Implication of socio-economic status on the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Greek adults: the ATTICA study

BACKGROUND: Although ooverweight and obesity are considered as a health problem that affects millions of people worldwide, the implication of socio-economic status (SES) in these healthy conditions have rarely been investigated. We evaluated the associations of overweight and obesity with SES, in a population based sample of Greek adults. METHODS: During 2001-2002 we randomly enrolled 1514 men (18-87 years old) and 1528 women (18-89 years old), stratified by the age-sex distribution (census 2001) of the Attica area, Greece. We studied several demographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, dietary and bio-clinical factors of the participants. SES (low, middle and high) was defined through the education and economical level of the participants. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 53 and 20% in men, and 31 and 15% in women, respectively, while an increase in the prevalence of obesity was observed with progressing age. Both men and women in the higher SES group had significantly lower prevalence of obesity as compared to the middle and lower SES group (p<0.001). However, multivariate analysis showed that the observed associations between SES and obesity were mainly explained by differences in physical activity status and energy intake of the participants. CONCLUSION: Overweight and obesity seems to be a serious health problem, affecting more prominently people in the lower SES. However, eating and other lifestyle habits mainly explained the association between SES and obesity.     

Cheese consumption and prevalence of overweight and obesity in a Basque adult population: a cross-sectional study

Studies have reported a negative association between dairy product consumption and weight status. However, not as much research has focused on cheese; therefore, the aim of this study was to study the association between cheese intake and overweight and obesity in a representative Basque adult population. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was obtained from a random sample of 1081 adults (530 males and 551 females, 17–96 years old). Cheese consumption data were expressed as g/1000?kcal/day. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was higher in men (55.1%) than in women (35.4%) (p?相似文献   

Relationships of psychiatric disorders with overweight and obesity in an adult general population

OBJECTIVE: To explore relationships of smoking and risk drinking status, nicotine and alcohol dependence, and anxiety, depressive, and somatoform disorders with overweight and obesity. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A probability sample was drawn that was representative for the adult general population, 18 to 64 years of age, in one region of Germany; the participation rate was 70.2%. After excluding those who were pregnant or had a current eating disorder according to the DSM-IV, 4063 individuals remained. Overweight and obesity were defined according to the BMI that was assessed in the face-to-face in-home standardized interview (Composite International Diagnostic Interview) on psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: Men with a former nicotine dependence had higher odds of being overweight than men who never had a nicotine dependence (adjusted odds ratio, 1.5; confidence interval, 1.1 to 2.1). Men at current risk for drinking and current alcohol-dependent or abusing men had lower odds of being overweight compared with men who never were alcohol dependent, abusing, or at risk for drinking (adjusted odds ratio, 0.3; confidence interval, 0.8 to 0.9). Effect sizes were small. No relationship of overweight with depressive, anxiety, or somatoform disorders was found in the multivariate analysis. DISCUSSION: There is a relationship between being overweight and nicotine and alcohol dependence or abuse among men but not among women. Even though one reason for women to refrain from quitting smoking is the fear of weight gain, these results do not support this. This information could help convince women to try to quit smoking.     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Greek school-aged children and adolescents

The aim of the present study, which was part of the Health Behavior in School Aged Children (HBSC) study, was to provide national estimates for overweight and obesity in Greek school-aged children and adolescents. A nationwide multistage procedure was followed to obtain a representative sample of children and adolescents aged 11.5, 13.5 and 15.5 y. The resultant sample consisted of 4299 students, 51.3% girls and 48.7% boys. Self-reported weight and height data were used. According to the body mass index cutoff points adopted by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), 9.1% of girls and 21.7% of boys were classified as overweight, and 1.2% of girls and 2.5% of boys as obese. Corresponding values using CDC growth charts were 8.1% of girls and 18.8% of boys for overweight, and 1.7% of girls and 5.8% of boys for obese. Compared to most other western countries, the prevalence of obesity is lower in Greek children aged 11-16 y.     

Dietary habits in a Greek sample of men and women: the ATTICA study

OBJECTIVE: Although there are several dietary guidelines accepted at the international and national level, there are indications that dietary habits in Greece have been changing, moving away from the traditional Mediterranean diet pattern. The aim of this work was to evaluate the dietary habits of a randomly selected sample from the general adult population, in Greece. SUBJECTS: The "ATTICA" study is a prospective health and nutrition survey. For the purpose of this study, 3,042 adults, from whom 1514 were men (48%) and 1,528 were women (52%), were selected from the greater Athens area during 2001 and 2002. The assessment of the dietary habits was carried out using a validated food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: Dietary intakes of red meat and sweets were higher (p<0.005), and dietary intakes of fish, poultry, dairy products, vegetables, and cereals were lower (p<0.05) than the ones recommended by the Hellenic Ministry of Health. CONCLUSION: The results from the present study indicate a change in the dietary habits towards an unhealthier type of diet.     

Low energy reporting related to lifestyle, clinical, and psychosocial factors in a randomly selected population sample of Greek adults: the ATTICA Study

OBJECTIVE: Aim of the present study was to identify potential dietary, lifestyle, psychosocial and clinical correlates of underreporting in a population-based sample. METHODS: Following a random multistage sampling, 1514 men (46+/-13 years old) and 1528 women (45+/-13 years old) from the Attica area, in Greece, participated in this study. All participants underwent a standard assessment procedure that included clinical, psychosocial and lifestyle parameters. Food consumption was assessed through a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The ratio of energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate (EI/BMR) and the Goldberg cut-off points were used for the classification of subjects as low energy reporters (LERs) and non-LERs. RESULTS: LERs represented 12.2% of the sample. This percentage was higher in obese subjects compared to overweight or normal weight (20.6 % vs. 9.9 % vs. 10.6 %, p = 0.05), as well as in women compared to men (14.6% vs. 9.9%, p<0.001). Data analysis was stratified by gender, since a significant interaction was observed between gender and LER group on several dietary parameters. Female LERs had higher Med Diet Score compared to non-LERs (30.6 +/- 8.2, 95%CI 30.2-31.04 vs. 26.9 +/- 6.3, 95%CI 26.05-27.7, p<0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that lower EI/BMR values were associated with younger age (p<0.001), higher BMI (p<0.001), presence of diabetes mellitus (p=0.012) and lower depression score (p=0.056) in women, whereas with younger age (p<0.001), higher BMI (p<0.001), higher education level (p=0.046) and higher anxiety score (p=0.08) in men. CONCLUSION: Several psychosocial and clinical characteristics operate in low energy reporting in both genders. Nutrition-related professionals should be aware of these gender-specific trends in dietary assessment procedures.     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in a national representative sample of Greek children and adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Greek school age children and adolescents. DESIGN: Nationwide representative survey. SETTING: Primary and secondary schools all over Greece. SUBJECTS: In all, 6448 students (50.4% boys, 49.6% girls) 6-17 years old. METHOD: A nationwide multistage procedure was followed to obtain a representative sample of youths. Body mass and height were measured by trained personnel. Data were collected between October 1990 and May 1991. RESULTS: According to the 12-month-International Obesity Task Force cutoff values, the overall prevalence of overweight was 17.3% (16.9% for boys, 17.6% for girls). The rate of obesity was 3.6% (3.8% for boys, 3.3% for girls). The prevalence of overweight and obesity was decreasing with age in girls (6-9 years: 23.2 and 6.7%, respectively, 10-17 years: 14.8 and 1.6%, respectively). In boys, the prevalence of overweight was higher in 10-17 years (19.3 and 2.7%, for the rate of overweight and obesity, respectively) than in 6-9 years (12.1 and 5.9%, respectively). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Greek children and adolescents is comparable to that reported for most European countries.     

健康体检中超重与肥胖人群的分布特征分析

目的了解健康体检中超重与肥胖的人群分布特征及该人群高血压、高脂血症及糖尿病的患病情况,为慢性疾病的预防及健康管理的研究提供基础资料。方法以北京市某健康体检中心一年的体检者为研究对象,对健康体检中超重及肥胖人群的年龄、性别分布特征进行描述,并对超重组、肥胖组和正常组中高血压、高脂血症及糖尿病的患病率进行比较分析。结果共调查23 767人,其中男性14 259人,女性9508人。超重发生率为31.24%,男性超重发生率为37.82%,女性为21.36%。肥胖的发病率为10.81%,男性肥胖的比例为14.12%,女性为5.84%,男女之间超重及肥胖发生率的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;正常组、超重组和肥胖组的高血压、高脂血症及糖尿病的患病率在不同性别间的差异均存在统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论超重和肥胖与高血压、高脂血症和糖尿病的发生有着密切的联系,应将健康管理作为预防慢性疾病发生的重要手段。     

北京市高三学生超重肥胖现况

  目的  分析2009—2018年北京市高三学生超重、肥胖的流行情况及变化趋势,为卫生及教育部门制定有效的青少年超重、肥胖防治措施提供科学依据。  方法  选取2009—2018年700 588人北京市高三学生体检数据,描述其超重及肥胖检出率分布特征,分析在不同性别、不同区域中超重肥胖检出率是否存在差异。  结果  2009—2018年北京市高三学生的总超重肥胖检出率呈现逐年上升的趋势(Z=3.58,P < 0.01),在2016年之后上升趋势较为平稳(定基比发展速度为130%),2018年首次下降。男生超重检出率和肥胖检出率均高于女生(χ2值分别为6 681.34,15 663.08,P值均 < 0.01)。城区学生总超重肥胖检出率(29.55%)高于郊区(27.95%)(χ2=211.43,P < 0.01);2009—2013年城区学生的肥胖检出率均高于郊区学生;2014—2018年郊区学生肥胖检出率均高于城区学生。超重及肥胖检出率最高的区县均为石景山区(超重:19.06%,肥胖:13.99%),超重及肥胖检出率最低的区县均为延庆区(超重:13.48%,肥胖:7.18%)。  结论  2009—2018年北京市高三学生超重肥胖检出率呈逐年上升趋势,在2016年后趋于平稳;郊区肥胖检出率的上升趋势更为显著。     

母乳喂养与成人肥胖及超重关系

目的探讨早期母乳喂养与成年后肥胖和超重的关系,为有效预防成人肥胖和超重提供科学依据。方法随机抽取黑龙江省哈尔滨市35~45岁居民800人,采用问卷调查和体格检查方法搜集资料,以体质指数(BMI)作为肥胖和超重的判定标准。结果非母乳、混合母乳和母乳喂养人群肥胖发生率分别为21.21%,12.08%,11.31%,各组肥胖发生率差异无统计学意义(χ²=5.287,P=0.071);各组超重发生率分别为45.45%,37.68%,28.89%,差异有统计学意义(χ²=10.482,P=0.005);非母乳组超重率高于纯母乳喂养组(χ²=7.493,P<0.05)。非母乳喂养和母乳喂养人群(混合和纯母乳)肥胖和超重发生率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。但肥胖和超重发生率未随纯母乳喂养时间延长而减少。在影响成人肥胖的各种因素中,母乳喂养为保护因素,可使肥胖的危险性减少到0.816倍,出生体重、母亲BMI和能量摄入为危险因素,可使肥胖的危险性分别增加1.516,1.922和1.738倍。结论母乳喂养对于成人肥胖和超重的发生具有一定预防作用,应大力提倡合理母乳喂养。     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adult Malaysians: an update

A total of 4428 adults (>18 years old) from 5 different selected regions in Peninsular and East Malaysia participated in this health survey. Using World Health Organization recommendations for body mass index (BMI), the prevalence of overweight and obesity were found to be 33.6% (95% CI= 32.2, 35.0) and 19.5% (95% CI= 18.3, 20.7) respectively. There were more females who were obese (22.5%, 95% CI=20.9, 24.0) compared to males (14.1%, 95% CI=12.3, 15.9). Highest prevalence of obesity were among the Indians (24.6%, 95% CI=20.3, 29.3), followed closely by the Malays (23.2%, 95% CI=21.6, 24.8%) and lowest prevalence was among the Chinese subjects (8.2%, 95% CI=6.2, 10.6). More than 43% of the 531 younger subjects (<30 years old) were either overweight (20%, 95% CI=16.6, 23.6) or obese (13.9%, 95% CI=11.1, 17.2%). All subjects who claimed to be non-diabetes were required to undergo 75 g glucose tolerance test. Compared to subjects with normal BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m2), there was a 3- and 2-folds increase in the prevalence of newly diagnosed diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance respectively, among obese subjects (BMI>30 kg/m2) who initially claimed to have no diabetes. This study highlights a need for more active, inter-sectoral participation advocating a health-promoting environment in order to combat obesity in this country.     

Eating styles, overweight and obesity in young adult twins

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association of eating styles with overweight and obesity in young adults, controlling for identical genetic background in monozygotic twins. DESIGN: Prospective twin cohort study. SETTING: Finland, 1991-2002. SUBJECTS: Two-hundred and thirty-three women and 2060 men from the FinnTwin16 study, aged 16 years at baseline (T1), and ranging from 22 to 27 years at the time of the nutritional assessment (T4). METHODS: Eating styles (Restrictive/overeating, health-conscious, snacking, emotional and externally induced), self-reported at T4, were contrasted with body mass indices (BMIs) at T1 and T4. RESULTS: At T4, obesity (BMI>or=30Kg/m(2)) was significantly cross-sectionally associated with restrictive eating, frequent snacks, eating in the evening, avoiding fatty foods and failure to maintain healthy eating patterns. These associations were independent of BMI at T1. Obese women self-reported more vulnerability to external eating cues and comfort eating than normal-weight women. However, in a multivariable model, only restrictive/overeating and health-conscious eating styles were significant correlates of obesity at T4, independent of gender and BMI at T1. When we controlled for genetic background restricting the analysis to the 39 female and 45 male monozygotic twin pairs discordant for obesity or overweight (BMI>or=25Kg/m(2)), restrictive/overeating eating style was still statistically significantly associated with excess weight. CONCLUSIONS: The eating styles of obese young adults differ from their normal-weight counterparts: restrictive eating, overeating and fewer healthy food choices are associated with obesity. Different eating styles may partially explain weight differences in individuals with identical genetic background.     

Changes of overweight and obesity in the adult Swiss population according to educational level,from 1992 to 2007

Background  

In many high income developed countries, obesity is inversely associated with educational level. In some countries, a widening gap of obesity between educational groups has been reported. The aim of this study was to assess trends in body mass index (BMI) and in prevalence of overweight and obesity and their association with educational level in the adult Swiss population.     

贵州成人腰围体质指数与高血压的关系研究

目的:采用腰围、体质指数综合评价成人高血压患病风险。方法:按多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,抽取贵州省12个县(市/区)18岁及以上9280名常驻居民进行调查。结果:高血压患病率有随BMI增高而增高的趋势,正常体重组、超重组和肥胖组的高血压患病率分别为22.37%、36.59%和51.73%,青年人中肥胖人群患高血压风险最大男性OR=4.171(95%CI=2.872~6.058),女性OR=5.071(95%CI=3.402~7.560),而在超重人群中则以老年组患高血压风险最大,男性OR=1.983(95%CI=1.339~2.937),女性OR=2.503(95%CI=1.801~3.479)。结论:与正常体重相比,超重肥胖人群患高血压危险逐步增加,控制青年人肥胖和老年人群超重对于降低人群的高血压患病水平有重要意义。     

重庆市小学生超重肥胖及高血压流行现状

了解重庆市小学生超重、肥胖及高血压流行现状,为制定相关干预措施提供科学依据.方法 采取分层整群抽样方法,按经济水平好、中、差抽取重庆市渝中区、荣昌县和开县3 225名一~六年级在校小学生于2013年10-12月对其进行身高、体重、腰围、血压等体格检查.结果 受检学生超重率为11.8%,肥胖率为8.4%;高血压初筛检出率为6.1%,确诊率为2.1%.人均GDP水平高的渝中区小学生超重(19.2%)、肥胖率(15.3%)、高血压(3.5%)确诊率均高于人均GDP水平低的荣昌县和开县(7.4%,3.9%,1.5%),城区小学生超重(14.3%)、肥胖率(10.5%)均高于农村小学生(9.3%,6.2%),男生超重(13.6%)、肥胖率(10.8%)均高于女生(10.0%,5.9%),差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);高血压确诊率的城乡(2.1%,2.0%)、性别(2.2%,2.0%)差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);体重超重者(3.4%)、肥胖者(11.8%)高血压确诊率均高于体重正常者(0.9%),差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).结论 重庆市小学生超重、肥胖及高血压检出率较高.应培养和引导儿童形成受益终生的健康生活方式、行为和技能,从儿童期着手预防或延迟慢性病发生,实现慢性病防控关口前移.     

The prevalence of being overweight and obesity and the effect of exercise in a HIV-positive population

Background: Highly‐active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to substantial reductions of the morbidity and mortality of HIV infection (Palella et al., 1998). However, the use of HAART has been associated with morphological and metabolic complications, placing HIV‐positive patients at greater risk of developing diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome (Carr et al., 1998). Exercise has been proposed as a therapeutic option for the metabolic abnormalities observed in the HIV population (Robinson et al., 2007). The aims of this research were: (i) to determine the prevalence of being overweight and obesity in HIV‐infected adults receiving HAART because, to date, no systematic review has been conducted on that area and (ii) to identify the effects of a structured exercise programme on metabolic and fitness parameters that will contribute further to the existing body of research. Methods: A systematic review was undertaken to summarise the reported prevalence of being overweight and obesity in adult HIV‐positive HAART‐users. Studies were obtained from computerised searches of electronic bibliographic databases (n = 9) and were included only if they reported the prevalence of being overweight and/or obesity according to the World Health Organization criteria for body mass index (BMI) classification. A retrospective data analysis was performed on 17 HIV‐positive patients who had participated in the ‘Positive Moves’ exercise programme between January 2001 to January 2008. The variables included in the analysis were weight, BMI, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C), high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (HDL‐C), triglycerides, glucose, resting heart rate, vo ₂ max, handgrip strength and flexibility. Eligible patients had data at two timepoints. Mean length of the exercise programme was 140 days. Paired‐samples t‐tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to compare results from baseline to the end of the programme. Results: The combined prevalence of being overweight and obesity was in the range 30.5–52.9%. The separate prevalences of being overweight and obesity were 25.6–38.6% and 3.2–19% respectively. The results of the retrospective data analysis are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Characteristics of HIV‐HAART users