CPAP compliance in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by repeated cessations of breathing during sleep. Major symptoms of this disease are excessive daytime sleepiness, snoring, and witnessed apnea. Most of the patients are treated with CPAP. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the factors affecting adherence to the CPAP treatment. Seventy-one patients were enrolled to this study. Patients were divided into three groups according to CPAP usage. Group I consisted of patients who had never used CPAP, group II consisted of patients who had used CPAP occasionally, and group-III patients had used CPAP treatment regularly. Group-III patients had higher apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) than groups I and II (respectively, 56.6 ± 27.7, 26.3 ± 7.5, and 32.3 ± 7.06; p < 0.000 for both). Oxygen desaturation index was significantly higher in group-III patients comparing to groups I and II (44.6 ± 22.3, 15.9 ± 8.3, and 25.6 ± 9.5; p < 0.000 for all). Our findings have shown that only very severe patients use the CPAP device regularly (mean AHI 56.6 ± 27.7). Compliance to CPAP treatment seemed to be poor in patients with moderate to severe, AHI about 30, OSAS. Considering the well-established benefits of CPAP treatment in patients with true indications, patients should be encouraged to use CPAP regularly, and complications of OSAS should be keynoted.     

The role of telemedicine in CPAP compliance for patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

The objective of this study was to compare continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) use, functional status, and client satisfaction in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients randomized to either telemedicine support or traditional care. In our university-affiliated sleep disorders center, patients with OSAS who were initiating CPAP therapy were randomized to receive telemedicine support vs traditional follow-up care for 30 days. The telemedicine group received a “Health Buddy” computer that provided daily Internet-based informational support and feedback for problems experienced with CPAP use. At 30 days, there were no significant differences in the hours of CPAP use between groups receiving traditional care (M=4.22, SD±2.05) and telemedicine support (M=4.29, SD±2.15), p=0.87, or in the proportion of nights with CPAP use between the traditional (M=50%±33.8) and telemedicine groups (M=47%±34.2), p=0.61. No significant differences were found between groups in functional status (M=2.27±4.56 vs M=2.03±3.88, respectively, p=0.76) or client satisfaction (M=28.0±3.51 vs M=28.5±3.05, p=0.43). Patients in the telemedicine and traditional groups had similar CPAP use, functional status, and client satisfaction. The data suggest that telemedicine support as provided by our model compares favorably with traditional care. As a provider-extender, telemedicine support for patients initiating use of CPAP may allow for greater practice efficiency while maintaining quality of care. Disclosure Statement: Supported by the Telemedicine Directorate, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC.     

Patient compliance with nasal CPAP therapy for sleep apnea

Continuous positive airway pressure via the nasal route (nasal CPAP) is effective in reducing the frequency of occlusive and mixed patterns of sleep apnea. Little is known about long-term patient compliance with this therapeutic modality, however. In order to evaluate this, questionnaires were mailed to 24 sleep apnea patients who had received a nasal CPAP system for nightly use. Patients were requested not to sign the questionnaire. At the time of mailing, the patients had possessed their nasal CPAP equipment for 10.3 +/- 8 months (mean +/- SD). Twenty patients (83 percent) responded to the questionnaire. Sixteen responders used nasal CPAP during all nightly sleep time, and two used it for all but one and 2.5 hours of nightly sleep time, respectively. One individual used it on alternate nights, and one patient did not use it all. Thus, 17 of 20 (85 percent) responders were compliant. Including information about the four nonresponders, obtained by means other than questionnaire, 18 of 24 (75 percent) patients were compliant with therapy. All but two patients were obese at the time sleep apnea was diagnosed. Only 50 percent of questionnaire responders reported weight loss after receiving nasal CPAP, and these individuals were frequent nasal CPAP users. The most common complaints were mask discomfort (14 responders) and nasal dryness and congestion (13 responders). We conclude that long-term home nasal CPAP is a viable therapy that is conscientiously applied and well-tolerated by most sleep apnea patients.     

Alternatives to CPAP in the treatment of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

The obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) results in excessive daytime sleepiness, impaired quality of life, and is associated with an increased risk of traffic accidents and cardiovascular disease. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), the standard treatment for OSAS provides immediate relief of symptoms and has only minor side effects. Nevertheless, an alternative treatment is needed if CPAP is not feasible for medical or psychological reasons. Removable oral appliances that advance the mandible when fitted to the teeth during sleep also improve nocturnal breathing disturbances, symptoms, quality of life, vigilance and blood pressure in OSAS patients. Their long-term effectiveness and side effects require further study. In morbidly obese patients suffering from OSAS bariatric surgery should be considered as a treatment that reduces obesity and at the same time improves OSAS. In selected patients including those with adeno-tonsillar hypertrophy, and cranio-facial malformations various surgical techniques that enlarge the upper airway may be a treatment option for OSAS.     

Compliance with CPAP therapy in older men with obstructive sleep apnea

OBJECTIVES: Factors specifically affecting compliance with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in older patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have not been described. The purpose of this study is to determine which factors are associated with compliance and noncompliance in older patients, a growing segment of the population. DESIGN: A retrospective chart review of older male patients prescribed CPAP therapy for OSA over an 8-year period. SETTING: Veterans Affairs Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS: All patients age 65 and older for whom CPAP therapy had been prescribed for treatment of OSA in the past 8 years. MEASUREMENTS: Records of all older male patients prescribed CPAP therapy for OSA over the last 8 years were reviewed. Compliance was defined by time-counter readings averaging 5 or more hours of machine run-time per night. RESULTS: Of 33 older male patients with OSA studied, 20 were found to be compliant and 13 noncompliant with nasal CPAP therapy. The mean age (+/- SEM) at the time of diagnosis of OSA in the compliant group was 68 (+/-1) years, whereas that of the noncompliant group was 72 (+/-1) years (P <.05). Of the compliant patients, 95% attended a CPAP patient education and support group, whereas only 54% of noncompliant patients attended (P =.006). Resolution of initial symptoms of OSA with CPAP therapy was significantly associated with compliance. Symptom resolution occurred in 90% of compliant patients and in only 18% of noncompliant patients (P <.0002). Factors that were significantly associated with noncompliance with CPAP were cigarette smoking, nocturia, and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Of noncompliant patients, 82% complained of nocturia, whereas only 33% of compliant patients complained of nocturia (P =.02). BPH was diagnosed in 62% of noncompliant patients and in only 15% of compliant patients (P =.004). Diuretic use was more common in the compliant group and, therefore, was not a cause of increased nocturia in noncompliant patients. CONCLUSION: In older male patients with OSA, compliance with CPAP therapy is associated with attendance at a patient CPAP education and support group. Resolution of symptoms with therapy also appears to be associated with enhanced compliance. In addition, we found an association between nocturia and the existence of BPH in older men with OSA who are not compliant with nasal CPAP. Larger observational studies should be performed to confirm these findings, and, if so confirmed, then further studies to determine whether treatment of BPH in older men with OSA improves compliance with CPAP.     

Nasal CPAP reduces gastroesophageal reflux in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Anecdotal reports suggest that obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients may suffer from frequent nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and that nasal continuous positive airway pressure may be an effective form of antireflux therapy in this population. To confirm these clinical impressions, we performed two consecutive days of 24-h esophageal pH monitoring, nocturnal esophageal pressure recording, and polysomnography on six OSAS patients complaining of regular nocturnal GER. On night one, the patients were untreated. Five of six subjects had abnormal amounts of nocturnal GER. Arousal, movement and swallowing were more frequent (p less than 0.043) and nadir intrathoracic pressure lower (p less than 0.005) in the 30 s prior to precipitous drops in esophageal pH (greater than or equal to 2 pH units) than during random control periods. A direct association between obstructive apneas and GER was not identified. On night two, nasal CPAP was administered and successfully treated apnea in five of six subjects. In these patients, there was also dramatic reduction in GER frequency and duration on CPAP. The mean percentage of time pH less than 4 dropped from 6.3 +/- 2.1 to 0.1 +/- 0.1 percent (p less than 0.025). We believe that OSAS may predispose to nocturnal GER by lowering intrathoracic pressure and increasing arousal and movement frequency. Nasal CPAP can correct these predisposing factors and reduce GER.     

CPAP increases exercise tolerance in obese subjects with obstructive sleep apnea

Obese subjects commonly suffer from exertional dyspnea and exercise intolerance. Preliminary evidence suggests that treatment with nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) may improve dyspnea in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), but the effect on exercise tolerance is unknown. This study sought to investigate whether nCPAP improves exercise tolerance and exertional dyspnea in obese patients with OSA. Obese patients prescribed nCPAP for moderate/severe OSA and without cardiopulmonary disease were recruited. Patients completed a constant-load exercise test and Baseline and Transitional Dyspnea Index questionnaires (BDI/TDI) at baseline and after one and three months of nCPAP. Primary outcome was change in constant-load exercise time from baseline to one and three months. Secondary outcomes included changes in isotime dyspnea, isotime leg fatigue and BDI/TDI score at one and three months. Fifteen subjects (body mass index?=?43?kg?m(-2), apnea-hypopnea index?=?49(.)hr(-1)) were studied. Constant-load exercise time increased by 2.0?min (40%, p?=?0.02) at one month and 1.8?min (36%, p?=?0.04) at three months. At one and three months, isotime dyspnea decreased by 1.4 (p?=?0.17) and 2 units (p?=?0.04), and leg fatigue decreased by 1.2 (p?=?0.18) and 2 units (p?=?0.02), respectively. BDI/TDI scores were 2.7 (p?=?0.001) and 4.5 points (p?相似文献   

Spousal involvement in CPAP adherence among patients with obstructive sleep apnea

Purpose  

To determine the effects of spousal involvement on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) adherence and response to CPAP problems in male patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).     

CPAP treatment in REM-related obstructive sleep apnea: a distinct clinical phenotype of sleep disordered breathing

Sleep and Breathing - REM-related obstructive sleep apnea (REM-OSA), as defined using revised apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) criteria, might represent a specific OSA phenotype. However, there is a lack...     

持续气道正压通气治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停相关性高血压的疗效观察

目的:评估持续气道正压通气(CPAP)对严重阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)合并Ⅱ~Ⅲ级高血压患者的疗效。方法:32名高血压合并严重OSA的患者(呼吸暂停低通气指数30),予以3联抗高血压药物(缬沙坦160 mg+氨氯地平5~10 mg+氢氯噻嗪25 mg),3周后将患者随机分为2组,治疗组给予有效CPAP治疗(压力4~15cm H2O),每晚4 h;对照组给予安慰剂CPAP治疗(压力4 cm H2O),治疗3周。分别在降压药物治疗前、后及CPAP治疗3周后测量每位患者的诊室血压、动态血压、动态动脉硬化指数(AASI)、主动脉压、颈-股动脉脉搏波传导速度(cf PWV)、收缩波增强指数。结果:降压药物治疗3周之后,诊室血压及中心动脉压均有明显下降(P0.05),有效CPAP治疗3周后,两指标均有进一步的下降(P0.05)。降压药物治疗之前有94%的患者cf PWV超过正常范围(脉搏波传导速度12 ms),降压治疗后cf PWV下降了[(1.9±1.0)ms,P0.01],有效CPAP治疗后cf PWV进一步下降了0.7 ms(P0.05)。降压药物+有效CPAP组有37.5%的患者PWV超过正常,单纯降压药物治疗患者中有56%的患者PWV超过正常,降压药物+安慰剂CPAP组有53%的患者PWV超过正常。只有降压药物和CPAP联合治疗才能获得增强指数和AASI的显著下降以及主动脉和肱动脉血压的进一步降低。结论:OSA合并Ⅱ~Ⅲ级高血压患者给予有效CPAP治疗3周,患者诊室血压、动态血压、中心血压有了进一步下降,同时动脉硬化参数,如cf PWV、AASI和增强指数有显著改善。     

Effect of nasal valve dilation on effective CPAP level in obstructive sleep apnea

Nasal problems are frequent at high continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). We hypothesized that a reduction of the nasal resistance reduces CPAP and investigated the effect of a nasal valve dilator (Nozovent) on CPAP in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. In a randomized cross-over design Nozovent was inserted in 38 patients during one of two nights using AutoSet T. CPAP differences > 1 cm H2O were considered as clinically relevant. With Nozovent the median CPAP pressure was reduced from 8.6 cm H2O to 8.0 H2O (P = 0.023) in all patients, but the number of patients with a reduction of CPAP by 1 cm H2O was not significant. The median CPAP level among 20 patients requiring a CPAP level of above 9 cm H2O was reduced from 10.3 to 9.1 cm H2O, P < 0.05. A clinical improvement with Nozovent was seen in 10 of 20 patients requiring a pressure of above 9 cm H2O compared with 4 of 18 patients who needed lower pressures, P = 0.025. Nozovent reduces the CPAP level 1 cm H2O in 50% of patients requiring a high pressure (> 9 cm H2O). Future studies should identify possible patients benefiting from a nasal dilator during CPAP therapy.     

The impact of split-night versus traditional sleep studies on CPAP compliance

Background  

Split-night polysomnography allows for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea and titration of continuous positive airway pressure in a single study. However, there is concern that split-night studies do not provide sufficient time for optimal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) titration, which may lead to a poor initial experience with CPAP and potentially, worse adherence. Our goal was to determine whether CPAP use, after a split-night examination, is comparable to the use following separate diagnostic and titration studies.     

持续气道正压通气治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停合并高血压的疗效观察

目的:评估持续气道正压通气(CPAP)对严重阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)合并Ⅱ~Ⅲ级高血压患者的疗效。方法:32名高血压合并严重OSA的患者(呼吸暂停低通气指数30),予以3联抗高血压药物(缬沙坦160 mg+氨氯地平5~10 mg+氢氯噻嗪25 mg),3周后将患者随机分为2组,治疗组给予有效CPAP治疗(压力4~15cm H2O),每晚4 h;对照组给予安慰剂CPAP治疗(压力4 cm H2O),治疗3周。分别在降压药物治疗前、后及CPAP治疗3周后测量每位患者的诊室血压、动态血压、动态动脉硬化指数(AASI)、主动脉压、颈-股动脉脉搏波传导速度(cf PWV)、收缩波增强指数。结果:降压药物治疗3周之后,诊室血压及中心动脉压均有明显下降(P0.05),有效CPAP治疗3周后,两指标均有进一步的下降(P0.05)。降压药物治疗之前有94%的患者cf PWV超过正常范围(脉搏波传导速度12 ms),降压治疗后cf PWV下降了[(1.9±1.0)ms,P0.01],有效CPAP治疗后cf PWV进一步下降了0.7 ms(P0.05)。降压药物+有效CPAP组有37.5%的患者PWV超过正常,单纯降压药物治疗患者中有56%的患者PWV超过正常,降压药物+安慰剂CPAP组有53%的患者PWV超过正常。只有降压药物和CPAP联合治疗才能获得增强指数和AASI的显著下降以及主动脉和肱动脉血压的进一步降低。结论:OSA合并Ⅱ~Ⅲ级高血压患者给予有效CPAP治疗3周,患者诊室血压、动态血压、中心血压有了进一步下降,同时动脉硬化参数,如cf PWV、AASI和增强指数有显著改善。     

The impact of sleep duration in obstructive sleep apnea patients

Purpose

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Strong associations have been reported among sleep duration, hypertension, obesity, and cardiovascular mortality. The authors hypothesize that sleep duration may play a role in OSA severity. The aim of this study is to analyze sleep duration in OSA patients.

Methods

Patients who underwent overnight polysomnography were consecutively selected from the Sleep Clinic of Universidade Federal de São Paulo database between March 2009 and December 2010. All subjects were asked to come to the Sleep Clinic at 8:00 a.m. for a clinical evaluation and actigraphy. Anthropometric parameters such as weight, height, hip circumference, abdominal circumference, and neck circumference were also measured.

Results

One hundred thirty-three patients were divided into four groups based on total sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, and wake after sleep onset: very short sleepers (n?=?11), short sleepers (n?=?21), intermediate sleepers (n?=?56), and sufficient sleepers (n?=?45). Apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) was higher in very short sleepers (50.18?±?30.86 events/h) compared with intermediate sleepers (20.36?±?14.68 events/h; p?=?0.007) and sufficient sleepers (23.21?±?20.45 events/h; p?=?0.02). Minimal and mean arterial oxygen saturation and time spent below 90 % oxygen saturation exhibited worse values in very short sleepers. After adjustment for gender, age, AHI, and body mass index, mean oxygen saturation was significantly associated to total sleep time (p?=?0.01).

Conclusions

In conclusion, the present study suggests that sleep duration may be associated to low mean oxygen saturation in OSA patients.     

Measurement of mask leakage during CPAP in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

To improve the compliance of patients with obstructive sleep apnoea tight fitting nasal masks are necessary. It would be very useful to to measure the mask leakage during the recommended pressure for the treatment at home. We studied therefore the influence of different sizes and types of masks on the air leaks during the adaptation procedure. We investigated 20 patients, mean age 60.8 +/- 11.9 years, AHI 31 +/- 17, lowest oxygen saturation 81 +/- 10.3% mean CPAP-9.9 +/- 1.6. Randomized cross over we applied CPAP with different masks during wakefulness. The pressure was increased from 6 to 13 mbar by steps of 1 mbar. The mask leak was measured by Autoset. RESULTS: Using the best mask (selected from different sizes and different brands) the mask leak was 0.11 +/- 0.9 L/sec. If the patient used a mask (only one brand but selected from different sizes) or one standard mask the mask leak doubled respectively tripled. To reduce side effects and improve compliance we recommend therefore quantification of the mask leak to find the best fitting mask.     

A pathway underlying the impact of CPAP adherence on intimate relationship with bed partner in men with obstructive sleep apnea

Purpose

Our aim was to determine the pathway underlying the effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) adherence on intimate relationship with bed partner in men with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We hypothesized that CPAP with good adherence affected the intimate relationship with bed partner directly and indirectly, and it was mediated through daytime sleepiness and activity level in men with OSA.

Methods

Data were obtained from an education program for enhancing CPAP adherence. Men who were newly diagnosed of OSA and CPAP therapy naïve were recruited in a tertiary teaching hospital.

Results

Self-reported quality of life [Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire], daytime sleepiness [Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)], and negative emotion symptoms [depression, anxiety, stress scale] were assessed before and after CPAP treatment at 1-year assessment. Seventy-three men were included in the data analysis, with a mean?±?SD age of 52?±?10 years, body mass index of 29.0?±?5.2 kg/m², ESS of 9.5?±?5.6, and median [interquartile range(IR)] apnea and hypopnea index of 31 (21, 56) events/h. The median (IR) CPAP daily usage was 4.3(0, 6.1)?h/day. From the path analysis, CPAP therapy was shown to improve intimate relationship directly (ß?=?0.185) and indirectly (ß?=?0.050) by reducing daytime sleepiness and increasing activity level. However, negative emotion symptoms were not the mediators between CPAP adherence and the intimate relationship.

Conclusions

CPAP therapy with good adherence is related directly and indirectly to a better intimate relationship with bed partner in men with OSA. It was possibly attributed to reduced daytime sleepiness and increased activity level.

     

Effects of CPAP on visceral adipose tissue in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis

Purpose

The efficacy of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on visceral adipose tissue (VAT) yielded conflicting results. This meta-analysis was performed to assess whether OSA treatment with CPAP could reduce VAT.

Methods

The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science were searched before April 2019. Information on characteristics of study participants, pre- and post-CPAP treatment of VAT, and study design was utilized for analysis. Standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to fully analyze the overall effects. Eleven studies were obtained and the meta-analysis was performed using RevMan v.5.2 and STATA 12.0.

Results

A total of 11 studies (16 cohorts) were pooled into meta-analysis, which included 398 patients. The value of VAT before and after CPAP treatment showed no change in OSA patients (SMD?=???0.02, 95% CI ??0.16 to 0.12, z?=?0.24, p?=?0.81). Subgroup analyses were further conducted, which revealed that age, gender distribution, baseline body mass index, daily duration, CPAP therapy duration, measure, sample size, and study design did not affect the results.

Conclusions

This meta-analysis revealed that CPAP therapy has no effect on VAT in OSA patients. Further large-scale, well-designed randomized controlled trials are required to address this issue.