应用矫形外固定器治疗近指间关节屈曲挛缩

目的分析应用矫形外固定器治疗手指近指间关节屈曲挛缩并探讨其疗效。方法 2011年8月至2015年12月,广东医学院附属高明医院手外科对手部外伤导致近指间关节屈曲挛缩28例(36指)应用矫形外固定器手术治疗,术后通过1~2个月调整外固定器牵引矫形使关节囊韧带及皮肤瘢痕延长达到挛缩松解、改善关节活动度。手功能恢复按中华医学会手外科学会发布的手部肌腱修复后评定标准(TAM)评价。结果 28病例(36指)无钉孔感染,伤指关节屈曲挛缩矫正,屈伸功能良好。术后随访6~37个月(平均21个月),TAM评价结果为优16例,良12例。结论采用矫形型外固定器治疗合并皮肤瘢痕挛缩的手指近指间关节屈曲挛缩,关节挛缩矫形效果明显,手指关节活动度增加且稳定,疗效满意。     

膝关节伸直位僵硬的治疗与早期康复

目的:探讨关节镜下应用钬激光和改良股四头肌成型术治疗膝关节伸直位僵硬的优越性及其早期康复的方法和重要性。方法:应用关节镜下钬激光行关节内松解加改良股四头肌成型术治疗膝关节伸直位僵硬23例,常规股四头肌成型术治疗膝关节伸直位僵硬28例,通过1年以上的随诊来对二者的疗效进行比较。结果:2种不同的治疗方法产生明显不同的疗效(P<001)。关节镜下应用钬激光及改良股四头肌成型术治疗膝关节伸直位僵硬术后膝关节功能恢复佳,并发症少,病人痛苦小,早期康复快。结论:应用关节镜下钬激光行关节内松解加改良股四头肌成型术治疗膝关节伸直位僵硬所产生的疗效明显优于常规股四头肌成型组,同时为术后早期功能锻炼提供了可靠的保证。     

4V-Y皮瓣矫正近指间关节屈曲挛缩

目的: 介绍4V-Y皮瓣矫正近指间关节屈曲挛缩的手术方法。方法: 4V-Y皮瓣矫正近指间关节屈曲挛缩的手术方法, 即平指屈皱褶作短的横切口, 切断指浅屈肌腱, 松解掌侧关节囊, 甚至部分侧副韧带, 达到近指间关节伸直的目的。结果: 本组50例(65个手指), 除3个手指术后由于伤口感染功能恢复较差外, 其余均较满意。结论: 用此方法均能达到矫正近指间关节屈曲挛缩的目的。     

游离桡动脉掌浅支皮瓣修复手指近指间关节严重屈曲挛缩畸形

目的:探讨应用游离桡动脉掌浅支皮瓣修复手指近指间关节屈曲挛缩畸形临床疗效。方法:2017年2月-2019年2月,对7例手指近指间关节屈曲挛缩瘢痕患者进行松解,并将近指间关节固定于伸直位,同时采用游离桡动脉掌浅支皮瓣覆盖创面。术后3周拆去内固定开始功能锻炼。结果:术后随访6～19个月,腕部供区外观影响小,皮瓣柔软,手指近指间关节活动依据TAM标准,5例优,2例良。结论:游离桡动脉掌浅支皮瓣修复手指近指间关节屈曲挛缩畸形可获得满意的功能及外形,是一种较好的临床治疗方法。     

肌腱松解加掌背动脉皮瓣治疗伴有皮肤缺损的屈肌腱粘连

目的 探讨肌腱松解加掌背动脉皮瓣治疗伴有皮肤缺损的屈肌腱粘连的临床疗效.方法 2007年3月至2012年3月,对8例伴有皮肤缺损的屈肌腱粘连患者进行肌腱松解术,同时对掌侧皮肤缺损创面行掌背动脉皮瓣覆盖,其中采用第2掌背动脉皮瓣修复5例,第4掌背动脉皮瓣3例;皮瓣切取面积为3.0 cm× 2.5 cm～2.5 cm×2.0 cm.术后将近指间关节用克氏针固定于伸直位1周,术后24h进行远指间关节屈伸锻炼,术后1周拔除克氏针进行近指间关节功能锻炼.结果 8例掌背皮瓣全部存活,随访时间为5～ 13个月,平均6个月.皮瓣饱满而不臃肿,质地柔软,肤色正常,手指屈伸活动明显改善,按手指总的主动活动度(TAM)评价:优6例,良2例.结论 肌腱松解加掌背动脉皮瓣治疗伴有皮肤缺损的屈肌腱粘连,可获得良好的外形及功能.     

先天性手部关节挛缩症的治疗

目的 探讨先天性多发性手部关节挛缩症手术方法的选择.方法 对8例(23指)先天性手部关节挛缩症的患儿,分别采用关节囊掌板松解、指浅屈肌腱止点切断、深浅肌腱交替术、皮片移植术等方法,术中以挛缩的关节能被动伸直为标准,采用克氏针内固定和术后石膏外固定相结合的方法进行治疗.结果 术后23指伤口均I期愈合.随访时间为12～25个月,关节功能及手指外形良好,除1例(4指)出现肌腱轻度粘连外,7例中14指(累及掌指关节1指,近指间关节13指)主、被动活动达到正常.其余手指背伸损害值V伸=5°～10°.结论 手部先天性多发性关节挛缩症根据组织的挛缩程度,通过上述方法可获得良好的治疗效果.     

髋关节结核病灶清除术后关节僵硬的特点及治疗

目的探讨髋关节结核病灶清除术后关节僵硬的预防与治疗.方法20例髋关节结核病灶清除术后关节僵硬病人,首先给予全麻下手法松解,未达优良者经髋关节后外侧切口进入行软组织松解手术治疗,术后髋关节均屈曲位固定3天,然后进行CPM功能锻炼及主动功能锻炼.结果术后半年20例髋关节屈曲均超过90°,14例可达120°.结论全麻下行髋关节手法松解,或股骨髁上骨牵引加全麻下行髋关节手法松解,对大多数髋关节结核病灶清除术后关节僵硬的改善是十分有效的;少数严重病例,由髋关节后外侧切口进入行软组织松解术亦可取得满意效果.CPM功能锻炼及主动功能锻炼是治疗的重要组成部分.     

改良式限制背伸多功能支具治疗近指间关节屈曲型僵硬

目的观察改良式限制背伸多功能支具治疗近指间(proximal interphalangeal,PIP)关节屈曲型僵硬的效果。方法对33例(95指)近指间关节屈曲型僵硬背伸功能受限患者予改良式限制背伸多功能支具治疗。随访其中、远期功能恢复情况,记录关节活动度。采用手指关节总活动度(TAM)评分对近指间关节功能进行评价,采用VAS评分对主观满意度进行评价。结果 1例(2指)失访;32例(93指)随访6~24个月,平均12个月。按照TAM系统评定:中期优18例,良9例,可5例。VAS主观满意度平均9.5分。远期优26例,良5例,可1例。VAS主观满意度平均9.9分。无其他并发症。结论改良式限制背伸多功能支具治疗近指间关节屈曲型僵硬背伸功能受限,可获得满意疗效,方法简单,并发症少。     

股骨远端骨折术后伸直性膝关节僵硬的治疗及影响因素分析

目的探讨股骨远端骨折术后伸直性膝关节僵硬的手术疗效,并分析其影响因素。方法对自2006年5月~2011年12月采用关节镜联合小切口粘连松解术治疗的17例股骨远端骨折术后伸直性膝关节僵硬进行回顾性研究,采用Judet疗效评定标准评价膝关节功能,并对股骨远端骨折术后发生膝关节僵硬的诸多因素及影响粘连松解术后疗效的相关因素进行分析。结果本组获随访6～73个月,平均31个月。末次随访时膝关节功能根据Judet疗效评定标准:优9例,良7例,可1例。术中及末次随访时膝关节活动度与术前膝关节活动度比较明显改善(P<0.05),粘连松解术的疗效与术前膝关节的活动度、松解术的手术时期、术中松解程度有关。结论应用关节镜联合小切口粘连松解术,辅以早期功能锻炼是治疗股骨远端骨折术后伸直性膝关节僵硬较有效的方法,其手术创伤小、术后功能康复良好、并发症少。     

膝关节伸直位僵硬的人工关节置换治疗

目的 探讨膝关节伸直位僵硬的人工关节置换的手术方法及近期临床疗效.方法 对9例膝关节伸直位僵硬患者(12膝)行人工关节置换术,术中采用二次截骨加软组织松解的方法,分别记录手术前后膝关节HSS评分及关节活动度,并进行统计分析.结果 经过 12～56(36.2±9.61)个月的随访,膝关节HSS评分由术前13～45(28.6±7.12)分提高到术后56～89(65.45±6.25)分(P<0.01).关节活动度由术前0°提高到术后70°～110°(85.5°±10.18°)(P<0.01).结论 膝关节伸直位僵硬可以进行人工膝关节置换,手术效果满意.掌握熟练的手术技巧及正确术后康复至关重要.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.