液基细胞学检查配合阴道镜对宫颈病变筛查的体会

目的评价液基细胞学检查（TCT）配合阴道镜检查对宫颈病变的诊断价值。方法于2004年1，6月在我院门诊行TCT配合阴道镜检查对子宫颈病变进行筛查。结果采用TCT配合阴道镜下镜检能及早发现癌前病变。结论细胞学检查联合阴道镜对早期宫颈病变起到筛查作用。     

宫颈细胞学涂片配合阴道镜检查对子宫颈病变筛查结果分析

目的　评价宫颈细胞学涂片配合阴道镜检查对子宫颈病变的诊断价值。方法　 2 0 0 0年 4月至 2 0 0 3年 7月间广东省惠州市中心医院对妇科门诊行宫颈细胞学涂片配合阴道镜检查对子宫颈病变进行筛查 ,以组织学诊断为金标准 ,对结果进行分析。结果　宫颈涂片检查 2 0 2 3例 ,异常涂片 2 30例 (11 37% ) ,行阴道镜检查 2 39例 ,2 0 6例行阴道镜下活检。病理结果显示 :子宫颈鳞癌 8例 (0 39% ) ;宫颈上皮内瘤样病变 (CIN) 73例 ,其中CINⅠ 33例 (1 6 3% ) ,CINⅡ 2 1例 (1 0 3% ) ,CINⅢ 19例 (0 93% ) ;HPV感染 13例 (0 6 4 % ) ;急慢性宫颈炎 112例 (5 5 3% )。宫颈涂片细胞学检查诊断CIN符合率为 75 5 5 % ,阴道镜检查对CIN的诊断符合率为 90 4 1% ,两者比较差异具有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。阴道镜诊断CIN的敏感性为 90 4 1% ,特异性为 84 0 0 %。结论　采用宫颈细胞学检查配合阴道镜下病理检查能及早发现癌前病变     

阴道镜在宫颈癌前病变筛查中的作用

阴道镜的诞生，为临床医生拓宽了视野，提供了一种寻找宫颈病变、早期发现宫颈癌的重要辅助诊断手段。阴道镜是介于肉眼和低倍显微镜之间的放大内窥镜，利用强大的光源照明，直接放大检查宫颈与下生殖道病变，以便定位活检。因此，阴道镜检查最主要的适应证就是筛查宫颈癌，而宫颈细胞学结果异常是阴道镜检查最常见的指征。     

宫颈癌高危人群采取阴道镜检查后配合宫颈细胞学检查对宫颈癌的筛查价值

目的 探究宫颈癌高危人群采取阴道镜检查后配合宫颈细胞学检查在宫颈癌筛查中的价值。方法 选取30例妇科检查的宫颈癌高危者,以病理诊断结果为金标准,分别行阴道镜检查、宫颈细胞学检查,比较阴道镜检查、阴道镜检查+宫颈细胞学检查诊断宫颈癌的结果。结果 与病理诊断结果相比,阴道镜检查诊断符合率为76.67%,敏感度为80.00%,特异度为60.00%。与病理诊断结果相比,阴道镜检查+宫颈细胞学检查诊断符合率为90.00%,敏感度为92.00%,特异度为80.00%。结论 在宫颈癌高危人群宫颈癌筛查中,阴道镜检查+宫颈细胞学检查诊断效果理想,准确率、敏感度及特异度较高,值得临床推广。     

宫颈癌筛查系统及液基细胞学检测在宫颈病变筛查中的对比研究

目的:探讨宫颈癌筛查系统(TruScreen)与液基细胞学检测(liquid-based cytologytest,LCT)在宫颈病变诊断中的临床意义。方法:对487例患者行TruScreen、LCT检查,以阴道镜下病理学检查为金标准。比较两种方法的敏感度、特异度及假阴性率。结果:TruScreen、LCT阳性结果分别为229例和42例,病理学检查阳性结果为30例。Tru-Screen、LCT及TruScreen联合LCT检测的敏感度分别为73.3%、46.7%和90%,特异度分别为54.7%、93.9%和50.5%,假阴性率分别为26.7%、53.3%和10%。TruScreen及Tr-uScreen联合LCT检查敏感度高于LCT,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),TruScreen与Tru-Screen联合LCT检查的敏感度无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:本研究中,TruScreen的效果评价高于LCT。在我国,TruScreen作为一种新的宫颈病变筛查技术可能会达到较好的筛查效果。     

宫颈病变合并妊娠

尽管宫颈癌合并妊娠的发生率较低，文献报道约0．016％～0．106％，但仍是妊娠期最常见的癌症，而且是唯一一个能在妊娠期通过常规筛查诊断的癌症。妊娠合并浸润前期癌的发生率高达0．13％。近年来宫颈癌发病年龄年轻化以及普遍、规范的行宫颈防癌筛查，宫颈涂片细胞学异常的孕妇逐渐增加，约0．93％～5％，发生率与非孕期妇女相似，其中约86％为低度鳞状上皮内病变(low     

阴道镜下异常图像对宫颈病变筛查意义

阴道镜是早期筛查宫颈癌和癌前病变的辅助工具,文章重点介绍各种阴道镜下异常图像在宫颈筛查中的意义,这些异常图像的危险度排序为：醋酸白色上皮、点状血管、袖口状腺体开口、镶嵌、碘试验不着色、内部边界、脊样征和异形血管,应按其危险度加以相应处理。     

阴道镜诊断宫颈病变的评价

目的评价阴道镜对宫颈病变的诊断价值。方法对我院92例阴道镜检查宫颈病变患者行宫颈刮片及阴道镜检查，并将宫颈刮片、阴道镜检查和病理学检查结果进行比较，探讨三者在宫颈病变中的诊断意义。全组均做细胞学涂片和阴道镜检查，电子阴道镜采用深圳金科威公司推出的阴道镜数字成像系统，阴道镜下可疑部位取活检，最后送病理检查。结果电子阴道镜检查的灵敏度为96．7％，特异度为48．4％，阳性预测值为47．5％，阴性预测值为3．0％。结论阴道镜检查可弥补宫颈刮片的不足而避免漏诊，在异常部位取活检可提高诊断准确率，阴道镜检查亦存在灵敏度高而特异性低的特点，尤其对初学者易出现，应注意鉴别，积累经验，提高诊断准确率。     

电子阴道镜在宫颈病变筛查中的运用

目的:运用电子阴道镜观察在宫颈病变筛查的效果。方法:分三组:一组为液基细胞学检查二组为传统巴氏涂片检查三组为电子阴道镜检查。观察三个组在筛查中参与的人数及结果。结果:电子阴道镜的检查人数远远超过前两者且检查结论相差无几。结论:电子阴道镜在宫颈病变筛查中效果显著,值得推广。     

宫颈癌前病变的筛查及异常结果处理

子宫颈癌是女性第二大恶性肿瘤,仅次于乳腺癌。严重威胁着妇女的健康。我国每年子宫颈癌新发病例约14万左右,有明显上升和年轻化的趋势。每年以2%～3%的速度增长。由于宫颈癌存在着一个较长的、可逆转的癌前病变期,从宫颈癌前病变(CIN)发展到宫颈浸润癌约需要10～15年的时间。通过筛查,宫颈癌是目前唯一可以早发现并能治愈的妇科癌症。因此早期筛查发现宫颈癌前病变是防治宫颈癌的关键环节。     

宫颈高度病变临床特点——附132例临床分析

目的总结宫颈高度病变（CIN2、3）的临床特点，探讨对其筛查诊断的最佳方案。方法对北京大学人民医院门诊2007年2月至10月间132例经病理诊断为宫颈高度病变（CIN2、3）患者的临床特点、细胞学、HR—HVV检测及阴道镜检查结果进行分析与总结。结果132例中有103（78．0％）存在不同程度的临床症状。接触性出血65例（49．2％），阴部瘙痒56例（42．4％），白带量多伴异味者103例（78．0％），同时存在两种以上症状98例（74．2％）；宫颈呈中重度“糜烂”者占87例（65．9％）。细胞学报告异常者，即不典型鳞状上皮（ASCUS）以上者127例（96．2％），高危型人乳头瘤病毒（HR—HPV）检查（HC2）阳性118例（89．4％），阴道镜检查满意并拟诊为高度病变（HSIL）99例（75．0％）。结论筛查和诊断宫颈高度病变（CIN2、3）时，需要将多种检查方法相结合进行综合分析，尽量避免漏诊的发生。     

阴道镜和宫颈液基细胞学检查在诊断宫颈早期病变中的比较

目的 评价阴道镜检查和宫颈液基细胞学检查对宫颈早期病变的诊断价值。方法 对379例经阴道镜检查并经病理学确诊病例进行回顾性分析．将阴道镜检查结果、宫颈刮片、组织病理学检查结果进行对比研究。结果 379例检出宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）35例，宫颈鳞癌11例；阴道镜检出了95．25％宫颈病变．宫颈涂片检出了89．18％宫颈病变，细胞学与阴道镜下活检联合应用无漏诊。结论 阴道镜对宫颈疾病诊断尤其在宫颈癌前病变和早期宫颈癌的诊断中有着非常高的应用价值。     

醋白肉眼观察试验在宫颈病变筛查中的价值

目的以宫颈细胞学、阴道镜检查及活检的诊断结果为标准，评价宫颈醋白肉眼观察试验（vision inspection with acetic acid，VIA）在宫颈病变筛查中的价值。方法2006年6月～7月对北京市展览路社区的790位20～54岁有性生活妇女进行宫颈病变筛查。采取每名妇女的宫颈脱落细胞，留做薄层液基细胞学（LCT）检测，然后应用5％醋酸涂抹法，进行宫颈醋白肉眼观察试验（VIA），VIA阳性者行阴道镜检查及活检病理检查；VIA阴性者若宫颈细胞学检测结果异常，再行阴道镜检查及活检病理检查。结果最终有783人纳入试验诊断效果评价分析，总共取了71例活检，病理组织学检查结果显示，宫颈早期浸润癌1例，CINⅢ4例，CINⅡ3例，CINⅠ12例。VIA方法筛查CINⅡ及以上宫颈病变和宫颈癌的灵敏度为62．5％，特异度为95．9％，阳性预测值为13．5％，阴性预测值为99．6％。结论醋白肉眼观察试验筛查宫颈病变的效率接近传统巴氏涂片，但因其方便快捷、价格低廉，在经济不发达地区或低收入人群中有一定应用价值，但是需要注意漏诊和过度治疗问题。     

细胞学、HPV高危型检测在宫颈病变筛查中的应用

目的 评价细胞学、HPV高危型检测对宫颈病变的筛查效力。方法对门诊1436例细胞学异常（TBS系统诊断≥ASC-US）的患者，同时应用HC-Ⅱ（Hybrid Capture Ⅱ）方法检测高危型HPV（HR-HPV，对其中841例进行阴道镜检查并取活检，以病理学为标准，比较两种方法在宫颈病变筛查中的意义。结果细胞学异常1436例中，HR-HPV阳性率分别为ASC28．6％（269／939），LSIL 74．0％（288／389）、HSIL 88．0％（95／105）。行阴道镜检查的841例中，病理学诊断NILM、CIN Ⅰ／HPV、CIN Ⅱ／Ⅲ分别为236、540、65例，其HR-HPV阳性率分别为9．7％（23／236），60％（324／540），96．9％（63／65）。410例HR-HPV阳性病例中，病理学≥CINI，HPV占94．4％（387／410），其中CIN Ⅰ／HPV 83.7％（324／387），CIN Ⅱ／Ⅲ 16、3％（63／387）；431例HR～HPV阴性病例中，病理学≥CIN Ⅰ/HPV占50．6％（218／431），其中CIN Ⅰ／HPV占99．1％（216／218），CIN Ⅱ/Ⅲ（0．09％）。对宫颈低度以上病变，细胞学（≥LSIL）、HR-HPV、HR-HPV＋细胞学（≥LSIL）三种方法的敏感性分别为0．498，0．640，0．726；特异性分别为0．987，0．903，0．890；不同检查方法有显著统计学差异（P〈0．001）。对宫颈高度病变，细胞学（≥LSIL）、HR-HPV、HR-HPV＋细胞学（≥LSIL）的敏感性分别为0．938、0．969、1．000，不同方法无显著统计学差异（P〉0．05）；特异性分别为0．687，0．552，0．485，不同方法间有显著统计学差异（P〈0．001）。结论细胞学、HPV高危型检测是有效的宫颈癌筛查方法，二者结合应用将更有利于科学的管理宫颈病变。     

Screening history in women with cervical cancer in a Danish population-based screening program

Objective.

The aim of this study was to explore the screening histories of all cervical cancers in a Danish screening population. The intention was to decide suboptimal sides of the screening program and to evaluate the significance of routine screening in the development of cervical cancer.

Methods.

The study describes the results of a quality control audit, performed on all new cervical cancer cases diagnosed in the years 2008-2009 at two major Danish screening-centers. All relevant cytological and histological cervical samples were reviewed.

Results.

202.534 cytological samples were evaluated in the study period, while 112 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer. The histological diagnoses comprised: 62 (55.4%) squamous cell carcinomas, 20 (17.9%) microinvasive squamous cell carcinomas, 25 (22.3%) adenocarcinomas and 5 cancers of different histology. The mean age of study subjects was 46.6 years. 51 (45.5%) women had deficient screening histories, while 45 (40.2%) women had followed the screening recommendations and had normal cervical samples in review. 11 (9.8%) women were diagnosed with false negative cytology, 2 women had false negative histological tests, while pathological review was not feasible for 3 subjects.

Conclusions.

More than 45% of the cervical cancer cases in our study were due to deficient cervical screening, stressing the importance of increasing the screening-uptake and coverage. 40% interval cancers emphasize the relevance of further cervical testing of women with relevant symptoms, despite of prior normal cervical samples. Finally, 9.8% false negative cytological samples are consistent with previous reports, but still a part of the screening program that should be improved.     

2006 consensus guidelines for the management of women with abnormal cervical cancer screening tests

A group of 146 experts representing 29 organizations and professional societies met September 18-19, 2006, in Bethesda, MD, to develop revised evidence-based, consensus guidelines for managing women with abnormal cervical cancer screening tests. Recommendations for managing atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) are essentially unchanged. Changes were made for managing these conditions in adolescents for whom cytological follow-up for 2 years was approved. Recommendations for managing high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and atypical glandular cells (AGC) also underwent only minor modifications. More emphasis is placed on immediate screen-and-treat approaches for HSIL. Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is incorporated into the management of AGC after their initial evaluation with colposcopy and endometrial sampling. The 2004 Interim Guidance for HPV testing as an adjunct to cervical cytology for screening in women 30 years of age and older was formally adopted with only very minor modifications.     

Genital human papillomavirus screening by gene chip in Chinese women of Guangdong province

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are associated with cervical cancer. There were only a few reports and detailed data about epidemiological research of HPV infection in general population of China. AIMS: To determine the prevalence of genital HPV infection in Chinese women of Guangdong province. METHODS: A total of 1705 women were screened by gene chip. All HPV-positive women were further examined by ThinPrep liquid-based cytology test (TCT), and the cervical biopsies of those women with positive HPV-DNA and abnormal TCT were collected for pathological diagnosis. RESULTS: The overall HPV prevalence was 9.03% (154 of 1705), and 72.3% (126 of 154) of total positive samples were high-risk types, with higher prevalence of types 52, 58, 16, 18 and CP8304. For women aged 51 years or older, the overall high-risk HPV prevalence was 12.2% (24 of 179), which was obviously higher than those of other age groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that the HPV prevalence in Guangdong is very similar to the world level. Unlike most previous studies, our findings suggest that HPV prevalence increased with age, and that the predominant genotypes in this area were HPV 52 and 58.     

Can we substitute brush cytology for biopsy in the evaluation of cervical lesions under the guidance of colposcopy?

In cervical cancer screening, colposcopically directed biopsy is the gold standard method for identifying intraepithelial and occult invasive lesions of the uterine cervix. As biopsy needs special expertise and the procedure is not convenient for the patients, we sought to evaluate colposcopically directed brush cytology as a substitute for biopsy of cervical lesions. We studied a series of 150 women who were referred for colposcopic evaluation. Colposcopically directed brush cytology and biopsy were performed for all patients with abnormal colposcopic findings. A total of 40 samples were excluded due to unsatisfactory report of brush cytology. Of the remaining 110 samples, 34 abnormal pathologies were reported in biopsy evaluations, while only 9 abnormal cytologies were reported in brush cytology specimens. Brush cytology sensitivity and specificity were 26% and 97%, respectively. We conclude that colposcopically directed brush cytology is not a safe substitute for biopsy in the evaluation of cervical lesions.     

Biopsy correlates of abnormal cervical cytology classified using the Bethesda system

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine the colposcopic findings underlying cytologic abnormalities classified according to the Bethesda system. METHODS: Women undergoing colposcopy for abnormal cytology at an urban teaching hospital between July 1, 1996 and December 31, 1999 had Papanicolaou smears repeated. Results were compared both with biopsy histology and with the worst histology reported after 8-26 months of follow-up. kappa statistics and Spearman's rho were calculated to determine the degree of agreement. RESULTS: Colposcopy was performed for 2263 (94%) women. Referral and repeat Pap smears were reported identically in 493 (25%) of the 1962 women with results for both. No AGUS (atypical glandular cells of uncertain significance) smears were confirmed on repeat smear, and after excluding AGUS, agreement within one grade was found in 1305 of 1854 (70%). Among the 1842 women with squamous cytologic abnormalities, biopsy revealed a lesion more severe than that suggested by referral cytology in 577 (31%) and a less severe lesion in 648 (35%); exact correspondence was found in only 646 (35%). Of 317 women with ASCUS (atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance) on referral Pap smear, a negative repeat smear, and a specific biopsy result, 95 (30%) had true negative histology, while 148 (47%) had condyloma, 56 (18%) had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1, 8 (3%) had CIN 2, 10 (3%) had CIN 3, and none had cancer. Comparison of repeat smear and colposcopic biopsy yielded a kappa statistic of 0.16. CONCLUSIONS: Cytology classified according to the Bethesda system does not accurately predict histologic diagnosis.