作89例(初发组),再次发作43例(复发组),选择60例健康体检者(对照组).比较各组血清Hcy水平.结果 初发组高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHe)患者31例,发生率34.83％(31/89);复发组HHe患者25例,发生率58.14％(25/43),复发组HHe发生率高于初发组,差异有统计学意义(x2=6.449,P＜0.05).初发组治疗前后血清Hcy水平分别为(14.66±3.13)、(8.12±4.31)μmol/L,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);复发组治疗前后血清Hcy水平分别为(21.17±4.49)、(17.03±3.55)μmol/L,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).初发组和复发组治疗前血清Hcy水平均高于对照组[(5.24± 1.38) μmol/L],差异有统计学意义(t=6.629、9.496,P＜0.05);复发组治疗前血清Hcy水平明显高于初发组(t=13.145,P＜0.05).初发组和复发组治疗后血清Hcy水平均明显降低,复发组治疗后血清Hcy水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=11.548,P＜ 0.05).结论 多数脑梗死患者伴有HHe,且脑梗死患者不同阶段血清Hcy水平不同.     

同型半胱氨酸水平与脑梗死及动脉狭窄支数的相关性研究

目的 探讨同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平与脑梗死以及动脉狭窄支数的关系.方法 选择80例脑梗死患者(脑梗死组)与50例对照者(对照组).脑梗死组患者中,磁共振成像血管造影(MRA)检查有≥2支动脉狭窄者32例,设为A组,无或有1支动脉狭窄者48例,设为B组.采用高效液相色谱分析法测定各组血浆Hcy水平,同时测定血清叶酸、维生素B12(VitB12)、血脂、血糖等指标.结果 脑梗死组Hcy水平[(21.10士8.98)μmol/L]显著高于对照组[(12.49±7.43)μmol/L,P＜0.05],叶酸、VitB12水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义.A组Hcy水平[(24.65±11.20)μmol/L]显著高于B组[(18.79±9.97)μmol/L,P＜0.05],A组叶酸水平[(3.63±2.32)μg/L]明显低于B组[(4.82±2.26)μg/L,P＜0.05].VitB12水平A组低于B组,但差异无统计学意义.结论 高同型半胱氨酸血症是脑梗死的重要独立危险因素,Hcy水平升高与脑梗死及动脉狭窄支数有关.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.