湖北省土家族妇女孕产期保健服务需要和利用情况分析

资料与方法 :采用分层多阶段 (县、乡、村三级 )整群随机抽样方法 ,在恩施土家族苗族自治州抽取若干村 ,用统一调查表入户调查 ,调查对象为被调查家庭的育龄妇女。该调查有严格的质控措施。现场调查时间为 1994年 8月。所有数据输入ＶｉｓｕａｌＦｏｘｐｒｏ 6 0数据库 ,用ＳＡＳ软件进行分析。结果 :(1)孕产期保健服务需要和利用情况 :调查育龄妇女 5 70 2人 ,其平均受教育水平为 2 30。 1993年 8月至1994年 7月育龄妇女的普通生育率为 88 92‰ ,以 1990年全国人口构成标化 ,标化生育率为 79 0 0‰ ,高于 1993年湖北省平均水平 (70 39‰…     

湖北省土家族妇女婚姻生育状况

目的：了解湖北省土家族妇女的婚姻、生育状况，方法：采用分层整群随机抽样方法抽取样本入户调查。结果：共调查15a以上妇女7101人，其中育龄（15－49）a妇女5702人。1994年在婚比例为76．84％，离婚比例为0．20％。25－29a妇女已婚比例为95．59％，20a以下妇女已婚比例为3．49％。1993．8－1994．7妇女的普通生育率和总和生育率分别为88．39‰和2．22。20a以下年龄组累计生育率占总和生育率的3．09％，活产婴儿中，一孩所占比例为53．68％，二孩及多孩比例分别为41．35％和4．97％。结婚1－3年生育率均达200．00‰以上，而结婚当年和第二年生育率高达421．51‰和380．00‰。化程度和家庭经济状况不同的妇女生育水平不同。结论：加强晚婚晚育，提高经济，教育水平以促进计划生育。     

安徽省1993～2002年道路伤害流行趋势及影响因素分析

目的　探讨我省道路伤害的特征、流行趋势及其影响因素 ,为控制道路伤害提供依据。方法　分析公安部交通管理局和安徽省统计年鉴有关数据库资料 ,评价近 10年来安徽省城市机动化程度、交通安全水平和人身安全水平。结果　 2 0 0 2年安徽省道路伤害发生数比 1993年增加 4 .72倍 (2 8114 / 4 972 ) ,死亡人数增加 1.17倍 (4 5 5 7/ 2 0 99)。机动化程度 1993年为 6 .6 8‰ ,2 0 0 2年为 4 4 .4 9‰。结论　 10年来 ,安徽省道路伤害死亡率呈逐年上升趋势。道路伤害主要受机动化程度和交通环境的共同影响。     

注重科学研究和新技术推广,努力提高出生人口素质——访上海市计划生育委员会常务副主任周剑萍

<正> 上海是一个现代化国际大都市,现有人口1300万,其中0～14岁儿童242万,7岁以下儿童58万;育龄妇女324万,已婚育龄妇女270万。自1993年起,上海户籍人口自然变动开始进入负增长,至1997年人口出生率、死亡率、自然增长率分别为4.97‰、7.33‰、-2.41‰,妇女总和生育率为0.91,     

1990年河南省疾病监测地区婴儿出生监测流行病学分析

1990年我们对郑州、信阳、辉县、扶沟、唐河、睢县和原阳7个市、县疾病监测点的婴儿出生情况进行了监测。现将监测结果报告如下。出生率与生育率:7个监测点总人口为1025375人,报告婴儿出生数为20246人,总报告出生率为19.74‰,育龄妇女生育率为87.03‰,当年婴儿出生漏报率为11.22%,校正出生率为21.98‰,城市出生率为11.45‰,农村为21.74‰,农村高于城市,差异非常显著(U=3.32,P<0.01)。育龄妇女生育率城市为     

已婚妇女生殖道感染状况调查

目的 :了解攀枝花地区已婚妇女生殖道感染性疾病发病情况及影响因素。方法 :采取分层整群随机抽样方法 ,对攀枝花地区 2 6 73例已婚妇女进行了问卷调查、妇科检查及实验室检查 ,并使用 Spss10 .0 for Windows软件进行数据处理。结果 :生殖道感染的患病率城市组为 4 6 .2 %、农村汉族组为 5 5 .2 %、农村民族组为 6 2 .7% ,各组差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 1) ,且各组均以慢性宫颈炎为主要疾病 ,患病率分别为 37.3%、 4 8.8%、 4 7.6 % ,以宫颈糜烂最多见 ,农村组明显高于城市组(P<0 .0 1)。生殖道感染性疾病的发生与年龄、文化程度、职业、家庭经济收入、医疗保障形式等因素相关。结论 :生殖道感染是已婚妇女最常见的妇科疾病 ,定期开展妇科常见病的普杳普治 ,加强健康教育 ,增强妇女保健意识 ,重视农村妇女保健 ,改善农村就医环境是提高妇女生殖健康水平的关键。     

江苏省已婚育龄妇女的人工流产分布模式及其影响因素

目的 :了解江苏省已婚育龄妇女的人工流产的实际发生率 ,及其分布模式和影响因素 ,为采取相应的干预措施提供依据。方法 :应用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法 ,在全省范围内抽取2 6个调查点 ,调查了符合条件的对象 112 6 9人。由经省培训的调查员 ,采用统一信息表逐户登门询问调查。结果 :我省已婚育龄妇女中进行过人工流产者占总数的 2 7 0 7% ;1999年人工流产率为12 1‰。导致我省已婚育龄妇女人工流产的原因主要是避孕失败和非意愿妊娠 ,占 86 86 %。单因素分析表明 :人工流产组初婚年龄及初产年龄均明显低于非人工流产组 ;年龄越大发生过人工流产的可能性越大 ;男孩数少的妇女更有可能发生过人工流产 ;不同职业人流率存在显著差异 ,其中以工人和农牧渔民最高 (χ2 =92 2 8,P <0 0 1)。多因素非条件logistic回归分析提示年龄、农民、工人、文化程度为人工流产的危险因素 (其OR值分别为 1 0 4 6 ,1 5 36 ,1 5 5 4和 1 133) ,而初产年龄和男孩数为保护因素 (其OR值分别为 0 94 6和 0 5 95 )。结论 :本省已婚育龄妇女的总人工流产率和年人工流产率均低于全国平均水平 ,但高于香港和欧美发达国家 ,说明本省的人工流产现象仍较常见 ,应该采取有效措施 ,降低人工流产率 ,切实保护妇女生殖健康。     

恩施土家族妇女婚姻基础对家庭生活满意度的影响

目的:了解恩施地区土家族已婚育龄妇女婚姻基础对其婚后家庭生活满意度的影响。方法:在湖北省恩施州进行多阶段分层随机整群抽样,采用自行设计的自填式问卷对8096名18~49岁已婚育龄妇女进行调查,对其中4321名初婚土家族妇女数据进行分析。结果:4321名调查对象中,64.8%的妇女报告结婚前与丈夫同乡(城区)或同县,15.8%报告同村或同街道;59.0%的妇女报告恋爱前与丈夫相互认识;40%的妇女与丈夫自己表白恋爱结婚;妇女初婚年龄多在20~22岁(52.8%),其次在23~25岁(33.1%)。报告对婚后家庭生活"非常满意"、"满意"、"一般"和"不满意"的妇女分别占31.5%、51.5%、16.1%和0.8%。丈夫年龄越小,文化水平越高,妇女的婚后家庭生活满意度越高;自己表白恋爱而结婚、婚前与丈夫居住在同村或同街道的妇女婚后家庭生活满意度高。结论:恩施地区土家族妇女家庭生活满意度较高,丈夫年龄、文化程度,夫妻恋爱方式和婚前熟悉程度为主要影响因素。     

南京市妇幼保健院门诊育龄妇女二孩生育意愿及影响因素的调查分析

目的调查"全面二孩"政策下育龄妇女的生育意愿,分析其影响因素,为相关政策的制定与完善提供参考。方法采用自行设计的调查问卷对在南京市妇幼保健院产科门诊就诊的460名育龄妇女进行调查。结果 55. 5%的育龄妇女希望能生育2个孩子,48. 4%的育龄妇女赞成"二孩"政策。多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明:育龄妇女的年龄(P=0. 000,OR=1. 529)、婚龄(P=0. 002,OR=1. 417)、婚育状况(P=0. 000,OR=4. 319)和家庭年收入(P=0. 005,OR=1. 370)是影响其生育意愿的主要因素。结论育龄妇女的生育意愿并不强烈,建议建立由政府部门、社会组织和家庭共同承担生育负担的一体化责任体系,全方位切实提高育龄妇女的生育意愿。     

贫困农村育龄妇女生殖健康/计划生育状况调查研究

目的 :了解农村育龄妇女避孕节育的知识、行为和态度 ,以及计划生育优质服务现况 ,为提高妇女生殖健康状况提供依据。方法 :采用多阶段抽样方法 ,对湖北省英山县 6 5 4名农村育龄妇女进行面对面问卷调查。结果 :调查对象避孕知识平均得分 2 8.9分 (百分制 ) ,妇女的文化、职业、所受的计划生育服务为其影响因素 ;避孕方法中多使用常见的宫内节育器 (48.5 8% )及女性结扎 (36 .14 % )、男性结扎 (11.6 0 % ) ,其余的则使用率均不足 6 % ;平均妊娠 2 .6 6次 ,有人流史者占 4 8.6 2 % ;仅有 2 0 .0 3%的被调查对象能接受到医生关于避孕方法的讨论 ,6 2 .6 9%的妇女能定期接受到生殖健康 /计划生育检查 ,5 9.94 %的妇女能定期接受生殖道疾病普查 ,避孕节育服务满意率为 4 6 .6 4 %。结论 :贫困地区农村妇女避孕节育知识严重缺乏 ,同时计划生育优质服务可获得性存在不足 ,直接影响其避孕节育知情选择。因此应改善避孕节育的宣传途径、扩大其宣传效力 ,提高农村妇女的社会地位 ,强化计划生育机构优质服务 ,以增进农村育龄妇女的生殖健康。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.