Rigid internal fixation with miniplates and screws: a cost-effective technique for treating mandible fractures?

Traditional methods of fixation for stabilization of mandible fractures primarily center around intermaxillary fixation with or without open reduction. During the past decade, rigid internal fixation with miniplates and screws has attained widespread acceptance in the management of acute traumatic injuries to the mandible. With continuing emphasis on cost containment in health care delivery, plastic surgeons will be expected to justify their therapeutic methods as beneficial as well as cost-effective. This is particularly important when a number of acceptable procedures are readily available. The purpose of our investigation was retrospectively to compare treatment with intermaxillary fixation alone, interosseous wire osteosynthesis, and rigid internal fixation with miniplates and screws. We analyzed the hospital records of three such treatment groups, each consisting of 25 patients. Despite initial purchase costs, increased operating time, and the need to develop the skills required to apply the hardware, our study clearly demonstrated that miniplates and screws remain a cost-effective approach to caring for fractures of the mandible. Associated advantages include a quicker return to a preinjury life-style, decreased weight loss, improved oral hygiene and wound care, and protection of the airway, thereby eliminating monitored intensive care unit admissions.     

解剖型钢板植骨术治疗股骨下端复杂粉碎骨折

目的总结股骨下端复杂粉碎骨折解剖型钢板植骨固定的临床特点、效果。方法20例患者按AO分类，C2型11例，C3型9例，合并髌骨骨折7例。解剖型钢板固定的同时根据骨缺损情况行髂骨、腓骨植骨，观察疗效。结果所有患者随访10～24个月，骨折全部愈合，按schatzker的疗效评定标准，优14例，良5例，可1例，优良率95％。结论解剖型钢板植骨术是治疗股骨下端C2、C3型骨折的理想方法。     

Traumatic arch injury: indications and an endoscopic method of repair

The unique strategic position of the zygomatic arch makes it an important surgical landmark in facial fracture repair. Because of the numerous negative sequelae associated with the traditional coronal approach to the arch, it has frequently been omitted as a point of reduction and fixation. Endoscope-assisted repair allows accurate zygomatic arch restoration without the setbacks of coronal access. The indications for arch repair include markedly displaced isolated arch fractures, complex zygoma fractures with arch comminution, and Le Fort III level fractures. In complex zygoma fractures, the arch helps accurately restore midface projection and width and serves as an additional stable anchor point. In Le Fort III fractures, restoration and fixation of the arch are essential components of the repair necessary to stabilize the maxillary dentition to the cranial base. Endoscopic arch repair is a novel, technically challenging procedure that requires a different set of surgical skills and considerable training. Implementation of appropriate teaching programs and further advances in instrument development will overcome the steep learning curve associated with this technique and encourage its use.     

延期切开复位内固定治疗C3型Pilon骨折

目的探讨采用延期切开复位内固定治疗C3型Pilon骨折的临床效果。方法对23例C3型Pilon骨折采用延期切开复位内固定并植骨治疗,术后延期非负重状态下早期踝关节活动。结果所有病例随访8～56个月,骨折均愈合,愈合时间11～30周,平均13.8周,无内固定松动及断裂现象。根据AOFAS踝与后足评分标准:优9例,良11例,可2例,差1例;优良率87%。结论采用延期切开复位内固定并植骨治疗C3型Pilon骨折,能显著减少并发症并提高踝关节功能。     

Midfacial osteotomies in patients with cleft lip, alveolus and palate

Surgical/orthodontic strategies in patients with hypoplastic midfaces and cleft of lip, alveolus and palates after completion of skeletal growth are guided by cephalometric data, with the soft-tissue profile playing the most important role. The Le Fort I, the extended Le Fort I and, less frequently, the Le Fort II procedure depend on the extent of midfacial hypoplasia. Osteotomy planning should consider that in cleft patient's maxilla, the anterior nasal spine and A-point need to be advanced and caudally rotated to a larger extent than is necessary in non-cleft patients. A slight overcorrection of ANB-angle is necessary to achieve a harmonious and attractive soft-tissue profile since upper lip and nasal soft tissue require more bony support. In severe bimaxillary disturbances the midfacial advancement has to be combined with mandibular osteotomies. Stabilization after midfacial osteotomies should be done by corrosion-resistant Vitallium or titanium miniplates. This technique provides sufficient stability to restore early function immediately after surgery. Intermaxillary fixation following surgery is no longer necessary. Several decisive advantages are provided by this technique over the previously applied wire suspension concepts or wire suturing techniques. The most advantageous points are: No intermaxillary fixation is required immediately postoperatively; Normal soft food intake is resumed after 8-10 days when wound healing is completed; Rigid plate fixation leads to a considerable improvement in bone healing, while 'pumping-effects' induced by micromovements from the masticatory muscles are avoided; Plate fixation allows immediate functional 'antirelapse-treatment' against relapse tendencies, using functional treatment by means of soft intermaxillary elastics.     

多发性掌骨或跖骨骨折AO微型钢板内固定

目的 评估AO微型钢板治疗多发性掌骨或跖骨骨折的疗效。方法 采用AO微型钢板内固定治疗9例第2-5掌骨或跖骨骨折患者。结果 术后随访2-8个月,骨折均一期愈合,患掌指关节和跖趾关节伸屈功能恢复正常。结论 多发性掌骨或跖骨骨折局部创伤重,畸形明显,对手、足部的外形和功能影响大,治疗中注重软组织肿胀因素和指（趾）血循环,骨折应解剖对位。采用AO微型钢板内固定治疗,配合术后早期功能锻炼,疗效满意。     

外置支架牵引成骨术治疗复杂面中部后缩畸形

目的 应用外支架牵引成骨治疗复杂面中部后缩畸形.方法 对1例继发性面中部凹陷畸形、2例Crouzon综合征和1例Parry Romberg综合征患者,采取Le Fort Ⅲ型截骨或同时行Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨,应用颅面外支架牵引装置对目标骨块进行牵引治疗.牵引开始于截骨后第7天,牵引速度为每天1 mm,牵引完成后,固定外支架牵引装置3个月.结果 所有病例按计划完成牵引,面中部前移10～14 mm,后缩畸形明显改善.结论 外支架牵引成骨技术是治疗各种复杂面中部后缩畸形的一种有效方法.     

Plate and screw fixation of selected condylar fractures of the mandible.

The majority of condylar fractures can be treated with closed reduction and intermaxillary fixation. In this study, we examine the use of open reduction with plate and screw fixation for the treatment of condylar fractures. Fourteen patients with 18 subcondylar fractures underwent open reduction and fixation using miniplates (12 patients) and lag screws (two patients). Thirteen patients and 16 condylar fractures had adequate follow-up for analysis of results. The follow-up period ranged from 7 to 46 months with a mean of 24 months. Bony union was obtained in all fractures with no permanent facial nerve injuries and good mandibular opening (average of 45 mm). We conclude that condylar fractures can be opened and fixed with plates and screws with good results without the use of intermaxillary fixation. This technique can be an effective approach for the treatment of selected condylar fractures.     

面中部牵引成骨术矫正综合征性面中部后缩畸形

目的 探讨牵引成骨术治疗面中部后缩畸形的可行性。方法 2001至2002年对4例Crouzon、Apert和Marfan综合征，并伴面中部后缩畸形的患者，分别行Le Fort Ⅲ内置式延长器(2例)、Le Fort Ⅲ水平外置式延长器(1例)、monobloc水平内置式延长器(1例)治疗，于截骨后4d开始牵引延长，速度为每天1mm。结果 按计划完成牵引，面中部前移8～20mm。面中部后缩畸形明显减轻，双侧对称，尤其眶、鼻根部效果更佳，随访4个月至1年，效果稳定。结论 骨牵引成骨术具有传统的植骨加坚强内固定的方法所无法比拟的优点，能较大范围前移面中部，是矫正各种发育不良造成的严重面中部后缩畸形的有效而可行的方法。     

小型钢板固定治疗下颌骨多发性骨折

对34例下颌骨多发性骨折采用小型钢板经口内进路按 Champy 理想线固定,辅助短期颌间固定,本组病例术后经 X 线摄片检查和临床随诊观察,全部达到良好复位固定和1期愈合,2例出现切口处软组织感染;未发现咬合错乱、骨折延迟愈合和手术造成神经或牙齿损伤等并发症。提示用小型钢板单层骨皮质固定治疗下颌骨多发性骨折,方法简便,效果可靠。     

Rigid internal fixation vs. traditional techniques for the treatment of mandible fractures

Treatment results were compared between mandibular fractures repaired with vitallium miniplates versus intermaxillary fixation (IMF) and wire osteosynthesis in 79 patients treated over a 4-year period. The postoperative courses of 35 patients treated with 46 plates were compared to those of 44 individuals treated with traditional reduction techniques. The plated group contained nine complications (26%) versus ten (23%) in the non-plated group. This difference was not statistically significant, despite the presence of more severe fractures in the plated group. Major complications (nonunions, malocclusions) were noted in only three (8%) of the plated group; there were six complications (14%) in the non-plated group. We conclude that the plating of mandibular fractures incurs no greater overall risk of complications than traditional methods of fixation, and a lower risk of major complications, and that the advantages of plate fixation, including decreased time of intermaxillary fixation and cost effectiveness, make this the method of choice in complex mandibular fractures, even in a high-risk population.     

正畸-正颌联合防治唇腭裂术后牙颌面畸形

目的：探索唇腭裂患术后牙颌面畸形正畸-正颌外科的防治方法。方法：56例唇腭裂伴牙颌面畸形患者,男性30例,女性26例,年龄8～38岁。其中25例患者为替牙列期或恒牙列初期,31例为恒牙列期。所有患者均进行正畸治疗,替牙列或恒牙列初期采用唇挡或颅颌面架干预性诱导上颌骨前后位的发育,上牙弓扩弓器扩大上颌骨左右位的发育并行牙槽裂植骨术;恒牙列期患者在完成排挤牙列、矫正错位牙、去代偿、关闭间隙等正畸治疗,手术方法如下：①伴牙槽裂的患者前期行髂骨取骨植骨术;②上颌Le Fort I型截骨前徙术;③上颌多片段Le Fort I型截骨术;④上颌Le Fort I型截骨术＋双侧下颌升支矢状劈开术（BSSRO）;⑤BSSRO＋颏成形术。所有病例骨间均用钛板钛钉坚强内固定,并辅以2～3周颌间牵引固定。术后应配合正畸治疗并定期随访12～49月。结果：青少年患者经唇挡、腭弓扩大矫正器和上颌前牵引面架干预性诱导上颌骨发育,伴牙槽裂患者行牙槽裂植骨术,其颜面形态及牙牙A关系明显改善;成人患者经正畸-正颌-正畸治疗模式后,面部比例协调,咬合关系及面型均较满意。结论：正畸-正颌外科联合防治唇腭裂术后牙颌面畸形的疗效确切;应以患者牙袷关系的具体情况、要求等因素,采用个体化的综合治疗方案宜于推崇。     

Open reduction and internal fixation of displaced intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus

BACKGROUND: Thirty-two displaced intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus in 30 patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation. Fracture classification was based on Sanders computed tomographic classification. There were 18 type II fractures, 10 type III fractures, and 4 type IV fractures. METHODS: The operations were performed using a standard extended lateral approach, and the fractures were fixed with small-fragment AO T-plates without bone grafting. Average follow-up was 35.4 months (range, 24-53 months). The Creighton-Nebraska Health Foundation Assessment score for fractures of the calcaneus was used for evaluation. RESULTS: The average score was 86.7 for type II, 82.3 for type III, and 59.2 for type IV fractures. There was a clear statistically significant superiority with type II and type III fractures treated with open reduction when compared with type IV fractures (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: On the basis of our result, we recommend that type II and type III fractures be treated with open reduction and internal fixation. Despite the results of type IV fractures being significantly worse than that of type II and type III fractures, we recommend open reduction and internal fixation for type IV fractures to restore the hindfoot architecture and the subtalar joint, if possible. When the disrupted subtalar joint is so comminuted that it is beyond the surgeon's ability to reconstruct, primary subtalar arthrodesis should be performed in addition to open reduction and internal fixation.     

A comprehensive classification of craniofacial fractures: postmortem and clinical studies with two- and three-dimensional computed tomography

A comprehensive classification of midfacial/craniofacial fractures, based on two- and three-dimensional computed tomography (2D and 3D-CT) is presented.We performed a postmortem analysis of 24 patients who had died from trauma with signs of craniofacial fractures, based on 2D and 3D-CT studies with pathoanatomical findings. In addition, CT findings for 100 patients with craniofacial injuries requiring an emergency CT were correlated with surgical findings and follow-up results. On the basis of the analysis of a total of 377 fractures a classification system is proposed. The system is based on the use of the AO/ASIF (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Association for the Study of Internal Fixation) scheme, defining three types (A, B, C), three groups within each type (e.g. A1, A2, A3) and three subgroups within each group (e.g. A1.1, A1.2, A1.3) with increasing severity from A1.1 (lowest) to C3.3 (highest). The craniofacial region is divided into three units: the lower midface (I), the upper midface (II) and the craniobasal-facial unit (III). Lateral and central fractures are also distinguished. Type A fractures are non-displaced fractures, type B are displaced fractures and type C are complex/defect fractures. Groups A1, B1 and C1 comprise fractures of an isolated unit; groups A2, B2 and C2, combined fractures without involvement of the skull base; and groups A3, B3 and C3 are those combined fractures with involvement of the skull base. A correlation between the severity of the fracture and (i). the number of posttraumatic functional limitations (Spearman rank test, correlation coefficient r=0.42), (ii). the need for bone grafting or dural plastic (r=0.39) and (iii). facial asymmetry (r=0.37), was observed. The proposed classification system allows standardised documentation of midfacial and craniofacial fractures, including those not precisely defined by the Le Fort classification scheme.     

伤椎内植骨结合椎弓根钉内固定治疗胸腰段爆裂性骨折

目的探讨伤椎内植骨结合椎弓根钉内固定治疗胸腰段爆裂性骨折患者的临床疗效。方法2007年1月～2008年10月,采用伤椎椎体内自体植骨、椎管减压(或不减压)及相邻节段椎弓根钉内固定治疗胸腰段爆裂性骨折26例。根据AO分型,A2型18例,A3型8例;按ASIA脊髓神经功能分级标准:A级2例,B级2例,C级5例,D级7例,E级10例。观察手术前后及随访期间患者椎管狭窄率、伤椎前缘高度、后凸Cobb角以及ASIA评分的变化。结果所有患者均获随访,随访时间12～19个月,平均13个月。术后椎管狭窄率、伤椎前缘高度、后凸Cobb角均有明显改善,随访期间伤椎高度和矫正角度均无明显丢失。全组无术后脊髓神经功能障碍加重,术后及随访期间患者ASIA评分有不同程度的提高。术中及术后随访期间无断钉、断棒和内固定松动迹象。结论伤椎内植骨结合椎弓根钉内固定治疗胸腰段爆裂性骨折可有效地恢复伤椎椎体高度,重建前中柱的稳定性,防止术后由于椎体高度丢失所导致的并发症。     

全面部陈旧性骨折16例临床治疗与分析

目的：探讨全面部陈旧性骨折特点及治疗原则,评估本医院治疗措施的效果。方法：回顾分析西安交通大学口腔医院口腔颌面外科自2005年1月～2012年6月诊治的全面部陈旧性骨折16例。术前术后的调查评估内容包括年龄、性别、病因、延误治疗的原因、骨折部位、治疗措施、术后面部畸形、咬合关系、张口度、并发症、复发等内容。结果：所有患者均发生面中份骨折,12例伴有下颌骨骨折,10例伴有额骨骨折,14例伴有颧骨骨折,10例伴鼻眶筛骨折。LeFort I型截骨术应用于所有患者。术后颌间固定、调颌或义齿修复应用于所有患者,4例患者接受正畸治疗,其中3例为扩弓治疗。1例患者术后仍存在眼球内陷,视力障碍。2例患者因软组织缺损,导致面部畸形。所有患者张口度均恢复正常,无明显手术并发症。结论：LeFort I型截骨术与分段截骨术是治疗全面部陈旧性骨折骨的基本方法。对于上颌骨矢状骨折,手术不能完全恢复咬合关系者,术后扩弓是一种有效的方法。术后的辅助治疗是有必要的,包括正畸治疗、义齿修复、调颌等。     

唇腭裂上颌复合体在不同类型上颌截骨内置式牵引下生物力学研究

目的 探讨唇腭裂继发上颌发育不全应用不同类型截骨内置式牵引的生物力学变化特点.方法 采用三维有限元方法,建立唇腭裂上颌复合体Le Fort Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型截骨骨块及相应软组织有限元模型,分别模拟临床上新型内置牵引方式,使截骨块上牵引器固位点沿牵引方向前移10mm,比较分析其生物力学变化情况.结果 唇腭裂上颌复合体不同类型截骨内置式牵引下,Le FortⅠ型截骨腭部出现压缩现象,而Le Fort Ⅱ、Ⅲ型截骨腭部压缩现象不明显.矢向位移比较,Le FortⅢ型截骨内置式牵引可以整体前移截骨体,Le Fort Ⅰ、Ⅱ型截骨存在不同程度的旋转.垂直向位移比较Le FortⅡ型截骨出现较多的逆向旋转.结论 三维有限元仿真研究应用于内置式牵引成骨手术,可以较好地反映颌骨位移情况,为手术计划提供理论依据.     

The treatment of pseudoarthrosis of the scaphoid by bone grafting and three methods of internal fixation.

OBJECTIVES: To measure the rate of union in patients with pseudoarthosis of the scaphoid, treated with trapezoidal bone grafting as outlined by Fernandez and 1 of 3 methods of internal fixation and to compare unions versus nonunions and potential predictors of union to determine if associations exist. DESIGN: A retrospective radiologic study of scaphoid pseudoarthroses. SETTING: Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Ottawa Hospital, General Site, a tertiary care facility. PATIENTS: Thirty-four patients with nonunion of scaphoid fractures, treated between 1990 and 1997, with an average follow-up of 19.8 months. INTERVENTIONS: Trapezoidal bone grafting and internal fixation with Kirschner (K) wires, an AO cannulated screw or a Herbert screw. OUTCOME MEASURES: The time to union of scaphoid pseudoarthroses and predictors of union, including the classification, location of pseudoarthrosis, type of internal fixation and length of bone graft. RESULTS: The results showed a correlation between the classification and location of the fracture as determined radiologically, and the outcome. There was no correlation between the type of internal fixation used and the outcome, or between the length of the bone graft and the outcome. Twenty-three patients had radiologically demonstrated union after a mean time of 8.2 months; 16 of 24 patients achieved successful union when treated with K-wire implants, after a mean time of 7.2 months. CONCLUSIONS: Trapezoidal bone grafting and internal fixation with K wires is a practical technique, classification and location of the fracture notwithstanding. Time to union is long, and the results may be unpredictable. Use of K wires for internal fixation presents the clinician with an alternative to fixation with either the AO cannulated screw or the Herbert screw, and has the advantages of cost, ease of insertion and accessibility. This method may therefore be the treatment of choice in developing countries. Resection of the area of pseudoarthrosis must include all fibrous tissue and sclerotic bone. The length of graft, within the parameters of this study, did not affect the outcome.     

Identification and classification in le fort type fractures by using 2D and 3D computed tomography

In1901,basedontheexperimentationwithbrittlewandstrokingcadaverskulls,LeFortfirstlyclassifiesmaxillofacialfracturesintothreetypes.Atpresent,theclassificationisstillusedtodistinguish clinicalmaxillofacialfracturesintheworld.1,2The diagnosisofLeForttypefracturereliesonthephysical andradiologicalexamination,butthephysicalfindings maynotalwaysbepresent.35Conventionalradiographs areroutinelyusedforLeForttypefracture,however,theoverlapofstructuremayimpairproper interpretationofimages.35Routinecomp…     

面中份骨折小钛板内固定和钢丝骨间结扎治疗的比较观察

目的 比较钢丝骨间结扎和小钛板内固定治疗面中份骨折的临床效果。方法 采用头皮冠状入路及辅助切口,对40例面中份骨折行钢丝骨间结扎和小钛板坚固内固定治疗。结果 钢丝骨间结扎不能获得良好的稳定性,而小钛板坚固内固定则可重建面中份骨骼的支柱结构,获得足够的三维稳定性和重建理想的面部外形。在眶下缘、颧上颌缝区,手术野显露较差,小钛板内固定较钢丝骨间结扎更为方便可靠。结论 小钛板坚固内固定是治疗面中份骨折的最佳方法。