正常额隐窝区域气房的三维CT观察

目的 观察正常人额隐窝区域气房的分布类型及测定各类型气房的出现率.方法 对于符合病例选择标准的24例正常人,用64层螺旋CT常规扫描鼻窦,然后在图像工作站上进行轴位重建(层厚0.6 mm,层距0.4 mm),并在相同的条件下进行冠状位、矢状位重建,应用图像分析软件观察额隐窝气房的分布类型,并统计各类的出现率.结果 48侧额隐窝区域三维影像中,鼻丘气房出现率为92%.额气房出现率为54%,其中Ⅰ型29%,Ⅱ型10%,Ⅲ型15%,未见Ⅳ型额气房.额隐窝后组气房出现率为83.3%,其中眶上筛房出现率为35%,额泡气房出现率为15%,筛泡上气房出现率为33.3%.额窦间隔气房出现率为19%.同侧鼻丘气房与额隐窝后组气房的同时出现率为79.2%.结论 多层螺旋CT对分析复杂的额隐窝区域气房及制定手术方案提供很大的帮助.     

额隐窝气房的多层螺旋CT分析

目的:研究额气房在额隐窝的发生率及其与慢性额窦炎发病的关系。方法:收集两年间因慢性鼻窦炎住院行鼻内镜手术的患者多层螺旋CT资料,利用SYNEO CT Workplace Valla图形工作站行多平面鼻窦CT重建,观察额气房发生率,测量额窦峡部的前后径和面积。结果:额隐窝额气房发生率为25.3%,其中无前期手术史组为28.7%,有前期手术史组为21.0%,34.6%的患者有单侧或者双侧的额气房,Ⅰ型额气房(16.0%)最常见。额窦炎的存在与额窦峡部的前后径和面积在有额气房和没有额气房的患者之间没有差异。结论:额气房是额隐窝比较常见的气房,额气房与高额窦炎发病率并不相关,额窦峡部的前后径和面积与额窦炎的发病率也不相关。尽管额隐窝的解剖变异在慢性额窦炎中起一定作用,但粘膜炎症进程是更重要的原因。     

慢性额窦炎额窦引流系统CT解剖特征及临床价值

目的 探讨慢性额窦炎额窦引流系统CT解剖特征及临床价值。方法 对50例慢性鼻窦炎患者应用螺旋CT作横断面扫描，然后经工作站作冠状和矢状面三维重建。结果 螺旋CT三维成像技术能清楚地显示钩突附着部位和类型，在：100侧钩突中，附着纸样板41侧(41％)、鼻丘后壁11侧(11％)、中鼻甲19侧(19％)、前颅底16侧(16％)、钩突分叉13侧(13％)。在额隐窝气房98侧中，终未气房28侧(28．6％)、鼻丘气房18侧(18．4％)、前筛气房18侧(18．4％)。额窦内气房98侧中，其中额气房22侧(22．4％)、眶上气房38侧(38．8％)、额窦中隔气房(M气房)16侧(32％)。发现不同类型的解剖变异与慢性炎症的关系。结论 慢性额窦炎额窦引流系统CT解剖特征的显示可为术前提供有价值的信息，对开展鼻内镜外科有重要的临床指导意义。     

钩突上端分叉时额隐窝引流途径及周边毗邻关系的CT观察

【摘要】目的：观察当钩突上端分叉时额隐窝引流途径及周边毗邻关系,为更好的理解这一区域的解剖特征提供参考。方法：随机搜集本院行颅面部CT扫描的患者的影像资料,重建出鼻窦横轴面、冠状面及矢状面图像,观察当钩突上端为纸板-中鼻甲型、纸板-颅底型、纸板-颅底-中鼻甲型三种分叉类型时额隐窝的引流途径及周边毗邻关系。根据纳入和排除标准纳入134例钩突上端附着类型病例。结果：134例中,双侧钩突均呈分叉型71人,单侧分叉型63人,纸板-中鼻甲型106侧（51.7%）,纸板-颅底型82侧（40%）,纸板-颅底-中鼻甲型17侧（8.3%）。额隐窝引流共有四种途径：通过筛漏斗、下半月裂引流至中鼻道25.4%;通过钩突与中鼻甲之间直接引流至中鼻道26.3%;通过板间区引流至中鼻道46.8%;通过上半月裂引流至中鼻道1.5%。结论：当钩突上端分叉时,除了筛漏斗、直接中鼻道和上半月裂三种引流途径外,额隐窝还存在板间区这种引流途径。由于额隐窝区解剖的复杂性,充分认识其特征有助于提高鼻内镜额窦开放术的手术成功率。     

多层螺旋CT仿真内窥镜对窦口鼻道复合体的显示价值研究

目的:通过多层螺旋CT仿真内窥镜(virtual endoscopy,VE)与螺旋CT冠状位重组(MPR)、纤维内窥镜(fi-beroptic endoscopy,FE)的比较研究,以探讨螺旋CT仿真内窥镜对于鼻腔窦口鼻道复合体(ostiomeatal complex,OMC)解剖结构显示能力。方法:比较40例患者的78侧鼻腔的CT仿真内窥镜与CT冠状位重组图像,以及15例患者的30侧鼻腔的CT仿真内窥镜与纤维内窥镜图像,并进行统计学处理,分析三种方法对于窦口鼻道复合体各解剖部位的显示能力。结果:VE在各部位的显示能力上与MPR比较有较大差异(P0.05),显示能力优于MPR;与FE比较,有较好的一致性(P0.05)。但是部分结构,如筛漏斗、额隐窝,上颌窦自然口,VE的显示能力优于FE。结论:VE作为一种无创性的、可重复操作的检查手段,可以清楚地显示窦口鼻道复合体的解剖结构,是一项具有广泛的临床应用价值。     

多层螺旋CT在窦口-鼻道复合体变异及鼻窦炎的临床应用价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT后处理技术在显示窦口-鼻道复合体解剖变异及其相关鼻窦炎的临床应用价值。方法收集96例慢性鼻窦炎患者的影像及临床资料,其中鼻-鼻窦内窥镜手术20例。通过多层螺旋CT多平面重组,观察窦口-鼻道复合体的解剖变异、鼻窦炎症,以及其在鼻-鼻窦内窥镜手术中的临床作用。结果 96例慢性鼻窦炎患者中,窦口-鼻道复合体解剖变异82例(85.4%),其中泡状鼻甲29例(30.21%),反常中鼻甲9例(9.38%);钩突肥厚13例(13.54%),内侧偏移11例(11.46%),外侧偏移4例(4.17%),气化3例(3.13%);Haller气房8例(8.33%);鼻丘气房9例(9.38%)和鼻中隔偏曲24例(25%)。鼻窦炎症显示率为100%,病变分布:前组筛窦84例,后组筛窦36例,上颌窦开口处67例,上颌窦63例,额隐窝19例,额窦14例和蝶窦8例。20例鼻-鼻窦内窥镜手术所见与CT显示一致。结论多层螺旋CT后处理技术可清晰显示窦口-鼻道复合体解剖变异以及其所致的鼻窦炎症,对鼻-鼻窦内窥镜手术具有重要的临床指导价值。     

多层螺旋CT重组技术对眶下筛房的影像解剖研究

目的 研究眶下筛房的影像解剖学特点,分析其与鼻窦黏膜增厚的相关性,探讨其在慢性鼻窦炎发病中的作用.方法 根据纳入及排除标准,从头面部多层螺旋CT(MSCT)扫描的连续病例中采用随机数字表法抽取260例(520侧)进行回顾性研究,图像数据行多层面重组(MPR)及仿真内镜重组(VR),观察眶下筛房的显示率、起源、分型等情况;分析眶下筛房的存在与鼻窦黏膜增厚的关系;测量上颌窦口区眶下筛房的最大横径、上颌窦口横径,观察眶下筛房炎性征象及上颌窦1:I黏膜碰触情况,应用X2检验和Logistic回归方法与鼻窦黏膜增厚进行相关性研究.结果 (1)260例眶下筛房的显示率:单侧26.1%(68例),双侧对称31.2%(81例),单双侧显示率差异无统计学意义(x2=1.59,P>0.05).左右分侧观察,两侧显示眶下筛房合计230侧,左侧占52.2%(120侧),右侧占47.8%(110侧),左、右侧显示率差异无统计学意义(x2=0.78,P>0.05).(2)眶下筛房的起源:单纯起源于前组筛房124侧(53.9%),单纯起源于后组筛房62侧(27.O%),既有起源于前组筛房、又有起源于后组筛房的眶下筛房44侧(19.1%).(3)眶下筛房的分型:共分3型,起源于前组筛房的以I型为主(160侧),Ⅱ、Ⅲ型少见;起源于后组筛房的Ⅱ(48侧)、Ⅲ型(45侧)更为多见,不同起源的眶下筛房分型差异有统计学意义(x2=193.433,P<0.01).(4)眶下筛房与鼻窦黏膜增厚的关系:眶下筛房鼻窦黏膜增厚165侧,无鼻窦黏膜增厚192侧,差异无统计学意义(X2=1.824,P>0.05).鼻窦黏膜增厚时上颌窦13区眶下筛房的最大横径为(4.48±1.28)mm,未增厚时为(4.54±1.18)mm.二者差异无统计学意义(t=0.273,P>0.05);鼻窦黏膜增厚时上颌窦口径线为(2.63±1.64)mill.未增厚时为(2.28±0.75)mm,上颌窦13径线与鼻窦黏膜增厚无明显相关关系(Wald=2.534.P>0.05);眶下筛房炎性征象与鼻窦黏膜增厚有明显相关关系(Wahl=10.817,P<0.Ol,OR:4.125),上颌窦口黏膜碰触与鼻窦黏膜增厚具有明显相关关系(Wald=6.64,P<0.0l,OR=3.728).结论 MSCT三维重组技术可以满意显示眶下筛房的解剖学特征;在影像分析中,不能简单地把眶下筛房的存在作为慢性鼻窦炎患病的危险因素,应根据不同个体的具体情况分析眶下筛房解剖特征及对窦口鼻道复合体的影响,为临床选择不同的处理方法提供依据.     

面神经管及其与周围结构解剖关系的CT研究

目的 探讨16层螺旋CT多平面重组(MPR)技术对面神经管与周围结构解剖关系的显示能力及其CT表现,为诊断面神经病变及相关手术操作提供可靠信息.资料与方法 选取2006年3月至2006年9月来我院行副鼻窦螺旋CT检查且无颞骨病变的患者70例,其中成人50例(100耳),儿童20例(40耳);均行副鼻窦横断面螺旋CT扫描,骨算法重组成像,将原始图像传至后处理工作站,采用MPR图像后处理技术进行重组.在重组出的MPR斜矢状面、斜横断面上观察面神经管的正常形态,在MPR常规横断面、冠状面上对各段面神经管与周围重要结构的距离进行测量,比较不同年龄组间上述测量值有无差异.结果 (1)面神经管乳突段内缘与颈静脉窝外缘最突出点的距离在侧别以及不同年龄组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),右侧距离小于左侧,儿童距离小于成人;性别之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).乳突段后缘距乙状窦前缘距离在成人测量值大于儿童(P＜0.05),侧别及性别之间无明显差异.乳突段前缘距外耳道后壁、圆窗龛后外缘、鼓岬外缘最突出点垂直距离在侧别、性别、不同年龄组间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).鼓室段下缘位于前庭窗下缘水平上方者占33.57%,位于其下方者占19.29%,与该水平平行者占47.14%.鼓室段内缘距前庭窗上缘、下缘的垂直距离在侧别、性别、不同年龄组间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).鼓室段下缘距鼓岬外缘最突出点、圆窗龛后下缘的垂直距离在侧别、性别、不同年龄组间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)人工耳蜗植入术面隐窝径路相关结构关系的研究:鼓岬外缘最突出点距圆窗中点、圆窗龛后外缘、锥隆起顶点、面隐窝后缘、面隐窝前外缘顶点的距离在侧别、性别、不同年龄组间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 多层螺旋CT MPR技术是研究面神经管与周围结构影像解剖的良好方法,可为面神经病变的诊断及避免术中的意外伤害提供可靠信息.     

多层螺旋CT重组技术在髓核溶解术治疗椎间盘突出中的应用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT重组技术在椎间盘突出髓核溶解中的应用价值.资料与方法 对本院36例CT引导下髓核溶解术治疗椎间盘突出患者,行多层螺旋CT扫描,薄层重组后行轴位、多平面重组(MPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)及三维容积再现(VRT)的影像后处理.结果 术前MPR矢状位重组图像清楚地显示了突出地椎间盘类型:铆钉型23例(23/36),水滴型11例(11/36),游离型2例(2/36);轴位CT、MPR、MIP、VRT能清晰显示术后胶原酶在椎间盘及突出物中的分布状态、术中穿刺针的进针角度及深度.结论 多层螺旋CT重组技术能清晰显示术前椎间盘突出形态、术中穿刺针角度、深度及术后胶原酶在椎间盘及突出物中分布情况,不但可提高对椎间盘突出诊断的准确性,而且对临床制定治疗方案、预测手术可行性及评估手术效果,具有很高的实用价值.     

鼻丘气房的多层CT表现及临床意义

目的 研究鼻丘气房的CT多平面重组(MPR)断面的表现. 资料与方法 对100例临床怀疑鼻窦炎患者的鼻丘气房的MPR断面表现进行分析. 结果 200侧中,185侧(92.5%)可见鼻丘气房.146侧(78.9%)鼻丘气房开口于筛漏斗,39侧(21.1%)开口于中鼻道.鼻丘气房上下径为(8.8±2.3) mm,左右径为(4.7±1.2) mm,前后径为(5.6±1.6) mm.88侧额窦炎组的鼻丘气房上下径为(10.3±2.4) mm,112侧非额窦炎组的鼻丘气房上下径为(7.8±1.8) mm,额窦炎组鼻丘气房上下径大于无额窦炎组. 结论 MPR断面可显示鼻丘气房及其周围结构的关系.     

The frontal intersinus septal air cell: a new hypothesis of its origin

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Air cells are often seen within the frontal intersinus septum. These cells have traditionally been thought to arise from displaced ethmoid cells from the frontal recess. This study explores the possibility that such cells may actually be diverticula from the frontal sinuses themselves and not of a direct ethmoid origin.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study of 200 consecutive CT scans in the coronal and axial planes was performed on patients without a history of recent trauma. The images were interpreted independently by a radiologist and an otolaryngologist. The CT studies were evaluated for the presence of a central intersinus septal air cell. If such a cell was identified, it was further classified as either being completely isolated from both frontal sinuses by a bony rim or as a communicating diverticulum from one of the frontal sinuses. If a central cell was present, it was also assessed for how much of the height of the intersinus septum it involved (lower one-half or full height).RESULTS: There was a complete concordance of the results between the 2 observers. An intersinus septal air cell was seen in 61 (30.5%) of the 200 cases, and 85.3% of these cells were clearly seen to communicate anteromedially with either one of the frontal sinuses or both frontal sinuses (3 cases). In 9 (4.5%) of the 200 cases, the central cell had no demonstrable connection to either frontal sinus. Of the 61 cases with a central cell, 55 (90.16%) of the cells occupied the full height of the septum, and 6 (9.84%) only involved the lower half of the septum.CONCLUSION: Contrary to the present convention that frontal intersinus septal cells originate as displaced ethmoid cells from the frontal recess, we found that most such cells are actually diverticula from the frontal sinuses themselves.

The development of the frontal sinus from the anterior ethmoid labyrinth allows for the presence of extramural ethmoid cells both around and within the frontal sinus proper. These cells, which communicate with the frontal recess, include supraorbital, infrafrontal, and intersinus septal cells. Such cells were identified by anatomic dissection studies in the first part of the 20th century and were subsequently detailed by radiographic imaging in living patients.^1–3The belief that there was a common embryogenesis of the frontal sinus and associated cells by evagination and pneumatization from the frontal recess have resulted in a generally accepted unifying hypothesis of their formation. However, our study challenges the concept that the intersinus septal cell is uniformly of an ethmoid derivation. Rather, we suggest that such a cell may most often represent a diverticulum from the frontal sinus itself.     

多层螺旋CT多平面重组诊断创伤性膈肌破裂

目的 探讨MSCT MPR方法诊断创伤性膈肌破裂(traumatic diaphragmatic rupture,TDR)的价值.方法 21例手术证实TDR,15例排除TDR的胸腹部创伤患者术前MSCT图像,由3名高年资医师先后对MSCT横断面和MPR图像行盲法回顾分析,以发现横膈异常升高、膈肌中断缺损及"颈圈征"作为TDR诊断依据.对照手术结果计算MSCT横断面及MPR诊断TDR的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确度;MSCT横断面和MPR对膈肌中断缺损、"颈圈征"的辨认率差异及其诊断TDR的敏感度、特异度差异采用McNemar检验.结果 MSCT横断面诊断TDR的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确度分别为71%(15/21)、80%(12/15)、83%(15/18)、67%(12/18)和75%(27/36);MPR分别为86%(18/21)、93%(14/15)、95%(18/19)、82%(14/17)和89%(32/36).21例TDR中,MSCT显示膈肌中断、缺损横断面12处(9例),采用MPR重组方法除显示上述12处外,还进一步显示8处(6例),共20处(15例),差异无统计学意义(P=0.125).MSCT横断面显示"颈圈征"6例,MPR方法显示14例,二者差异有统计学意义(P=0.021).MSCT横断面上观察膈肌中断缺损诊断TDR的敏感度、特异度分别为43%(9/21)和80%(12/15),MPR分别为71%(15/21)和93%(14/15),差异均无统计学意义(P值分别为0.125和0.500).MSCT横断面上观察"颈圈征"诊断TDR的敏感度、特异度分别为29%(6/21)和100%(15/15),MPR分别为67%(14/21)和100%(15/15),敏感度差异有统计学意义(P=0.021),特异度差异无统计学意义(P=1.000).结论 MSCT诊断TDR具有良好的敏感度、特异度和准确度;MPR是横断面诊断TDR的重要补充,有助于提高TDR诊断水平.     

喉部螺旋CT三维成像技术的应用价值

目的：评价喉部螺旋CT多平面重建及仿真内镜技术，结合轴位对喉部病变的诊断意义和临床应用价值。方法：本组31例经手术病理证实的喉部病变采用东芝Asteion螺旋CT检查，扫描参数为准直3mm，螺距1．O，重建间隔3mm，仿真内镜重建间隔1mm，利用工作站进行图像后处理，选择多平面重建、仿真内镜进行观察。结果：螺旋CT轴位片对病变的敏感性为100％，特异性96．8％，轴位所见均与手术吻合，MPR重建及CT仿真内镜，相互补充可显示更多细节，但诊断符合率并无差别。结论：常规CT轴位结合MPR及CT仿真内镜，使喉部病变的细节显示得到了很大提高，病变定位定性的准确对临床制定治疗方案有重要意义和价值。     

多层螺旋CT及其三维重组对中央型肺癌的诊断价值

目的:评价多层螺旋CT(MSCT)及其三维重组对中央型肺癌(CLC)的诊断价值。方法:58例CLC患者,经MSCT平扫,增强动、静脉期扫描,二维多平面及曲面重组(MPR及CPR),三维容积重组(VR)、最大密度投影(MIP)及仿真内窥镜重组(CTVE),同时均经支气管镜及其病理检查,44例经术后病理证实。并将各种重组诊断结果与横断面扫描结果进行统计学对比分析。结果:58例CLC MSCT三维重组、支气管镜及手术分三型:腔内结节型5例,环状狭窄型19例,偏心狭窄截断型34例。MPR及CPR、MIP、CTVE诊断结果与横断面扫描相比,差异无显著性;VR差异则有显著性。结论:MSCT三维重组能准确分型诊断CLC,评价气管、支气管树肿瘤侵犯程度与范围,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

Colonoscopy with computed tomography with volume reconstruction. The results and a comparison with endoscopy and surgery

PURPOSE: Virtual CT colonoscopy is a novel technique whose diagnostic accuracy and clinical yield are currently investigated. Several studies have shown its capabilities in detecting colon and rectal cancers. We report the results of a preliminary experience with the volume rendering technique and compare CT colonoscopy with endoscopy and surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Our series consisted of 25 patients with colon cancer confirmed at endoscopy and/or surgery. All examinations were carried out with a spiral CT scanner Philips Tomoscan AVE1. Intestinal preparation was adequate in all patients, consisting in gas insufflated immediately before acquisition, after the injection of 100 mL iodinated contrast agent. All examination were performed in prone position using axial 5 mm slices with 5 mm table feed (pitch 1) and 2 mm reconstruction index; 120 kV and 200-250 mA were used. Images were transferred to a workstation (Easy Vision, Philips, release 4.2.1.1) for processing. We acquired multiplanar (MPR) and virtual endoscopic images with volume rendering; the selected threshold was -250 to -600 Hounsfield Units. Virtual endoscopic images could be obtained in 23 of 25 cases. The results of the radiological study were compared with endoscopic and surgical findings in 25 and 17 cases, respectively. RESULTS: Endoscopy and surgery detected 46 lesions: 29 were malignant and 17 benign. Axial CT and MPR alone detected 35 lesions (76%), 29 of them malignant and 6 benign. The 11 benign lesions missed by axial CT ranged 6-8 mm in diameter. There were no false positives. CT colonoscopy alone detected 66 lesions, but 22 of them were false positive due to residual stool in the colon (21 cases) and to residual barium in the colon (1 case). Combining CT colonoscopy and axial and MPR images enabled to correct the false positive diagnoses made by CT colonoscopy alone and to decrease the false negative ratio of axial and MPR images. Forty-one of 44 lesions (93%) were detected. Thirty-seven lesions were found in the 17 surgical patients; 34 of them were correctly identified combining CT colonoscopy and axial and MPR findings, while endoscopy detected only 31 lesions. Thus, CT had 92% sensitivity, versus 83% of fiberoptic endoscopy. CONCLUSION: In this preliminary experience volume rendering CT colonoscopy exhibited high sensitivity in detecting colon cancers, but their correct evaluation and characterization can be obtained if axial and MPR studies are combined. Further investigation and technological developments are necessary to define the yield of this new technique.     

螺旋CT三维和多平面重建在髋臼骨折中的应用

目的：探讨螺旋CT三维（3D）和多平面重建（MPR）在髋臼骨折中的临床应用价值。方法：27例髋臼骨折的病人先经营骨盆螺旋CT薄层扫描，并在工作站上作髋臼三维和多平面重建。注重观察髋臼骨折的以及CT表现特征。结果：27例病人共计31个髋臼骨折。除1个T形骨折用三维和多平面重建判断为横行骨折外，其余30个骨折轴位CT、三给和多平面重建均显示。三维和多平面重建能更直观的显示病变的具体情况。结论“螺旋CT三维和多平面重建是轴位CT扫描的有价值的补充手段，在髋臼骨折中有很高的应用价值。