Long-term outcome of patients with incomplete vs complete revascularization after multivessel PTCA: A report from the NHLBI PTCA Registry

Background Incomplete revascularization is frequently the goalas well as the final outcome in patients with multivessel coronarydisease undergoing PTCA. However, the long-term impact of incompleterevascularization is not known and this common PTCA strategydeserves further scrutiny. Methods and results Complete revascularization was achievedin 132 of 757 patients with multivessel disease in the 1985–86NHLBI PTCA Registry. Compared to patients in whom complete revascularizationwas achieved, patients with incomplete revascularization wereolder (P<0·05), more likely to be females (P<0·05)and to have recent myocardial infarction (P<0·05),unstable angina (P<0·001), and urgent or emergentPTCA (P<0·001). Early death, Q wave myocardial infarctionand CABG rates were higher in patients with incomplete thanin those with complete revascularization [significantly different(P<0·05) only for emergency and elective CABG]. At9 years, nearly twice as many patients with incomplete revascularizationexperienced recurrent angina (19% vs 10% for patients with completerevascularization,P<0·05). Patients with completerevascularization were more likely to undergo repeat PTCA thanthose with incomplete revascularization (40% vs 30%,P<0·05).Patients with incomplete revascularization were more likelyto undergo CABG than patients with complete revascularization(32% vs 14%,P<0·001; adjusted risk 2·56, 95%CI 1·60, 4·10). Among patients with incompleterevascularization, those in whom PTCA was intended but not attemptedhad the highest early event rates and late CABG rates. Finally,the adjusted risk of dying, having a Q wave myocardial infarction,recurrent angina or repeat PTCA was not different at 9-yearfollow-up among patients with and without complete revascularization. Conclusions Complete revascularization achieved by PTCA reduceslate occurrence of CABG, but not adjusted rates of death, Qwave myocardial infarction, recurrent angina, and repeat PTCAin patients with multivessel coronary disease. These data tendto support the PTCA strategy of incomplete revascularizationin patients with multivessel disease when complete revascularizationis not feasible or not planned before the procedure.     

Effect of prior revascularization on outcome following percutaneous coronary intervention; NHLBI Dynamic Registry.

AIMS: An increasing number of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have experienced previous revascularization procedures. Their outcome after PCI has seldom been compared to that of patients without prior procedures. This study investigates which elements of prior revascularization affect in-hospital and long-term outcome after PCI. METHODS AND RESULTS: Baseline characteristics as well as in-hospital and 1-year outcomes were compared in 4010 consecutive patients undergoing PCI in the NHLBI Dynamic Registry, categorized by type of prior procedure. In-hospital mortality was lowest and procedural success highest among patients with prior PCI only. Patients with prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) had higher rates for the combined endpoint of death and myocardial infarction (MI) at 1 year compared to patients with no prior procedures. However, in multivariate regression analysis adjusting for potential confounders, neither prior PCI nor prior CABG were independent predictors of death or death/MI at 1 year. Patients with prior procedure had higher rates for repeat PCI and patients with prior PCI had higher rates for CABG during the year following the index procedures. These associations persisted after adjustment for potential confounders. Finally, patients with prior procedures had a higher prevalence of angina at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Due to adverse baseline characteristics, patients with prior CABG have higher rates for death/MI during the first year after PCI and both groups of patients with prior procedures have higher revascularization rates. However, only the associations with repeat revascularization persist after adjustment for baseline and procedural factors.     

Optimal revascularization strategies for multivessel coronary artery disease

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this article is to review the current status of optimal revascularization strategies in patients presenting with multivessel coronary artery disease. RECENT FINDINGS: Coronary artery bypass surgery is the gold standard for patients with multivessel disease. Recent developments in the interventional field, like drug-eluting stents, which significantly reduced restenosis and the need for repeat revascularizations, have cut back one of the largest limitations of percutaneous coronary intervention. SUMMARY: There is currently little evidence to believe that in a general population, opting for either coronary artery bypass surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention would imply a better long-term survival. Coronary artery bypass surgery is still associated with higher rates of complete revascularization and a higher durability than percutaneous coronary intervention, resulting in lower rates of repeat revascularization. The current evidence, however, is based on sub-optimal inconclusive data from single center or multicenter registries. Until the results of several dedicated ongoing randomized trials are presented, the choice for a revascularization strategy should be made not only on the basis of feasibility but also by taking into account each patient's co-morbidities and risk factors. Careful monitoring of glycemic control and lipid concentrations and an optimal pharmacological treatment are at least as important in achieving an optimal outcome.     

Impact of age on procedural and 1-year outcome in percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: a report from the NHLBI Dynamic Registry

Background

Older age has been associated with adverse outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). As PCI technology evolves and the US population becomes proportionally older, assessment of PCI in older age groups is essential.

Methods

From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Dynamic Registry, 4620 PCI-treated patients (1997 to 1999) were studied. Differences in clinical presentation, treatment strategy, and inhospital and 1-year outcomes were compared between patient age groups: younger (<65 years, n = 2537); older (65 to 79 years, n = 1776); and elderly (≥80 years, n = 307).

Results

Older and elderly patients had more cardiac and comorbid noncardiac conditions and more extensive and complex arteriosclerosis, including stenoses in bypass grafts. Stent use was similar as age increased (72% vs 73% vs 73%), as was the use of IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists (29% vs 26% vs 28%). Rates of successful treatment of all attempted lesions were 93%, 92%, and 89%, respectively. Adjusted relative risks of inhospital death (1.0 vs 2.91 vs 3.64) and myocardial infarction (1.0 vs 1.35 vs 2.57) increased by age group, as did 1-year mortality rates (1.0 vs 1.87 vs 3.02). However, the relative magnitude of excess mortality rates at 1 year was comparable to that observed by age in the US general population. Age was not associated with 1-year risk of myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass grafting.

Conclusions

Although new technologies may allow for treatment of complex disease in older and elderly patients with comorbid disease, the increased procedural risk remains substantial in these patients. After PCI, the long-term relative risk of death is similar to that expected among persons of similar ages in the general population.     

Meta-analysis of multivessel coronary artery revascularization versus culprit-only revascularization in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel disease

American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for management of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) recommend culprit artery-only revascularization (CULPRIT) based on safety concerns during noninfarct-related artery intervention. However, the data to support this safety concern are scant. Searches were performed in PubMed/EMBASE/CENTRAL for studies evaluating multivessel revascularization versus CULPRIT in patients with STEMI and multivessel disease (MVD). A multivessel revascularization strategy had to be performed at the time of CULPRIT or during the same hospitalization. Early (≤30-day) and long-term outcomes were evaluated. Among 19 studies (23 arms) that evaluated 61,764 subjects with STEMI and MVD, multivessel revascularization was performed in a minority of patients (16%). For early outcomes, there was no significant difference for outcomes of mortality, MI, stroke, and target vessel revascularization, with a 44% decrease in risk of repeat percutaneous coronary intervention and major adverse cardiovascular events (odds ratio 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.57 to 0.81) with multivessel revascularization compared to CULPRIT. Similarly, for long-term outcomes (follow-up 2.0 ± 1.1 years), there was no difference for outcomes of MI, target vessel revascularization, and stent thrombosis, with 33%, 43%, and 53% decreases in risk of mortality, repeat percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, respectively, and major adverse cardiovascular events (odds ratio 0.60, 95% confidence interval 0.50 to 0.72) with multivessel revascularization compared to CULPRIT. In conclusion, in patients with STEMI and MVD, multivessel revascularization appears to be safe compared to culprit artery-only revascularization. These findings support the need for a large-scale randomized trial to evaluate revascularization strategies in patients with STEMI and MVD.     

完全性和不完全性血运重建与多支冠状动脉病变患者的预后

目的 :探讨完全性血运重建与非完全性血运重建对多支冠状动脉病变患者预后的影响。方法 :回顾性分析接受介入治疗的 10 2例多支冠状动脉病变患者的临床资料及随访情况 ,根据主要的冠状动脉及其重要分支是否完全再血管化分为完全血运重建组 (4 6例 )和非完全血运重建组 (5 6例 ) ,比较两组患者围手术期死亡率、随访期间心血管总死亡率、急性心脏事件发生率和因心血管原因再次入院率。结果 :两组患者的性别构成、原发性高血压、高脂血症、吸烟及其心肌梗死病史例数均无显著性差异 ,平均年龄非完全血运重建组略高于完全血运重建组〔(6 8± 9)∶(6 5± 6 )岁 ,P <0 .0 5〕 ,非完全血运重建组糖尿病患病率较高 (80 .4 % )且左室射血分数较低〔(4 5± 9) %〕 ,与完全血运重建组〔6 9.6 %、(5 2± 11) %〕比较 ,P <0 .0 5。完全血运重建组的随访期间总死亡 (2例 )、急性心脏事件 (12例次 )和心血管再次入院次数 (18例次 )均显著低于非完全血运重建组 (分别为 12、38、5 2例次 )。另在非完全血运重建组中有 6例患者已经达到功能上完全血运重建 ,随访期间无死亡及急性心脏事件发生。结论 :与非完全血运重建相比 ,完全血运重建能显著改善冠心病多支病变患者的预后 ,对于冠心病多支病变患者 ,应尽可能达到完全血运     

不完全血运重建策略对老年冠状动脉多支血管病变患者预后的影响

目的回顾性分析经皮冠状动脉介入的完全及部分血运重建术对老龄冠状动脉多支血管病变患者预后影响、疗效。方法 153例年龄≥70岁的老年患者,2005年10月至2008年3月入院行冠状动脉造影检查发现为多支病变行经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗。分为接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的完全血运重建(85例)组和接受介入治疗的部分血运重建患者(68例)。记录分析两组患者临床资料、PCI结果以及围术期并发症和随访期间主要不良心脏事件(MACE)、死亡率发生情况。进行Cox回归分析影响此类患者预后的相关因素。结果老年冠心病多支病变患者PCI进行血运重建完全者与血运重建不完全者的院内围手术期及随访1年后的死亡、急性心肌梗死、总心脏死亡率等MACE的发生率差异无统计学意义。Cox多因素回归分析表明患者PCI术后1年MACE发生率与是否完全血运重建无关(HR1.328,95%CI0.253～2.652,P>0.05)。结论介入治疗完全血运重建与不完全血运重建策略对老年冠状动脉多支病变的1年临床效果相似。     

Long-term outcome of angioplasty for multivessel coronary disease: importance and price of complete revascularization.

BACKGROUND: Complete revascularization of multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD) by coronary artery bypass surgery has been shown to improve outcome, but there is a lack of similar data for patients treated by angioplasty. METHODS: Therefore, a consecutive series of 250 patients with MVD was separated into two groups, those with complete revascularization (n=101) and those with incomplete revascularization (n=149). Six-month 'clinical restenosis' rate assessed by stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy or symptom-driven angiography and long-term 32 months outcome were compared with an equally sized group of single vessel disease (SVD) patients. RESULTS: MVD patients with complete revascularization had a higher 'clinical restenosis' rate than patients with SVD (35 vs. 22%, P<0.02), although restenosis rate per treated vessel was similar (23%, 18%, P NS). If this higher early restenosis rate were accepted as 'price' for complete MVD angioplasty, long-term event-free survival was no longer different from that of SVD patients (86 vs. 93%, P NS). In contrast, patients with incomplete multivessel angioplasty had a significantly worse long-term outcome (22% events), especially if initially untreated, non-occluded vessels remained untreated (25% events). CONCLUSION: MVD angioplasty with complete revascularization has a long-term event-free survival similar to that of SVD angioplasty but at the price of a higher rate of 6-month restenosis and repeat interventions.     

曲美他嗪对老年冠心病多枝病变患者不完全血运重建术预后的影响

目的:评价盐酸曲美他嗪对老年患者冠状动脉多枝病变行不完全血运重建术后疗效及预后的影响。方法:选取通过冠状动脉支架治疗术进行部分血运重建的老年患者73例,根据置入支架后服用曲美他嗪与否分为2组:盐酸曲美他嗪组(20 mg,3次/d,口服)38例,常规药物治疗组35例。统计所有患者随访12个月后心绞痛分级(CCS分级)、主要心脏不良事件(MACE)发生情况;并于开始服药治疗前以及服药12个月后,行超声心动图检查及6 min步行试验。结果:2组患者12个月的MACE发生率差异有统计学意义,盐酸曲美他嗪组:5.3%(2/38),常规治疗组:14.3%(5/35),P<0.05;盐酸曲美他嗪组患者的心绞痛发作例数、发作次数及心绞痛CCS级别等方面均优于常规治疗组(P<0.05)。治疗12个月后盐酸曲美他嗪组左心室射血分数(LVEF)较对照组改善,差异有统计学意义P<0.05;6min步行距离较常规治疗组明显增加(P<0.05)。结论:对于老年冠状动脉多枝病变患者行不完全血运重建术后,盐酸曲美他嗪可减少其术后心绞痛的发作,提高运动耐量,改善左心功能。     

Similar late revascularization rates 10 to 12 years after angioplasty or bypass surgery for multivessel coronary artery disease: a report from the Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center (LDCMC) Registry

We compared completed long-term outcome and late repeat revascularization rates in 272 consecutive patients with multivessel coronary disease who underwent revascularization (95 angioplasty cohort, 177 surgical cohort) between 1984 and 1986. Long-term survival was similar at 12 years in the angioplasty (70%) and surgical (74%) cohorts (p = NS), and repeat revascularization, although more frequent in the angioplasty patients during the first 5 years of follow-up, was performed equally in the 2 patient cohorts after 10 to 12 years of follow-up.     

Multiple lesion transluminal coronary angioplasty in single and multivessel coronary artery disease: acute outcome and long-term effect

Multiple lesion transluminal coronary angioplasty was performed in 428 patients. Angioplasty was attempted in 1,047 lesions (2.4/patient), with an angiographic success achieved in 94%: 2 lesions were attempted in 74%, 3 in 21%, 4 in 5% and 5 or more in 1% of cases. A clinical success was achieved in 404 (94%) of the patients: 95% with and 93% without prior surgery and in 94% of those with single vessel disease and 94% of those with multivessel disease. Significant complications occurred in 17 patients (4.0%): 11 (2.5%) had a transmural infarction, 9 (2.1%) required urgent surgery and 6 (1.4%) died. An apparent lesion recurrence occurred in 106 (26%) of 404 patients with 81 of 89 patients (91%) having a successful second angioplasty. A second apparent lesion recurrence occurred in 15 patients (19%), with 13 of the 15 patients having a successful third angioplasty. A sustained clinical improvement (mean follow-up period 28.3 +/- 16 months) was obtained in 208 (83%) of 250 patients with successful angioplasty. The cumulative probability of survival at 51 months was 93% in these 250 patients. Survival was adversely affected by the presence of prior bypass surgery (no prior surgery 97% versus prior surgery 81%; p less than 0.05). These data suggest that multiple lesion angioplasty can be successfully performed with a good success rate, an acceptable incidence of complications and a reasonable expectation of satisfactory long-term clinical improvement.     

Degree of revascularization in patients with multivessel coronary disease: a report from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty Registry

There is controversy regarding the application of angioplasty to patients with multivessel disease in whom all significant stenoses are not dilated. We analyzed the outcomes of 286 patients with multivessel disease and prior successful angioplasty at a mean follow-up duration of 26.2 months. End points analyzed included death, myocardial infarction, late revascularization, and angina pectoris. After successful angioplasty, 127 patients had no residual stenoses of 70% or greater (group 1) and 159 patients had one or more residual stenoses of 70% or greater (group 2). Because there were significant differences in baseline risk factors between the two groups, a logistic regression model was used to make the necessary adjustments in the analysis. Adjusted estimates of the risk of death, death/myocardial infarction, or presence of angina pectoris did not differ between the two groups. Group 2 patients, however, had more coronary artery bypass surgery during follow-up, while those in group 1 had more second PTCA procedures. Results suggest that angioplasty can be safely applied to patients with multivessel disease, even when all significant stenoses are not dilated.     

The adequacy of myocardial revascularization in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease

In patients with multi-vessel coronary artery disease (MVCAD) myocardial revascularization may be accomplished either on all diseased lesions – complete myocardial revascularization – or on selectively targeted coronary segments by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Complete revascularization has a potential long-term prognostic benefit, but is more complex and may increase in-hospital events when compared with incomplete revascularization.     

Drug-eluting stents for interventional revascularization of coronary multivessel disease

The treatment of coronary artery disease has changed over the past 35 years since the introduction of coronary artery bypass surgery in 1968. Percutaneous coronary intervention, introduced in 1977 with balloon angioplasty, was accelerated by the establishment of elective stent placement in 1994, together with the development of suitable antiplatelet regimes. In 2002, DES were made commercially available, following the results of clinical trials in single lesions. A meta-analysis of four randomized clinical trials comparing bare stents to bypass surgery for multivessel disease conducted in the 1990s demonstrate no mortality difference at 1 year. Similar 5-year outcomes have been reported by the ARTS trial. These trials, however, showed that repeat revascularization was much higher in the stent arm, due to restenosis. Various single center (RESEARCH, T-SEARCH) and multicenter (ARTS II) registries have consistently showed a low need for repeat intervention in patients with multivessel disease with the use of DES. Three major trials comparing DES against bypass surgery are ongoing or about to start and will determine the optimum revascularization therapy in multivessel disease. The recently commenced SYNTAX randomized trial will enroll only three-vessel or left main disease, while the upcoming FREEDOM and ongoing CARDia trial will specifically enroll diabetic patients only with multivessel disease. Results for these trials are expected in 2006-2007 at the earliest.     

一站式复合再血管化与经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗冠状动脉多支病变中期造影随访研究

目的 通过冠状动脉造影比较＂一站式＂复合再血管化技术（Hybrid技术）与经皮冠状动脉介入术（PCI）治疗冠状动脉多支病变的靶血管及旁路通畅率.方法 2007年6月至2009年12月我院实施＂一站式＂复合再血管化104例,冠状动脉介入治疗7165例.研究病例分为两组,Hybrid组和PCI组.入选标准：①合并前降支（LAD）病变的冠状动脉多支病变患者;②随访期间无胸痛等不适主诉、无心血管不良事件、无住院治疗、症状药物控制良好的患者;③外科术者和介入术者均为经验丰富的医生.按照上述标准,电话随访同意接受造影复查的患者Hybrid组102例,PCI组157例.2010年10月至2011年12月,50例Hybrid患者完成造影复查;采用倾向性评分1∶1匹配的统计方法抽取PCI组患者50例,完成冠状动脉造影检查.研究终点是两组患者冠状动脉造影随访的靶血管通畅率及二次血运重建率.结果 Hybrid组和PCI组各50例,随访时间分别为（18.0±8.0）个月和（19.3±9.1）个月.两组患者基线特征差异无统计学意义.Hybrid组LIMA-LAD旁路通畅率显著高于PCI组LAD靶血管通畅率（98%比80%,P＝0.004）;Hybrid组的LIMA旁路二次血运重建率显著低于PCI组LAD靶血管二次血运重建率（2%比20%,P＝0.008）.结论 ＂一站式＂复合再血管化技术使冠状动脉多支病变能获得良好的中期靶血管通畅率,其LIMA-LAD旁路通畅率显著优于PCI技术前降支药物洗脱支架通畅率.     

Complete versus incomplete revascularization for treatment of multivessel coronary artery disease in the drug-eluting stent era

Limited data exist regarding the impact of complete revascularization (CR) versus incomplete revascularization (IR) on the long-term outcomes of patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD) who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents. We compared major adverse cardiac events [MACE: death, myocardial infarction (MI), or any revascularization] in 873 patients and in 255 pairs generated by propensity-score matching. CR was performed in 427 patients (48.9%) and IR in 446 (51.1%). While the amount of myocardium at risk by the APPROACH score was similar between two groups (56.0?±?14.4 vs. 56.7?±?16.1, p?=?0.49), the SYNTAX score was lower in the CR group than in the IR group (20.7?±?9.4 vs. 23.3?±?10.7, p?<?0.01). MACE occurred in 203 patients (23.3%) during a median follow-up of 35?months. CR was associated with a lower incidence of MACE (HR 0.64; 95% CI 0.46–0.88; p?<?0.01) and revascularization (HR 0.61; 95% CI 0.42–0.90; p?=?0.01), but not of death (HR 0.87; 95% CI 0.48–1.57; p?=?0.64) and MI (HR 0.62; 95% CI 0.23–1.67; p?=?0.35). The incidence of periprocedural MI and stent thrombosis was similar in two groups (4.7% in the CR group vs. 3.6% in the IR group, p?=?0.42; 1.6 vs. 1.3%, p?=?0.72, respectively). After propensity-score matching, patients with CR had fewer MACE and revascularization than those with IR. In patients with MVD, CR strategy using drug-eluting stents could reduce repeat revascularization with similar death, MI, and stent thrombosis risk compared with IR strategy.