缺血预处理对大鼠移植肝脏微循环的保护作用

目的：探讨早期再灌注损伤中缺血预处理（IP）对大鼠移植肝脏微循环的保护作用。方法：采用SD大鼠原位肝移植动物模型，供肝冷保存时间100min，无肝期25min。32只SD大鼠随机平均分成两组，每组16只。对照组：获取供肝前仅以肝素生理盐水经门静脉灌注；IP组；获取供肝前阻断肝门血供10min，再灌注10min，然后再以肝素生理盐水经门静脉灌注。移植肝脏再灌注2h后取血及肝脏检测。结果：IP组的肝脏抗氧化酶活力明显高于对照组（P＜0．01），血清丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、门冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）及肝组织中的过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量均明显低于对照组（P＜0．001）；肝组织损伤以窦状内皮细胞为主，并且是以凋亡的方式发生死亡，IP组窦状内皮细胞损伤明显轻于对照组（P＜0．001）。结论：IP对大鼠移植肝脏微循环的早期再灌注损伤有保护作用。     

一氧化氮在缺血预处理保护大鼠移植肝脏再灌注损伤中的作用

目的　探讨一氧化氮 (NO)在缺血预处理 (IP)保护大鼠移植肝脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用。方法　采用SD大鼠原位肝移植动物模型 ,供肝冷保存时间为 10 0min ,无肝期 2 5min。12 8只大鼠随机分成 4组 (n =32 ) :A组 (对照组 )、B组 (IP组 )、C组 [腺苷 (Ade)组 ]、D组 [NO合成抑制剂N L 精氨酸甲基脂 (NAME)组 ]。其中各组的半数用于观察存活率 ,另一半用于移植肝脏再灌注 2h后取血及肝脏检测。结果　IP组和Ade组的 1周存活率、胆汁分泌量、抗氧化酶活力及血清NO水平均明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (ALT)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)及肝组织中的过氧化物含量均明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。肝组织损伤以窦状内皮细胞为主 ,并且是以凋亡的方式发生死亡 ,IP组和Ade组窦状内皮细胞损伤明显轻于对照组 (P <0 .0 0 1) ;NAME组的各种观察结果与对照组相近 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　IP能够通过增加NO的合成来减轻再灌注早期窦状内皮细胞所受到的损伤 ,改善微循环 ,提高移植肝脏的功能。     

缺血后处理对大鼠移植肝缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨在体条件下缺血后处理对大鼠移植肝缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其可能机制。方法采用SD大鼠原位肝移植模型,供肝冷保存时间100min,无肝期控制于18min以内,60只雄性健康SD大鼠随机分为3组,对照组12只,缺血再灌注损伤组和后处理组各24只。对照组开腹后仅游离肝周韧带;缺血再灌注损伤组受体大鼠供肝切除前仅以肝素化生理盐水经门静脉灌注;后处理组供肝植入后完全再灌注前,给予多次短暂复灌复停作为缺血后处理。缺血再灌注损伤组、后处理组受体一半（6只）于再灌注后2h留取血液及肝组织,另一半（6只）于再灌注后6h留取肝组织。对照组于关腹后相应时间留取血液及肝组织。各组分别检测肝功能,采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清肿瘤坏死因子Or．和中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶。根据酶促反应原理,利用分光光度仪测定肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、丙二醛、髓过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶。肝组织HE染色后光镜下观察组织学变化。结果缺血再灌注损伤组和后处理组血清肝功能指标、炎性细胞因子水平及肝组织过氧化物含量均高于对照组（P〈0．05）,而后处理组较缺血再灌注损伤组则明显低（P〈0．05）;缺血再灌注损伤组和后处理组肝组织抗氧化酶活力显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）,而后处理组较缺血再灌注损伤组则明显高（P〈0．05）。结论缺血后处理对大鼠移植肝的缺血再灌注损伤有明显的保护作用。提高组织的抗氧化能力和降低炎性细胞因子水平可能是缺血后处理保护作用的机制之一。     

不同缺血预处理方式对大鼠供肝的保护作用及其机制

目的 探讨不同方式的缺血预处理对大鼠供肝冷缺血—再灌注损伤的防护作用及其机制。方法 192只wistar大鼠做为供、受体行原位肝移植，供肝切取前给予不同方式的缺血预处理(C组为对照组，不行预处理；E1组在供肝冷灌注前行门静脉(PV)和肝动脉(HA)夹闭5min，再灌注10min；E2组PV、HA夹闭5min，再灌注5min，并重复上述过程1次；E3组PV、HA夹闭10min，再灌注15min)，移植完成后，于门静脉复流后0．5、2、6、24h检测血清肝脏酶学、血清肿瘤坏死因子—α(TNF—α)水平及肝组织中细胞凋亡情况。结果 与对照组相比，实验组大鼠在门静脉复流后0．5、2hTNF—α水平明显降低(P＜0．05)，实验组之间相比，E2组大鼠血清TNF—α水平明显低于E1、E3组(P＜0．05)；在24h E2组大鼠血清TNF—α水平明显低于C、E1、E3组(P＜0．05)。在2、6h实验组凋亡指数(AI)明显低于对照组(P＜0．05)，实验组之间相比，E2组AI明显低于EI、E3组(P＜0．05)；24h实验组AI明显低于对照组(P＜0．05)。结论 缺血预处理可能通过减少TNF—α释放，减轻细胞凋亡，从而减轻移植肝的损伤。5min缺血，5min再灌注，并重复1次的缺血预处理方式效果较好。     

缺血预处理对大鼠肝脏移植物再灌注早期NF—kB活性的影响及意义

目的 观察缺血预处理对大鼠肝脏移植后再灌注早期核转录因子-kB（NF-kB）活性和TNF—α、细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）表达的影响，探讨缺血预处理的保护机理。方法 建立大鼠肝脏移植模型，供肝在林格液中保存2h，实验分假手术组、对照组和缺血预处理组（IP组）3组，IP组于供肝切取前夹闭第一肝门10min，然后开放10min。分别于移植再灌注后1、2、4及6h抽血进行肝酶学检查，切取肝脏作NF-kB活性、TNF—α和ICAM-1表达的测定。结果 IP组肝功能得到有效改善。与假手术组比较，对照组及IP组再灌注后移植物的NF-kB活性明显增强，且在1、2h达高峰，4h后减弱，TNF—α和ICAM-1表达也随之增加；同对照组相比，IP组的NF-kB活性降低，并且在1、2h差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05），TNF—α和ICAM-1表达亦降低。结论 缺血预处理对于供肝的保护作用可能是通过抑制再灌注早期NF-kB的活性，减少了TNF—α和ICAM-1炎症介质的释放，从而减轻了移植物再灌注早期的炎症反应实现的。     

缺血后处理对大鼠移植肝细胞凋亡的影响

目的：观察缺血后处理(ischemic postconditioning，Post-con)对大鼠移植肝细胞凋亡及 Caspase-3蛋白表 达的影响，探讨在体内条件下，缺血后处理对大鼠移植肝脏凋亡的保护机制。方法：采用 SD 大鼠原位肝移植动物模 型，供肝冷保存时间100min，无肝期控制于21min 内。48只雄性健康 SD 大鼠随机分为2组。对照组受体大鼠供肝 切除前及移植后无特殊处理；后处理组供肝植入后完全再灌注前，给予多次短暂复灌、复停作为缺血后处理。各组受 体一半(n=6) 于再灌注后2h 留取血液，检测血清肝功能指标和 TNF-α水平，另一半(n=6) 于再灌注后6h 取肝脏， 采用电镜、缺口末端标记法检测肝脏凋亡细胞，利用光学显微镜进行细胞计数；免疫组织化学检测 Caspase-3基因蛋 白表达，利用图像分析系统测量平均灰度值进行定量分析。结果：后处理组血清 AST、ALT、LDH 和 TNF-α含量均明 显低于对照组(P＜0． 05) ；组织的病理改变也明显轻于对照组；对照组凋亡细胞数为(112． 25±11． 73) 个/视野，后处理组 为(70． 36±18． 52) 个/视野，两组之间有显著差异(P＜0． 01) ；后处理组 Caspase-3蛋白表达明显下降(P＜0． 01) 。结论：缺 血后处理能够减轻再灌注损伤对移植肝的损害，明显抑制移植肝脏的细胞凋亡。这一作用可能是通过降低炎性细胞 因子水平，从而减少 Caspase-3蛋白表达而实现。     

缺血预处理和Caspase抑制剂对缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的比较

目的　比较缺血预处理和Caspase抑制剂治疗对大鼠肝缺血再灌注的保护作用及其机制。方法　SD大鼠随机分为 6组 :( 1)缺血再灌注1 (IR1 )组 ;( 2 )IR2 组 ;( 3 )缺血预处理1 (IP1 )组 ;( 4 )IP2 组 ;( 5 )Caspase抑制剂治疗1 (T1 )组 ;( 6)T2 组。比较各组大鼠 70 %肝脏 60min或 12 0min缺血 ,在再灌注 3h时的肝组织Caspase 3活性 ,肝细胞凋亡率和血清AST和ALT水平 ,及实验动物 7d存活率。结果　在 60min缺血及 3h再灌注时间 ,IP1 组和T1 组的保护作用相同 ,在 12 0min缺血及 3h再灌注时 ,T2 组对Caspase活性和肝细胞凋亡的抑制优于IP2 组 (P <0 .0 1) ,但两者的AST和ALT水平及动物 7d存活率均无显著性差异。结论　缺血预处理和Caspase抑制剂治疗对鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤都有保护作用 ,两者的保护效果无显著性差异。缺血预处理对缺血再灌注损伤的保护更简便、经济、安全 ,临床应用前景十分广阔。     

不同热缺血时间再灌注损伤对大鼠移植胰的影响

目的探讨不同热缺血时间再灌注对大鼠移植胰的损伤情况。方法6只正常SD大鼠为对照组,18只糖尿病SD大鼠随机分为WIR0组(热缺血时间0min,n=6)、WIR15(热缺血时间15min,n=6)和WIR30(热缺血时间30min,n=6)。WIR0组、WIR15组和WIR30组均行胰腺移植。观测各组再灌注前后血糖,再灌注后2h血清TNF-α和NO的含量、移植胰组织中SOD、MPO和MDA含量,组织学变化及细胞凋亡情况。结果(1)WIR0组和WIR15组较再灌注前血糖即下降,再灌注后WIR15组和WIR30组较WIR0组、WIR30组较WIR15组血糖高。(2)再灌注后WIR0组、WIR15组和WIR30组较对照组、WIR15组和WIR30较WIR0组、WIR30较WIR15组血清TNF-α含量高、NO含量低。(3)再灌注后WIR0组与WIR15组和WIR30组较对照组、WIR15组和WIR30组较WIR0组与对照组、WIR30组较WIR15组与对照组胰腺组织中SOD活性低、MDA含量高、MPO活性高。(4)再灌注后2hWIR0组与WIR15组和WIR30组较对照组、WIR15组较WIR0组凋亡指数高。(5)WIR30组供胰组织病理损伤最为严重。结论缺血再灌注损伤可导致移植胰细胞凋亡;在冷缺血180min的条件下,大鼠供胰的最大耐受热缺血时间为15min。     

缺血预处理对大鼠移植肝脏保存再灌注损伤的保护及机制探讨

目的探讨缺血预处理 (ischemicpreconditioning ,IP)对大鼠移植肝脏保存再灌注损伤的保护作用及机理。方法采用SD大鼠原位肝移植动物模型 ,12 8只大鼠随机分成A(对照组 )、B(IP组 )、C(腺苷 ,Ado组 )、D(NO合成抑制剂 ,NAME组 )组 ,每组 32只。其中各组的半数用于观察存活率 ,另一半用于移植肝脏再灌注 2h后取血及肝脏检测。结果IP组和Ado组的 1周存活率、血清NO水平及肝组织腺苷含量分别为 88% (7/ 8)和 88% (7/ 8) ,(33 0± 6 1) μmol/l和 (2 9 1± 6 5 ) μmol/l,(7 2± 1 8) μmol/g和 (5 7± 1 3) μmol/g ,均高于对照组的 38% (3/ 8) ,(15 4± 3 0 )mol/L和 (3 6 9±0 5 4 ) μmol/g (P <0 0 5 ) ,血清ALT及TNF含量分别为 (2 87± 82 )IU/L和 (35 7± 93)IU/L ,(1 15± 0 2 3)ng/ml和 (1 14± 0 2 7)ng/ml,均低于对照组的 (5 88± 5 8)IU/L及 (1 5 9± 0 35 )ng/ml(P <0 0 5 ) ,组织的病理学改变也轻于对照组 ;NAME组的 1周存活率、血清NO及ALT含量等分别为 2 5 % (2 / 8)、(13 74± 3 11) μmol/l及 (6 34± 6 5 )IU/L ,与对照组相近 (P >0 0 5 ) ,而肝组织腺苷含量为 (5 5 6± 1 19)μmol/g ,与对照组差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 )。 结论IP对大鼠移植肝脏的保存再灌注损伤具有保护     

缺血预处理对大鼠小体积供肝的保护作用及机制

目的探讨缺血预处理（IPC）对大鼠小体积供肝的保护作用及其机制。方法120只SD大鼠随机分为3组（每组20对）：无热缺血组（NWI）、缺血再灌注组（WI）和缺血预处理组（IPC）。用双袖套法建立大鼠小体积肝移植模型。各组10只受体大鼠于术前1d、术后1、2、3、5d取血，用自动生化分析仪检测AST和ALT。NWI组于供肝灌注前及植入后0．5、1、2、3h，WI组于热缺血前及植入后0．5、1、2、3h，IPC组于IPC前、IPC后及植入后0．5、1、2、3h取肝组织，用硝酸还原法检测其NO浓度。结果IPC可降低大鼠小体积肝移植术后血清AST和ALT浓度，提高再灌注早期肝脏组织NO的浓度，降低再灌注晚期肝脏组织NO的浓度（P〈0．05）。结论NO在大鼠肝脏的缺血再灌注损伤中可能具有双重作用。IPC对大鼠小体积供肝的缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用。其机制可能是通过促进供肝再灌注后早期NO合成，改善肝脏微循环，同时抑制供肝再灌注后晚期NO合成，减轻过量NO的损伤作用，从而保护移植肝脏功能。     

供肝缺血预处理对大鼠肝移植缺血再灌注损伤的保护性作用

目的：探讨供肝热缺血预处理对大鼠供肝冷缺血再灌注（I/R）损伤中的保护作用及其机制。方法：采用SD大鼠建立原位肝移植动物模型，供肝冷缺血期为120 min，受体无肝期16～20min。随机分为3组：假手术组，获取供肝前仅作肝脏周围韧带的解剖;肝移植组，获取供肝前不作肝门阻断;缺血预处理（IPC）组，获取供肝前阻断肝门5min，再灌注5min。术后2，4，24，72h检测血清ALT、抗氧化酶活力、血清NO水平及细胞因子TNF-α。结果：肝移植组及IPC组术后ALT及过氧化物含量均明显高于假手术组，而IPC组低于肝移植组(P﹤0.05)，其抗氧化酶活力较移植组明显升高（P﹤0.05）; NO水平在IPC术后2，4，24，72h均显著高于假手术组，72h时肝移植组明显高于IPC组及假手术组(P﹤0.05)，而IPC组高于假手术组;肝移植组血清中TNF-α释放明显高于假手术组(P﹤0.05);IPC组TNF-α的释放显著低于肝移植组(P﹤0.05)。结论：供肝热缺血预处理对大鼠供肝冷缺血I/R损伤具有明显保护作用;其机制可能是IPC快速提高并稳定了血清中NO水平，降低了炎性细胞因子TNF-a的产生，从而减少移植肝细胞的损害。     

Role of NF-kappaB as effector of IPC in donor livers before liver transplantation in rats

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on NF-kappaB activity during reperfusion early after liver transplantation in rats. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used as donors and recipients of orthotopic liver transplantations. The donor liver was stored 2 hours in Ringer's solution at 4 degrees C preimplantation. IPC was performed by clamping of the portal vein and hepatic artery of the donor for 10 minutes followed by reperfusion for 10 minutes before harvesting. At 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after portal vein reperfusion, graft samples were obtained to determine hepatic levels of NF-kappaB activity, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1. Blood samples were obtained to measure serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). RESULTS: After liver transplantation without IPC, serum levels of ALT and LDH increased significantly compared with the sham-operated group. Among the IPC group, serum ALT and LDH decreased significantly. NF-kappaB activity in the graft increased within 6 hours after transplantation. Among the IPC group, NF-kappaB activity was significantly attenuated. Hepatic levels of TNF-alpha and ICAM-1 were significantly elevated in the non-IP group but both were reduced in the IPC group. CONCLUSION: IPC downregulated TNF-alpha and ICAM-1 expression in the graft, most likely through decreased NF-kappaB activation, and attenuated neutrophil infiltration after reperfusion.     

150例活体肝移植供肝的后台修整

目的 总结150例活体供肝的后台修整经验.方法 回顾性分析2007年2月至2008年5月间完成的150例活体供肝的修整资料.结果 150例供肝中,包含肝中静脉及尾状叶的左半肝3例,肝左静脉与肝中静脉成形;左外侧叶2例;带肝中静脉右半肝67例,肝右静脉与肝中静脉成形;不带肝中静脉右半肝78例.78例不带肝中静脉右半肝中23例未进行S_5、S_8静脉的重建,供肝血流恢复后S_5、S_8肝组织均有不同程度的淤血.其余55例用不同材料重建S_5、S_8静脉:新鲜尸体髂静51例,受体大隐静脉1例,受体曲张脐静脉1例,受体肝内门静脉1例,受体肝静脉1例.145例右半肝供肝中门静脉为C型的7例,均成形为一个开口.结论 HTK是活体供肝的最佳灌注、保存液,供肝流出道恰当的成形、重建不但可简化供肝植入的操作步骤,还可最大限度的保护有功能的肝组织,是受体术后顺利恢复的关键.     

Endothelin antagonist treatment for successful liver transplantation from non-heart-beating donors

BACKGROUND: With the shortage of cadaveric donors, non-heart-beating donors (NHBDs) are a potential source of liver allografts. However, warm ischemic injury in NHBDs seriously affects the viability of graft liver. Endothelin (ET)-1 has been reported to be involved in the hepatic microcirculatory disturbances after ischemia-reperfusion. METHODS: In a porcine orthotopic liver transplantation model, changes in the serum and liver tissue ET-1 concentration were measured and the effects of an ET receptor antagonist, TAK-044, were evaluated. After cardiac arrest of the donors, liver allografts were subjected to 90 min of warm ischemia, flushed, and preserved for 4 hr at 4 degrees C. The pigs were divided into two groups: a control group (no drug treatment) and a drug-treated group, in which donors and recipients were treated with TAK-044 (10 mg/kg body, drip intravenous injection). Both groups had six donor/recipient pairs. RESULTS: -The ET-1 concentration in the hepatic venous blood increased after reperfusion of the graft in the control group recipients. ET-1 in the graft liver significantly increased during the cold preservation period. TAK-044 treatment significantly increased recipient 7-day survival rate. After reperfusion of the graft, the concentrations of serum liver enzymes and arterial lactate in the drug-treated group were significantly lower than in the control group. The postoperative increase in portal venous pressure was significantly reduced in the drug-treated group. Measurements of liver enzymes in the washed-out preservation fluid at the time of graft rinsing indicated that TAK-044 treatment of the donors significantly suppressed liver enzyme release during ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate TAK-044 treatment has protective effects on postoperative function of hepatic allografts procured from NHBDs.     

Ischemic preconditioning of cadaver donor livers protects allografts following transplantation

BACKGROUND: Ischemic preconditioning (IP) has been shown in animal models to protect livers against ischemia/reperfusion injury. The aim of this clinical study is to investigate whether IP of cadaver livers prior to retrieval confers protection on the allografts. METHODS: Cadaveric donor livers were subjected to IP prior to retrieval by clamping of the hepatic pedicle for 10 min followed by reperfusion. Biopsies were obtained from the preconditioned (n=9) and control nonpreconditioned (n=14) liver transplants prior to and 2 hr following reperfusion. Cryosections were stained with antibodies against neutrophils and platelets. RESULTS: IP livers were associated with significantly lower serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (240+/-98 IU/L vs. 382+/-163 IU/L; P>0.016) and lactate (0.81+/-0.07 mmol/L vs. 1.58+/-0.9 mmol/L; P>0.018) 24 hr following transplantation. Furthermore, recipients of IP livers spent a significantly shorter time in the intensive care unit following transplantation compared to those given nonpreconditioned allografts (1 vs. 2.8+/-1.6 days; P=0.0008). Increases in neutrophil infiltration were detected in 6/14 (43%; P=0.022) and in CD41 deposition in 5/14 (36%; P=0.042) of nonpreconditioned livers. However, none of the IP allografts showed any change in the levels of platelets or neutrophil infiltration following transplantation. CONCLUSION: IP is an effective method of protecting cadaver donor allografts from cold ischemia and subsequent reperfusion injury. IP is also associated with a reduction in the nonspecific inflammatory response.     

Efficacy of HSP72 induction in rat liver by orally administered geranylgeranylacetone

Abstract It is well known that heat‐shock proteins (HSPs) have a cyto‐protective function as “molecular chaperones” when cells are exposed to several stress conditions. Geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) is an antiulcer drug that was developed in Japan and it has recently been reported to induce HSP72 in rat gastric mucosa. In this experiment, we investigated the induction of HSP72 in rat liver in response to oral administration of GGA and assessed its ability to induce tolerance to warm ischemic injury by this approach. We prepared donor rats by orally administering GGA to them and compared HSP72 expression in graft liver, survival rates, and serum TNF‐α concentrations after liver transplantation with the findings in controls. The survival rates were significantly increased when the livers were obtained from donor rats given GGA. Western blotting revealed expression of HSP72 in graft livers given GGA, and the serum TNF‐α levels were significantly suppressed in the rats given GGA. Oral administration of GGA induced HSP72 in graft livers, and they were better able to tolerate warm ischemic injury. Oral administration of GGA appears to provide a promising new strategy for preventing ischemia‐reperfusion injury.     

Ischemic preconditioning improves energy state and transplantation survival in obese Zucker rat livers

Livers from obese donors often have fatty infiltrates and are more susceptible to ischemia-reperfusion injury and subsequent graft dysfunction. This often leads to the exclusion of organs from obese donors. We investigated whether ischemic preconditioning (IP, 10 min ischemia, 10 min reperfusion) preserves cellular metabolism in livers from obese Zucker rats during cold ischemia. Liver samples (-IP and +IP) were collected from obese and control lean rats at different time points of cold ischemia (CI) and analyzed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H- and 31P-MRS) to assess whether IP improves hepatic cellular metabolism. IP significantly improved high energy metabolism in IP livers from obese rats when compared with obese controls during the first hours of CI. At 4 h of cold storage, obese IP livers were not different from control lean non-IP livers. The beneficial metabolic effect of IP on livers form obese rats, however, was absent at 8 h of reperfusion. In contrast, in livers from lean rats, IP resulted in improved high-energy metabolism during the entire observation period of 8 h. In a later part of the study, IP of liver grafts from obese rats before 4 h of cold storage improved recipient survival after graft transplantation. IP of liver grafts from obese rats before 4 h of CI increases 24-h survival of recipient animals from 25% to 88%.