淋病奈瑟菌4种抗生素耐药基因研究

目的检测淋病奈瑟菌(淋菌)临床分离株青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、大观霉素耐药基因。方法对分离自常州地区的42株淋菌进行耐药相关基因TEM-1、penA、tetM、gyrA、16SrRNA基因检测分析。结果42株淋菌中31株TEM基因阳性,22株tetM基因阳性;并均存在penA、gyrA基因的突变。16SrRNA基因无突变。多种基因检测证实这些淋菌已对青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星2种或3种同时耐药。结论临床常用于治疗淋病的青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星已有较高的耐药率,大观霉素是淋病治疗的有效药物。     

2018年成都地区淋病奈瑟菌对抗生素耐药性的结果分析

目的 了解2018年成都地区淋病奈瑟菌对5种抗生素的耐药性及产β-内酰胺酶淋病奈瑟菌(PPNG)和质粒介导的高度耐四环素淋病奈瑟菌(TRNG)的流行状况。方法 用琼脂稀释法测定5种抗生素的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和用纸片酸度法检测β-内酰胺酶。结果 112株淋病奈瑟菌检测出PPNG 58株(51.79%)、TRNG 31株(27.68%)，青霉素和阿奇霉素的耐药率分别为76.79%和25.00%，检测出淋病奈瑟菌对环丙沙星全部耐药，同时发现一株耐大观霉素的菌株，未发现有对头孢曲松耐药的菌株。淋病奈瑟菌多重耐药41株(36.61%)，其中对环丙沙星、青霉素和四环素同时耐药24株比例(21.43%)最高，对环丙沙星、青霉素、四环素、阿奇霉素和大观霉素同时耐药1株比例(0.89%)最低。结论 头孢曲松和大观霉素可作为成都地区治疗淋病的首选药物，同时持续监测淋病奈瑟菌对抗生素的耐药性十分重要。     

2018年成都地区淋病奈瑟菌对抗生素耐药性的结果分析

目的 了解2018年成都地区淋病奈瑟菌对5种抗生素的耐药性及产β-内酰胺酶淋病奈瑟菌(PPNG)和质粒介导的高度耐四环素淋病奈瑟菌(TRNG)的流行状况。方法 用琼脂稀释法测定5种抗生素的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和用纸片酸度法检测β-内酰胺酶。结果 112株淋病奈瑟菌检测出PPNG 58株(51.79%)、TRNG 31株(27.68%),青霉素和阿奇霉素的耐药率分别为76.79%和25.00%,检测出淋病奈瑟菌对环丙沙星全部耐药,同时发现一株耐大观霉素的菌株,未发现有对头孢曲松耐药的菌株。淋病奈瑟菌多重耐药41株(36.61%),其中对环丙沙星、青霉素和四环素同时耐药24株比例(21.43%)最高,对环丙沙星、青霉素、四环素、阿奇霉素和大观霉素同时耐药1株比例(0.89%)最低。结论     

多重耐药基因MTrR突变对淋病奈瑟菌多重耐药的影响及其相关性

目的:研究多重耐药基因MTrR突变对淋病奈瑟菌的多重耐药的影响及其相关性。方法:采用琼脂稀释法检测34株淋病奈瑟菌菌株对临床常用抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),选取不同耐药淋病奈瑟菌株,提取DNA;采用PCR法扩增MTrR基因并测序扩增产物,比较其与淋病奈瑟菌标准敏感菌的差异。结果:34株淋病奈瑟菌菌株中,其中32株的多重耐药率为94.12%,8株MTrR基因突变发生在第45位Gly(GGC-GAC)Asp段,4株发生在第51位Phe(TTC-GTC)Val段。结论:淋病奈瑟菌有较高的多重耐药率,MTrR基因第45位与第51位基因突变与淋病奈瑟菌多重耐药间具有相关性。     

多重耐药淋病奈瑟菌耐药基因的研究

目的探讨多重耐药淋病奈瑟菌的耐药基因。方法应用KB法与琼脂稀释法测定35株淋病奈瑟菌对抗生素的敏感性，煮沸法提取菌株DNA，PCR扩增blaTEM基因、tetM基因、erm基因和mefA基因。结果35株淋病奈瑟菌的敏感性测定结果显示多重耐药；blaTEM耐药基因的检出率为88．6％，tetM基因的携带率为11．4％，首次在国内从35株淋病奈瑟菌中检出reef、erm耐药基因，其中2株mefA基因阳性，1株erm基因阳性。结论淋病奈瑟菌的多重耐药与各耐药基因型之间密切相关。     

82株淋病奈瑟菌的耐药性分析

目的了解本地区淋病奈瑟菌的耐药性,为临床治疗提供实验依据。方法细菌鉴定采用API鉴定条,药敏试验采用K-B法,并进行统计分析。结果82例淋病奈瑟菌中,产β-内酰胺酶菌株25株,阳性率为30．5％;淋病奈瑟菌对大观霉素、头孢曲松较敏感,对青霉素、环丙沙星有较高的耐药性。结论青霉素、四环素以及氟喹诺酮类药物已不宜作为本地区治疗淋病的常规药物;大观霉素、头孢曲松可作为治疗淋病的首选药物,同时应加强淋病奈瑟菌的耐药性监测。     

淋病奈瑟菌的耐药性与喹诺酮耐药基因突变的相关性分析

目的 分析本地区淋病奈瑟菌临床菌株gyrA基因突变与喹诺酮类药物耐药的相关性.方法 采用琼脂稀释法检测37株淋病奈瑟菌临床菌株对6种抗生素的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),PCR法扩增淋病奈瑟菌临床菌株gyrA基因片段并测序.结果37株淋病奈瑟菌临床菌株对大砚霉素、头孢曲松、四环素、青霉素、氧氟沙星和环丙沙星的耐药率分别为0、...     

山西地区91株淋球菌耐药性分析

目的检测山西地区淋病奈瑟菌（NG）对5种抗生素的敏感性,分析其耐药特点。方法K—B琼脂扩散法测定NG对抗生素的敏感性及产色头孢噻吩法检测β-内酰胺酶。结果91株淋球菌对青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、头孢曲松和大观霉素的耐药率分别为69．23％、87．91％、97．80％、0和5．49％,检出质粒介导的产青霉素酶的淋病奈瑟菌（PPNG）38株（41．76％）,同时耐2种及2种以上抗菌药物的多重耐药率为94．51％。结论青霉素、四环素及环丙沙星已不宜用于山西地区淋病的治疗;头孢曲松和大观霉素耐药率较低,可以作为山西地区治疗淋病的首选药物。但是大观霉素已出现耐药株．应引起重视。同时山西地区多重耐药现象十分严重。持续监测淋球菌的耐药性十分必要。     

120例淋病患者淋病奈瑟球菌耐药性分析

目的探讨120例淋病患者淋病奈瑟球菌的耐药情况。方法淋病奈瑟菌ATCC49226采用纸片扩散法。β内酰胺酶检测采用纸片酸度法测定。结果 120株淋病奈瑟菌中,β-内酰胺酶阳性的有38株,占31.67%。对5种常用抗菌药物的耐药性存在明显的差异性,对大观霉素、头孢曲松较为敏感,对青霉素、四环素具有较高的耐药性。结论临床上已不宜将青霉素、环丙沙星、四环素作为淋病奈瑟球菌的常规治疗药物,可选择大观霉素、头孢曲松作为首选。     

Mohnarin 2008年度报告:淋病奈瑟菌、阴道加德纳菌、气单胞菌与副溶血弧菌耐药性分析

目的 了解淋病奈瑟菌、阴道加德纳菌、气单胞菌与副溶血弧菌耐药状况.方法 采用纸片法、MIC法或E-test法测定细菌药物敏感性,使用WHONET5.4软件进行分析,对卫生部全国细菌耐药性监测网(Mohnarin)所属三级甲等医院2008年1月1日至2008年12月31日分离的4种菌株进行分析.结果 ①共分离到淋病奈瑟菌138株、阴道加德纳菌119株、嗜水气单胞菌336株、其它气单胞茼115株和副溶血弧菌51株.②淋病奈瑟菌对青霉素G耐药率63.6%,对头孢西丁、头孢噻肟敏感率在95%以上,其他头孢菌素敏感率仅为7313%～79.2%,对环丙沙星耐药率高达90%.③阴道加德纳菌对β-内酰胺类、万古霉素、氯霉素敏感性较高,对大环内酯、克林霉素、四环素、阿米卡星敏感率在60%～7913%,对氧氟沙星仅37.5%敏感率.④嗜水气单胞菌对多数β-内酰胺类敏感性差,但对碳青霉烯类敏感性超过90%;对阿米卡星、米洛环素、多黏菌素B、左氧氟沙星敏感率在80%以上.结论 四种细菌对抗菌药物敏感性各具特点,临床需根据耐药情况选择抗菌药物.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.