血管性痴呆的临床与CT改变的研究

目的：探讨血管性痴呆的临床特点及脑部CT的动态变化。方法：应用NINDS－AIREN标准诊断血管性痴呆患者57例,其中34例在确诊痴呆后1－3年内再次住院并有两次以上CT检查结果。30例无痴呆的脑血管病患者亦有两次CT检查结果。对34例血管性痴呆患者和30例无痴呆脑血管病患者脑部CT的动态变化进行比较,结果：血管性痴呆组卒中两次以及上比例高于无痴呆组（P＜0．05）,大小便失禁、意志行为改变、人格改变及妄想在血管性痴呆组的出现明显高于无痴呆组（P＜0．05）。与无痴呆组相比,血管性阁呆组随着病情的发展,脑梗死容积进行性增加,脑萎缩的发展加快（P＜0．05）,脑白质的改变却与对照组无差异（P＞0．05）。结论：血管性痴呆患者的精神症状并少见,血管性痴呆患者的记忆、智力、人格可以相互影响,随着病和的延长血管性痴呆患者脑部梗死容积农渐增加,脑萎缩明显加重。     

Parkinson病患者认知功能障碍与失匹配负波相关性研究

目的：探讨失匹配负波（MMN）与额叶认知功能测试在评价Parkinson病（PD）患者认知功能中的作用及其临床价值。方法：对28例早期非痴呆非抑郁PD患者和31例年龄、教育年限相匹配的正常对照组分别进行额叶认知功能测试和MMN测定。结果：与正常对照组相比，非痴呆非抑郁PD患者额叶认知测试评分较差，MMN潜伏期延长（P〈0．001）；波幅虽呈下降趋势，但无统计学意义；MMN潜伏期延长与额叶认知功能障碍程度呈正相关（P〈0．01～0．05）。结论：MMN能较客观地反映非痴呆非抑郁PD患者早期额叶认知功能障碍。     

帕金森病患者血浆β—内啡肽含量的变化及其临床意义

目的：探讨帕金森病（Parkinson disease,PD)患者血浆β－内啡肽（β-endorphin,β－EP）含量的变化及其临床意义。方法：采用放射免疫分析法测定35例PD患者血浆β－EP含量，并与30例正常者对照。结果：PD患者血浆β－EP含量校正常对照组明显降低（P＜0．05）；高岭、病情重及伴痴呆和抑郁的抑郁的患者血浆β－EP含量降低更显著（P＜0．05）。结论PD患者血浆β－EP含量显著降低，与PD发病密切相关，高龄、病情重及伴痴呆和抑郁的患者血浆β－EP含量低更明显，有助于对病情进展及预后进行评估。     

血管性痴呆神经心理学与事件相关电位的研究

目的 探讨血管性痴呆神经心理学与事件相关电位(P300)的变化规律及临床意义。方法 选取血管性痴呆患者30例，并以与其年龄、性别基本相似的体检健康者为对照组，用认知能力甄别检查法(OCSE)、老年性痴呆评定量表(ADAS)作神经心理学测试后，再用听觉Oddball序列研究血管性痴呆患者事件相关电位(ERPs)的P3成分。结果 血管性痴呆组CCSE、ADAS与对照组有显著差异(P＜0．05)。血管性痴呆组P3峰潜伏期(P3PL)、P3波幅(P3AMP)与对照组相比差异显著(P＜0．05)。CCSE与P3PL呈显著负相关(r＝-0．357，P＜0．05)，ADAS与P2PL呈显著正相关(r＝1．25，P＜0．05)。结论 血管性痴呆的认知功能评分与患者的巴潜伏期长短有明显相关性。     

帕金森病合并抑郁患者认知功能和P300的研究

目的 探讨帕金森病（PD）合并抑郁患者认知功能和P300的改变。方法 对67例PD患者依据Zung抑郁自评量表（SDS）和汉密顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评分分为PD抑郁组（22例）和PD非抑郁组（45例），分别对两组患者进行认知功能评定和P300检测，并对结果进行比较和相关性分析。结果 本组PD患者简明智力状态量表（MMSE）评分尚在正常范围，但明显低于正常对照组（P〈0．05），PD抑郁组MMSE评分更低（P〈0.01）；与正常对照组比较，PD组P300潜伏期延长、波幅降低（均P〈0．05），PD抑郁组改变更为明显（均P〈0．01）；PD组P300潜伏期与MMSE评分呈负相关（r=-0．413，P〈0．05），波幅与MMSE评分呈正相关（r=0．398，P〈0．05）。结论 PD患者存在认知功能障碍，以记忆损害最为明显；抑郁对认知功能有负性影响，P300检测可以早期发现PD患者的认知功能障碍。     

脑卒中后抑郁的事件相关电位研究

目的：通过对脑卒中后抑郁患者的ERPs研究，探讨脑卒中后抑郁对脑卒中患者的认知及肢体功能的影响和相关性。方法：用听觉oddball刺激序列ERP检测60例脑卒中患者，其中脑梗死39例，脑出血21例，均经汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD），Zung氏抑郁自评量表（SDS），简易精神状态检查（MMSE）及神经功能缺损评分测查。结果：脑卒中后抑郁患者组与无抑郁患者组相比P3潜伏期显著延长（P＜0．01）且波幅显著降低（P＜0．01）；两者MMSE及神经功能缺损评分具有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论：脑卒中后抑郁显著影响脑卒中患者的认知及康复。     

橄榄—桥脑—小脑萎缩患者体感诱发电位检测

采用Nicolet－viking－Ⅱ电生理诊断仪对28例橄榄—桥脑—小脑萎缩（OPCA）患者及19例健康志愿者行双侧肢体体感诱发电位（SEP）检查，结果表明：OPCA组正中神经N20潜伏期延长，N20及P23波幅减低，与对照组相比差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05）；中枢传导时间（N13—N20，经协变量校正后）明显延长（P＜0．05），其中N20波缺失1例，均为双侧性；腕部至Erb’s神经传导速度（CVI）及N9、N11、N13潜伏期均正常。左侧N20、右侧P23及胜后神经诱发电位P37潜伏期与对照组相比差异均有显著性意义（P＜0．05），经协变量校正后显示N21、N45潜伏期明显延长（P＜0．05）；而中枢传导时间N21—P37及周围神经的监护电位（PF）均无差异（P＞O．05）；内踝至皮层传导速度（CVZ）减慢，两组相比，差异具有极为显著意义（P＜0．01）；有8例P37波缺失（其中R侧6例，一侧性2例），占28．5％。上述结果提示OPCA患者除了有中枢传导障碍外，可能同时有周围神经传导障碍。     

维、汉民族首次抑郁发作患者血清同型半胱氨酸水平及其与 P300的关系

目的：研究维、汉民族首次抑郁发作患者血清 Hcy水平及其与 P300的关系。方法选取119例首次抑郁发作患者（病例组）及117名健康志愿者（健康对照组），采用酶联免疫法测定两组的血清Hcy水平，采用Brain Master脑诱发电位系统进行P300的检测。结果与对照组相比，病例组患者血清Hcy水平升高，P3潜伏期延长、波幅降低，差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．01）。病例组中维吾尔族和汉族患者之间血清 Hcy水平和P3潜伏期及波幅的差异均无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）。病例组血清H cy水平与P3潜伏期呈正相关，与靶P3波幅呈负相关（ P ＜0．05）。结论首次抑郁发作患者存在认知功能障碍，H cy代谢失衡与抑郁发作患者的认知功能损害相关，与民族因素可能无关。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者探究性眼动与事件相关电位研究

目的：探讨探究性眼动（EEM）与事件相关电位（ERP）对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者认知功能评估的临床价值。方法：选择经多项睡眠图（PSG）监测确诊的OSAHS患者26例和20例健康正常人为研究对象,进行EEM和ERP测定,并将结果进行比较。结果：与对照组比较,OSAHS患者EEM凝视点数（NEF）和反应性探索评分（RSS）值低于对照组,两者比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;OSAHS患者的ERPP3波潜伏期（355．27±22．98）ms和波幅（3．59±1．51）μV,与对照组P3波潜伏期（321．16±15．64）ms和波幅（6．19±1．53）μV比较,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;相关性分析显示OSAHS患者P3波潜伏期与NEF、RSS呈负相关（r值分别为-0．482、-0．461,P〈0．05）,P3波幅与NEF、RSS呈正相关（r值分射为0．413、0．451,P〈0．05）。结论：EEM和ERP在评价OSAHS患者的认知功能损害方面具有较高的一致性,二者可作为综合评估OSAHS患者认知功能的客观指标。     

Alzheimer病和血管性痴呆患者载脂蛋白E基因多态性分析

探讨ApoE多态性与Alzheimer病（AD）和血管性痴呆（VD）的关系。方法：应用PCR—RFLP技术分析25例AD,30例VD及40例对照组人群的ApoE基因型。结果：与对照组相比较,AD和VD患者ε3频率降低（P＜0．05）,ε4频率升高（P＜0．05）,两组患者间各等位基因频率差异无统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论：ApoE多态性与AD和VD的发病机制相关,其在这两种疾病中的作用相似。     

Apathy may herald cognitive decline and dementia in Parkinson's disease

Apathy is usually defined as a lack of motivation. It may occur as part of another disorder (notably depression and dementia) or as an isolated syndrome. In Parkinson's disease (PD), apathy is common and several studies have reported an association between this condition and more severe cognitive symptoms, such as executive dysfunction. However, this association has not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study (in nondepressed, nondemented PD patients) was to examine whether or not cognitive decline and/or dementia occurred more frequently in apathetic subjects than in nonapathetic subjects. Forty consecutive PD patients participated in the study (20 with apathy and 20 without). None of the subjects were either demented or depressed at the time of study entry. The patients' cognitive functions were extensively assessed twice: at study entry and after an 18‐month follow‐up period. At study entry, the apathetic PD patients had significantly lower global cognitive status and executive function scores than the nonapathetic subjects. After a median period of 18 months, the rate of conversion to dementia was found to be significantly higher in the apathetic group than in the nonapathetic group (8 of 20 and 1 of 20, respectively). Even in nondemented patients, the decrease over time in cognitive performance (mainly executive function but also memory impairment) was significantly greater in apathetic subjects than in nonapathetic subjects. These findings suggest that in nondemented, nondepressed PD patients, apathy may be a predictive factor for dementia and cognitive decline over time. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society     

Cerebral glucose metabolism in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia.

Although cognitive impairment is commonly associated with Parkinson's disease, the relative importance of cortical and subcortical pathologic changes to the development of dementia is controversial. Characteristic abnormalities in cortical glucose metabolism have been reported previously in Alzheimer's disease, a disease in which cortical changes predominate. We measured cerebral glucose metabolism with positron emission tomography in 20 control subjects and in 14 patients with PD with mental status ranging from normal to severely demented to determine whether changes in cortical glucose metabolism occur in early PD and whether the degree and pattern of metabolic change relate to the severity of dementia. The patients were divided into demented and nondemented groups according to the results of neuropsychological assessment. Age-adjusted covariance analyses were performed, since the age distribution varied between groups. The nondemented patients with PD showed widespread cortical glucose hypometabolism without any selective temporoparietal defects. The pattern of glucose hypometabolism seen in the demented patients with PD resembled that described in patients with Alzheimer's disease; ie, there was a global decrease in glucose metabolism, with more severe abnormalities observed in the temporoparietal regions.     

Are demented patients with Parkinson's disease accurately reflected in prevalence surveys? A survival analysis

We re-reviewed 257 patient records previously reviewed for an incidence study of dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD) to determine the frequency, date of death, and cause of death. We posited that if disease duration is shortened when dementia occurs, then dementia may be far more common than reflected in prevalence studies. There were 17 deaths among 65 demented patients and 28 deaths among 168 nondemented patients. When we matched a subset of the nondemented patients to the demented patients by age and disease duration distributions, the demented subjects had significantly more deaths (p less than 0.02), and survival among demented subjects was decreased (p less than 0.05). Dementia was a significant predictor of death in this sample. We conclude that dementia reduces survival in patients with PD. Incidence is a much better measure of dementia in PD than prevalence because shortened duration makes it less likely to detect dementia in prevalence surveys.     

Syntax comprehension deficits in Parkinson's disease

The comprehension of 100 different spoken English sentences was studied in 39 patients with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease (PD) using the Rhode Island Test of Language Structure. Eight of the PD patients were mildly demented, and the remaining 31 showed no cognitive deficits. Seven of the eight mildly demented patients had high comprehension error rates for sentences that had moderately complex syntax. The error rates of 28 of the 31 other, nondemented patients were low, similar to those of normal control subjects. The difference between the error rates of the demented and nondemented patients was significant (p less than .02, two-tailed t-test). The data argue against some current "modular" theories that segregate linguistic from other cognitive behavior. The destruction by PD of the midbrain regions that stimulate the frontal cortex may be responsible for both cognitive and syntactic comprehension deficits.     

帕金森病患者额叶认知功能和事件相关电位相关性研究

目的:探讨事件相关电位(P300)和额叶认知测试对帕金森病患者认知障碍评价的意义。方法:对31例非痴呆非抑郁帕金森病患者和25例年龄、性别、受教育程度相匹配的正常对照进行P300检测,同时采用词语流畅性、连线测验、Stroop字色干扰测验对病例组和对照组分别进行测试。结果:病例组与对照组比较:额叶认知功能评分较差,P300潜伏期延长(P<0.05),波幅下降;P300潜伏期与额叶认知功能障碍程度呈正相关。结论:非痴呆非抑郁帕金森病患者存在认知功能障碍。这种障碍可能是额叶功能受损后的表现。     

帕金森病患者认知功能与血糖水平的分析

目的探讨帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)患者的认知功能与血糖水平的关系。方法纳入PD患者200例,进行简易精神量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知量表(Montreal cognitive assessment,Mo CA)、韦氏智力和韦氏记忆的认知评估。将200例PD患者分为PD认知正常组91例,PD认知障碍组109例;另外纳入126例正常对照;比较各组的空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h postprandial plasma glucose,2 h PPG)和糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbAlc)水平及糖尿病患病率,并采用二分类logistic回归分析血糖水平对PD患者认知功能的影响。结果 PD患者的FPG、HbAlc水平及糖尿病患病率[5.19(0.72),5.7%(0.5%),14%]都比正常对照组[4.85(0.79),5.6%(0.5%),6%]显著升高(P0.05)。PD认知障碍患者的FPG水平[5.21(1.32)]较PD认知正常组[4.81(0.95)]相比,显著升高(P0.05),而2 h PPG、HbAlc都稍有升高,但无统计学差异(P0.05)。二分类logistic回归分析显示,FPG(OR:1.764;95%CI:0.06~3.244;P=0.068)与PD患者认知功能受损相关无统计学意义。结论高血糖可能是PD的危险因素之一,本研究未发现PD患者认知障碍的发生与血糖水平相关。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停及快动眼睡眠期行为障碍对帕金森病患者认知功能的影响

目的观察伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)及快动眼睡眠期行为障碍(RBD)对帕金森病(PD)患者认知功能的影响。方法收集101例PD患者的临床资料,采用MMSE、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)北京版评定患者认知功能,并对患者进行整夜多导睡眠监测(PSG)并对相关结果进行比较。结果根据PSG监测结果,将患者分为对照组34例、OSA组18例、RBD组34例及OSA+RBD组15例。与对照组比较,RBD组及OSA+RBD组MoCA评分显著降低(均P0.05)。与OSA+RBD组比较,RBD组体质量指数及PD组Epworth嗜睡量表评分显著降低,RBD组慢波睡眠比例显著升高(均P0.05)。与OSA组及OSA+RBD组比较,对照组及RBD组呼吸暂停低通气指数及氧减指数显著降低,最低脉搏氧饱和度显著升高(均P0.05);OSA组的觉醒次数较其他三组显著升高(均P0.05)。在相关分析中,PD患者的MoCA评分与RBD(r=0.324,P=0.001)、总睡眠时间(r=0.212,P=0.035)、睡眠效率(r=0.272,P=0.006)、非快速眼动睡眠2期时间(r=0.257,P=0.010)呈正相关。结论认知功能障碍在伴RBD的PD患者中很常见。PD患者认知功能与睡眠效率、总睡眠时间、非快速眼动睡眠2期时间及RBD显著相关。     

Alzheimer病与血管性痴呆患者认知功能对照研究

目的探讨Alzheimer病与血管性痴呆患者认知功能状况及其之间差异。方法对36例临床诊断的Alzheimer病、35例血管性痴呆患者及35例健康人进行了事件相关电位(ERP)和简易智力状态检查(MMSE)测试。结果Alzheimer病组、血管性痴呆组ERP测定的异常率为94.4%(34/36)和85.7%(30/35),两组ERP中N2、P3波潜伏期较正常对照组延长,P3波幅降低,其差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);而Alzheimer病组ERP测定N2、P3波潜伏期较血管性痴呆组延长,P3波幅降低,其差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Alzheimer病组、血管性痴呆组MMSE量表总分值与分量表得分值较正常组降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05);Alzheimer病组与血管性痴呆组比较,在MMSE量表总分、时间定向及物体命名等分值明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论Alzheimer病与血管性痴呆患者均存在明显的认知功能减退,且Alzheimer病认知损害更为明显。     

血管性帕金森综合征和帕金森病患者智能与事件相关电位的对比研究

目的:对血管性帕金森综合征(VP)患者和帕金森病(PD)患者的智能和事件相关电位(ERP)进行对比研究,以期探讨两者智能障碍及其电生理变化的特点。方法:用简易智能状态量表对51例VP及50例PD进行评分,并检测其ERP各波的潜伏期及波幅,并与32例正常者作对照。结果:1.VP组痴呆的发生串明显高于PD组;重症痴呆发生率高,提示症状重。2.VP组的N_2、P 300潜伏期较PD组、正常对照组均明显延长,P_(300)波幅较两者均明显降低。3.VP组痴呆者较非痴呆者N_2、P_(300)潜伏期明显延长,P_(300)波幅明显降低,4.VP组痴呆者较PD组痴呆者N_2、P_(300)潜伏期明显延长,P_(300)波幅明显降低。结论:VP与PD比较,智能障碍发生率高,程度重,电生理改变更明显。     

Cognitive profile of Alzheimer patients with extrapyramidal signs: A longitudinal study

Summary The cognitive profile of Alzheimer patients without (AD E-, n=17) and with (AD, E+, n=15) extrapyramidal signs (rigidity or bradykinesia), at the time of diagnosis, was examined in a 3-year follow-up study and compared to cognitive performance of demented (PD D+, n=18) and nondemented (PD D-, n=17) patients with Parkinson's disease and normal elderly controls (n=19). Although the AD E+ and AD E- groups did not differ significantly at the initial testing, the AD E+ patients showed greater deterioration on visual, praxic and expressive speech functions as well as in category memory. The cognitive profile of the AD E+ patients was similar to that of the PD D+ patients except that the AD E+ patients recognized more false positive targets on list-learning task. The AD E- patients had better preserved praxic functions and WAIS Performance IQ but they, like AD E+ patients, recognized more false positive targets on list-learning than the PD D+ patients did. The results suggest that AD patients with extrapyramidal signs, even if mild, at the time of diagnosis may have greater progression of cognitive impairment, especially on cortical functions, which may explain earlier need for institutional care observed in previous studies as compared to patients without these signs.