24小时动态脑电图监测对不典型癫痫的诊断价值

目的 探讨24小时动态脑电图（AEEG）监测对不典型癫痫的诊断价值。方法 对21例临床上疑似癫痫，但发作不典型的患者作24小时AEEG检测，并结合临床进行观察。结果 21例常规脑电图（REEG）均未见痫样放电，而AEEG可检测到多次阵发棘波，尖波，棘慢波综合，尖慢波综合等痫样放电，并经抗癫痫药均获得控制，故可诊断为癫痫。结论 24小时AEEG监测能帮助临床上诊断不典型的癫痫患者。     

SEEG监测对癫痫的诊断及鉴别诊断的价值

目的 探讨睡眠脑电图(SEEG)监测对癫痫及可疑癫痫患者诊断和鉴别诊断的临床价值.方法 对2006年3月～2007年6月间,在本院常规进行视频脑电图描记,其中清醒期脑电图(EEG)无痫样放电的183例临床诊断为癫痫、及52例可疑癫痫患者的SEEG资料进行回顾性分析.结果 癫痫组SEEG痫样放电检出率为84.7%(155/183),可疑癫痫组痫样放电检出率为34.6%(18/52).82.1%的痫样放电出现在睡眠I和II期.结论 SEEG监测可显著提高痫样放电的检出率,为癫痫的诊断及鉴别诊断提供重要依据,并有助于癫痫发作类型的分型.     

毫针蝶骨电极在癫痫诊断中的应用

目的探讨毫针蝶骨电极在癫痫诊断中的应用价值及常规脑电图加用蝶骨电极的指征。方法102例临床诊断为癫痫的患者于发作间期行常规脑电图及毫针蝶骨电极脑电图描记,分别对其癫痫波的检出率进行分析。结果经χ2检验分析,蝶骨电极脑电图可提高全身强直-阵挛发作、单纯部分性发作、复杂部分性发作3种发作类型癫痫的痫样放电检出率,其中以复杂部分性癫痫尤为显著;此外发现43例常规脑电图描记时耳垂单极导联可见单侧或双侧正相尖（棘）波或正相尖（棘）慢波,而在蝶骨电极描记时均记录到明显的癫痫波。结论蝶骨电极可提高癫痫患者的痫样放电检出率,常规脑电图描记发现耳垂单极导联出现正相尖（棘）波或正相棘（尖）慢波,加用蝶骨电极多可记录到典型的癫痫波,具有临床确诊价值,应列为临床脑电图的常规描记方法。     

835例癫痫及发作性疾病动态脑电图分析

目的分析癫痫及发作性疾病患者的动态脑电图(ambulatory EEG monitoring,AEEG),探讨其在诊断和鉴别诊断的中的价值。方法对2010年7月~2014年6月间,本院住院、门诊中临床诊断为癫痫475例及发作性疾病360例患者进行动态脑电图监测并分析。结果癫痫组动态脑电图(AEEG)与常规脑电图(routing-EEG,REEG)比较痫样放电检出率和异常率均有显著差异(P0.01)。癫痫组与发作性疾病组比较痫样放电检出率和异常率均有显著差异(P0.01)。痫样放电多见于睡眠期,以非快速眼动睡眠Ⅰ-Ⅱ期(NREMⅠ-Ⅱ期)为主。在脑电图记录过程中,癫痫组有临床发作36例:5例仅在发作期可见痫样放电,发作间期未见痫样放电;31例两期均可见痫样放电。发作性疾病组有临床发作44例:2例仅发作期可见痫样放电,发作间期未见痫样放电;4例两期均可见痫样放电;其余均未见痫样放电,占86.4%。结论癫痫及发作性疾病患者AEEG检查痫样放电检出率优于REEG检查;在临床症状类似癫痫的发作性疾病中,AEEG及REEG痫样放电检出率只为8.6%及3.6%。因此,发作性疾病需要行AEEG检查,帮助鉴别诊断和确诊。     

自然夜间睡眠脑电图对癫痫的诊断价值

目的：观察自然夜间睡眠脑电图（ＥＥＧ）对癫痫的诊断价值，方法；对２００例临床拟诊为癫痫的患者行白昼常规ＥＥＧ和夜间自然睡眠ＥＥＧ，结果：常规ＥＥＧ３６％（７２例）出现痫样放电，而自然夜间睡眠ＥＥＧ７８％（１５６例）出现痫样放电，痫样波检出率与年龄，临床发作类型，睡眠周期有关。结论：自然夜间睡眠ＥＥＧ可显著地提高痫样放电的检出率，对癫痫的诊断与鉴别诊断有重要的参考价值。     

录像脑电图监测对发作性疾病的诊断价值

目的研究录像脑电图（VEEG）在癫痫的诊断、鉴别诊断和临床发作分型中的价值,探讨癫痫患者自然睡眠时相与样放电之间的关系。方法使用录像脑电图对93例发作性疾病患者进行长程脑电监测,记录清醒和睡眠时的脑电图,并作诱发试验,明确发作性质,确定癫痫的临床发作类型,并分析发作间期癫痫样放电的睡眠-觉醒时相分布。结果93例发作性疾病患者中有临床发作者51例,样放电者72例,结合病史、临床表现和EEG结果而诊断为癫痫71例,其中69例患者确定了临床发作类型,20例修正了临床发作类型;71例确诊为癫痫患者中有完整睡眠-觉醒周期者65例,觉醒期有样放电者49例,睡眠期有样放电者61例,其中NREMⅠ-Ⅱ期52例（85.2%）,NREMⅠ-Ⅳ期3例（4.9%）,NREWⅢ-Ⅳ期6例（9.9%）,REM期未见。结论VEEG检测有利于癫痫的诊断和确定临床发作分型,睡眠监测有助于样波的检出,睡眠期样放电主要出现于NREMⅠ-Ⅱ期。     

癫痫患者痫样放电时间分布与临床

我院从１９９６年１０月至１９９８年３月采用北京明思公司研制激光动态脑电图系统，对临床诊断为癫痫的患者进行２４ｈ监测，共检出典型痫样放电（尖、棘、尖慢、棘慢综合波）患者２４８例，对痫样放电时间进行了统计学分析并应用于临床，现报告如下：资料与方法我们从１...     

剥夺睡眠脑电图在癫痫诊断中的应用

目的分析睡眠脑电图（EEG）在癫痫诊断中的价值及适应证。方法对200例癫痫病人的睡眠及清醒脑电图进行研究。结果脑电图有异常爆发活动（PA）者80例,PA只在睡眠中出现者30例,痫样放电检出率由清醒的25％提高到睡眠的40％。结论睡眠脑电图对提高痫样放电的检出率和进一步明确癫痫发作类型有重要意义。     

睡眠脑电图对具有中央-颞区棘波的良性儿童期癫痫的诊断价值及随访分析

在国际癫痫和癫痫综合征分类中[1],有一类起病与年龄有关的局灶性癫痫——具有中央—颞区棘波的良性儿童期癫痫,在临床和脑电图检查中并不少见。但由于本病常规清醒期脑电图常难捕捉到痫样放电,影响了临床的早期诊断与治疗。为了进一步探讨睡眠脑电图对本病的临床诊断价值,我们     

动态脑电图监测对癫痫诊断的价值

目的:探索24小时动态脑电图对癫痫诊断的价值。方法:对225例临床确诊为癫痫的AEEG诊断行回顾性分析。结果:AEEG与EEG的异常率及病样放电检出率均有非常显著性差异(P<0.001)。AEEG描记中睡眠期痫样放电检出比清醒期增加15.6％。且57.8％出现在NREMl-2期。睡眠纺锤波的缺如及减弱,对癫痫患者具有重要的脑电图意义。AEEG可以记录到癫痫发作起始时的波形变化。结论:AEEG对癫痫的诊断及治疗有重要作用。     

Hidden focal EEG seizures during prolonged suppressions and high-amplitude bursts in early infantile epileptic encephalopathy.

OBJECTIVE: We report on a 27-month-old female with atypical early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE), who developed tonic spasms, partial seizures and myoclonic jerks along with episodic bradycardia at 5 days. METHODS: We recorded digital electroencephalography (EEG) using either an 11-channel neonatal montage or 19 channel scalp electrodes, at 200 Hz sampling rate, and a single reference for a minimum of 30 min. RESULTS: At 18 days EEG showed suppression-burst (SB) patterns during wakefulness and sleep. Tonic spasms concomitant with bursts recorded as brief, low-amplitude fast waves. EEG at 8 months showed increased amplitude of bursts to 1 mV and extension of suppression periods to 65 s. By increasing recording sensitivity, we detected focal epileptiform discharges of slow rhythmic sharp and slow waves building to 30 microV during suppression periods. Status epilepticus occurred at 16 months. EEG at 27 months returned to the previous SB pattern with rare partial seizures. CONCLUSIONS: This report is the first to demonstrate clinically silent focal EEG seizures during prolonged suppression periods in atypical EIEE by off-line digital EEG. SIGNIFICANCE: Digital EEG sensitivity can reveal covert electrical activity during suppression periods in epileptic neonates and infants.     

睡眠性癫癎患者动态脑电图的研究

目的探讨睡眠性癫疒间患者的24h动态脑电图(AEEG)的表现及其诊断价值。方法对91例仅于睡眠中发作癫疒间的患者进行AEEG检查,并对检查结果进行分析。结果AEEG发现疒间性放电71例(78.0%),其中4例出现于清醒状态,41例出现于睡眠状态,26例清醒和睡眠时均有放电;在67例睡眠时有疒间性放电的患者中,34例仅出现在浅睡期,33例整个睡眠中均出现疒间性放电。清醒时有癫疒间波的患者癫疒间发作频率明显高于无异常放电患者和仅睡眠时有疒间性放电的患者(均P<0.05)。结论睡眠中癫疒间发作患者于睡眠中疒间性放电出现率明显高于白天清醒时。AEEG容易发现睡眠性癫疒间患者的发作期和发作间歇期以及自然睡眠状态下的疒间样波。     

Sphenoidal EEG recording in complex partial seizures

A prospective study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of sphenoidal EEG recording during wakefulness, as compared to routine tracings awake and asleep, for recognizing epileptic electroencephalographic foci in patients with complex partial seizures. Fifty patients were investigated. Following sleep deprivation a routine waking EEG, a sleep tracing and an awake recording with sphenoidal needles were obtained. In nine patients temporal epileptiform activity was apparent in all three conditions (wakefulness, sleep and with sphenoidal electrodes). In 21 patients temporal epileptiform activity was seen during sleep only, while the sphenoidal leads were non-contributory. In 20 patients epileptiform activity was not recorded under any of the above conditions. This study indicates that sphenoidal recording during wakefulness does not contribute to the detection of epileptic discharges in patients with complex partial seizures.     

Gabapentin-induced modulation of interictal epileptiform activity related to different vigilance levels.

OBJECTIVES: Gabapentin (GBP) is a novel antiepileptic drug (AED), currently used as add-on therapy in patients with partial seizures. Similar to other AEDs, little is known about its effects on nocturnal sleep, despite the strict relationship between sleep and epileptic discharges. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of chronic therapy with GBP on both nocturnal sleep and on interictal epileptiform abnormalities (IEA) in relation to the different sleep stages. METHODS: Eighteen patients affected by partial seizures resistant to common AEDs were submitted to nocturnal polygraphic recordings under baseline conditions and after 4 months of add-on GBP treatment. RESULTS: We observed a significant increase in unilateral/focal IEA during light NREM sleep and a significant reduction in bilateral/diffuse IEA during wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) with respect to the baseline condition. A significant increase in REM sleep and slow wave sleep (SWS) associated with a reduction in the number of awakenings and Stage 1 was also observed after GBP chronic therapy. CONCLUSIONS: GBP therapy improves the sleep pattern of epileptic patients and it seems to modulate the expression of IEA with different effects in relation to the various vigilance levels.     

Wakefulness-sleep modulation of EEG-EMG epileptiform activities: a quantitative study on a child with intractable epilepsia partialis continua

Continuous all night recordings of epileptiform EEG activities from right frontal scalp and thalamic Centromedian regions and EMG activities from left deltoid muscular region were performed on a child with intractable epilepsia partialis continua, with depth stimulating-recording electrodes used for neuroaugmentive seizure control. In addition, "normal" and "mature" sleep indicators in the same child were simultaneously recorded according to the International Procedures. During wakefulness (W), type B seizures consisted of isolated, high amplitude, negative-positive EEG sharp waves recorded from the right Centromedian region (RCM sharp) correlated with isolated bursts of high amplitude EMG potentials recorded from the left deltoid muscle (LEMG jerks). Type C seizures consisted of clusters of repetitive RCM sharp and LEMG jerks, where individual EEG-EMG activities showed poor correlations. Number and amplitude of type B RCM sharp and LEMG jerks significantly decreased when patient directly shifted from W to slow wave sleep I and II (SWSI and II). Number and amplitude of RCM sharp increased while those of LEMG jerks decreased directly from SWS I and II to slow wave sleep III (SWS III); all forms of EEG-EMG epileptiform type B activities significantly decreased directly or indirectly from W and SWS to paradoxical sleep (PS). Scalp EEG spikes from right frontal and central regions showed almost parallel changes to those of RCM sharp, except during SWS II, when amplitude increased in the former and decreased in the later. Occurrence of type C seizures only decreased during PS and duration decreased directly from SWS I to II and indirectly from SWS I to SWS II and PS; and from W to SWS II and III and PS.     

Encephalopathy related to Status Epilepticus during slow Sleep: a link with sleep homeostasis?

Encephalopathy related to Status Epilepticus during slow Sleep (ESES) is a childhood epilepsy syndrome characterized by appearance of cognitive and behavioural disturbances in conjunction with a striking activation of EEG epileptic abnormalities during sleep. The link between the extreme amount of epileptic discharges during sleep and the deterioration of cognitive functions and behavior is poorly understood. We hypothesize that the negative effects of ESES may depend on the impairment of the synaptic homeostasis processes occurring during normal sleep and that are particularly important in the developmental age. Sleep ensures synaptic homeostasis by promoting synaptic weakening/elimination after the increase of synaptic strength that occurs during wakefulness. Changes in synaptic strength are reflected in the EEG by changes of sleep slow wave activity (SWA). Recent studies in ESES have failed to show changes of sleep SWA, particularly at the site of the epileptic focus, suggesting a spike‐related impairment of the homeostatic recovery of sleep. This impaired synaptic homeostasis in the critical period of development may alter cortical wiring and thereby disrupt, often irreversibly, cognitive functions and behavior, leading to the neuropsychological compromise typical of ESES.     

240例睡眠/清醒不同发作时间癫痫患者24小时动态脑电图分析

目的:了解睡眠/清醒不同发作时间癫痫患者24小时动态脑电图特点。方法:回顾性分析240例癫痫患者的24小时动态脑电图资料。结果:仅于睡眠中发作的癫痫患者AEEG上仅在睡眠中放电的比例高于清醒期和睡眠/ 清醒均发作患者,额叶癫痫患者于睡眠中发作者以及AEEG上单纯夜间放电者均明显多于颞叶癫痫患者,差异具有显著性(P<0.01)。结论:额叶癫痫患者及临床上仅于睡眠中发作患者睡眠中放电明显高于其他癫痫患者,对此类睡眠中高发人群进行AEEG检查有助于提高诊断率。     

脑电地形图选段编辑对阵发癲癇波的定位作用

目的探讨脑电地形图(BEAM)选段编辑功能对阵发性棘波、尖波、棘(尖)慢综合波(称癲样放电波)的定位作用.方法将42例癫癇患儿脑电图(EEG)记录到的阵发性癇样放电波进行BEAM定量分析,以棘(尖)慢综合波的慢波高功率定位.结果 EEG癲样放电波定位于双侧额区14%、单侧颞中央区45%、颞区24%、中央区17%.BEAM选段编辑,癲样放电波定位于单侧额区14%、颞区50%、中央区36%.结论 BEAM选段编辑局部定位灵敏度比EEG高60%(P《0.01),是对癇样放电波有一定定位作用的监测手段.     

Sleep Microstructure and EEG Epileptiform Activity in Patients with Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

Clinical and EEG manifestations of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) occur in a strict relationship to the sleep-wake cycle, particularly to transition phases (awakening, falling asleep, afternoon relaxation after work). JME manifestations are deactivated during sleep. Because arousal fluctuations during NREM sleep may be controlled by the same neurophysiologic mechanisms regulating awakening, we studied the relationship between the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) and JME manifestations. All-night polysomnographic recordings of 10 JME patients were analyzed for variations of epileptiform EEG abnormalities in relation to sleep stages and to different microstructural variables (NCAP, CAP, phases A and B). CAP rates (ratio between total CAP duration and total NREM sleep duration) were also calculated. Average CAP rate was 46.70%, significantly higher than that (23%) of an age-matched control group. Macrostructural analysis showed only a trend toward a slight predominance of EEG epileptiform activity during slow wave sleep but no significant correlation between spiking rates and sleep stages. Microstructural analysis confirmed the CAP modulation of EEG epileptiform activity, with maximum appearance of epileptiform abnormalities during phase A CAP (normalized spiking rate = 4.00 +/- 0.98) and strong inhibition during phase B (0.06 +/- 00.6). Intermediate values were noted during NCAP (0.54 +/- 0.27). No correlation was noted between spiking rates during NREM sleep and CAP rates, possibly indicating that in JME patients the increased CAP rate may be partially independent of epileptiform EEG activity. Our data suggest that in JME patients CAP may be a neurophysiologic oscillator organizing expression of the epileptiform discharges independent of the tendency of the individual patient to produce epileptiform EEG discharges.