黄花蒿多倍体诱导及青蒿素含量测定

目的:通过黄花蒿多倍体诱导研究,探讨解决黄花蒿资源紧张及产量较低问题。方法:以秋水仙素诱导产生黄花蒿多倍体,并对黄花蒿多倍体进行鉴定,通过HPLC对青蒿素含量进行测定。结果:以0.05%的秋水仙素处理叶芽时,其诱导率为24%,死亡率为6.7%。30 d后,二倍体黄花蒿气孔长为(23.3±4.66)μm,多倍体黄花蒿气孔长为(40.4±4.66)μm。多倍体中的叶绿体含量比二倍体叶绿体高31.6%。30 d后,多倍体的生物生长量为二倍体生物生长量的1.25倍。在显微镜观察中,多倍体中的染色体数目为2n=4X=36,观察到的多倍体染色体数率为91%。通过HPLC检测表明:二倍体黄花蒿中青蒿素含量为2.10‰,多倍体黄花蒿中青蒿素含量为2.17‰。结论:诱导的多倍体与二倍体中青蒿素含量没有显著差异,但同一生长期内诱导的多倍体生物量比二倍体高出20%。     

黄花蒿种质资源的RAPD分析

目的研究青蒿素高产的黄花蒿植株的遗传多样性特征。方法结合青蒿素量的测定,应用RAPD技术对10个产地黄花蒿进行遗传多样性分析。结果发现RAPD多态位点为53.6%,证明在黄花蒿野生群体中存在较丰富的遗传多样性。UPGMA分析表明:在黄花蒿中可能至少存在具有遗传分化的4个分支,黄花蒿遗传分化与青蒿素量的变化及地理分布有一定的相关性。结论黄花蒿具有明显的遗传分化,这些遗传分化是黄花蒿种质资源筛选的关键,是青蒿素“高量育种”和生物技术开发的基础。     

黄花蒿优质种质资源的研究

黄花蒿资源品质（青蒿素含量）具有显著的生态地域性，可能是黄花蒿的不同生态型之间的生理生化特性上的差异的表现。作者从植物生态学的角度，对华中地区中亚热带常绿阔叶林北部亚地区山峡武陵山地所属的川东南、鄂西、湘西及黔东北各地进行了黄花蒿的生态环境调查及青蒿素含量测定。结果表明实验区域内黄花蒿的青蒿素含量普遍较高，平均在4．847‰～8．853‰之间，最高可达10．221‰，说明该区域的生态环境对黄花蒿中青蒿素成分的生物合成与转化有利。     

青蒿素含量测定方法改进及黄花蒿植物质量评价

目的 建立一种快捷准确的测定黄花蒿中青蒿素含量的方法,用以指导青蒿素生产原料的收购及青蒿素生产过程中质量监控.方法 改进的紫外分光光度法,检测波长292 nm,青蒿素含量计算公式:M(mg/g)=(A样品×V×r×2)/(A标准×3).结果 青蒿素对照品在0.02 ～0.14 mg/ml范围内具有良好的线性关系,r=0.999 8(n=7),平均回收率为99.81%(n=7).重庆市酉阳县等7份不同产地黄花蒿样品中青蒿素含量范围为6.71～10.19 mg/g.测定结果与传统的分析方法无显著差异.结论 采用改进的紫外分光光度法进行青蒿素含量测定简单易行,线性及重复性良好,可以取代传统的分析方法作为青蒿素生产过程中含量测定的新方法.     

高温促进黄花蒿中青蒿素生物合成的机制研究

黄花蒿Artemisia annua又名青蒿,是中国传统中药,其有效成分青蒿素是一种含过氧桥基团结构的倍半萜内酯类化合物,是一种能有效抗疟的药物。很多理化因子例如盐分、水分、光照、植物激素等均能诱导黄花蒿中次生代谢产物青蒿素的合成,温度作为一种重要的生长因素对青蒿素的合成也有极大地影响。该文旨在研究高温诱导对黄花蒿中青蒿素生物合成的影响。将黄花蒿幼苗放置在25,40℃条件下,分别在0,3,12,36 h后取样,利用液相色谱-质谱联用法测定各个样品中的青蒿素含量;提取样品的总RNA,进行转录组测序并且利用实时荧光定量PCR技术定量分析青蒿素合成途径及竞争途经关键酶基因的表达。结果显示40℃处理3,12,36 h后,青蒿素质量分数分别提高20%,42%,68%;FDS,ALDH1,CYP71AV1和ADS的表达量分别上调4. 3,3. 3,2. 5,1. 9倍,SQS和BPS的表达量下调了37%和90%。综上,高温可以通过促进青蒿素合成途径合成酶基因表达量,并且抑制青蒿素竞争途径合成酶基因的表达量从而促进青蒿素的生物合成。     

青蒿道地药材研究综述

青蒿入药有2 000多年的历史,根据现代研究结果推断,1 700多年前的《肘后备急方》中所记治疗疟疾的青蒿应该来源于黄花蒿。基于本草资料从治疗暑热、截疟等方面,青蒿的道地产区应在历史上的荆州(今湖北)及其周边地区;从抗疟成分青蒿素含量高低的角度,青蒿道地产区应在重庆、广西及周边省份。研究表明:黄花蒿在秋季花盛开时采收,抗疟用青蒿素含量较高;黄花蒿放置半年后青蒿素可降解30%左右,一般需放置阴凉干燥处贮藏。野生黄花蒿具有丰富的遗传多样性,在试验田选育出的黄花蒿其青蒿素质量分数最高可达2%。     

中国黄花蒿主产区种质资源评价

目的:评价筛选出优良的黄花蒿种质资源,为我国黄花蒿种质资源数据库和新品种选育提供基础材料。方法:在黄花蒿主产区采集种质资源72份,引种至广西靖西县和广西药用植物园(南宁)种质资源圃,于现蕾期采收叶片和花蕾,采用超声波法提取青蒿素,紫外分光光度法测定其含量。结果:多数不同黄花蒿种质之间的叶片产量和青蒿素质量差异显著。黄花蒿的青蒿素含量受环境的影响较大,同一黄花蒿种质种植于不同地点,其青蒿素含量不同。黄花蒿的遗传变异比较大,引种后第2年的黄花蒿青蒿素含量有下降趋势。结论:原产南方的7份种质表现较好,其青蒿素质量分数均高于0.90%,理论产量在2 250 kg.hm^-2以上。黄花蒿的青蒿素含量与其自身遗传特性及生长环境的差异有较大关系。     

黄花蒿植株不同组织中挥发油及青蒿素的含量比较

目的:比较黄花蒿不同组织中挥发油及青蒿素的含量差异,为该药材资源的充分利用提供实验依据。方法:采用2010年版《中国药典》挥发油测定法甲法提取挥发油。利用HPLC测定黄花蒿叶、花、根、子及茎中青蒿素的含量,流动相磷酸盐缓冲液-甲醇(40∶60),检测波长260 nm,流速0.8 m L·min-1。结果:黄花蒿植株各组织挥发油含量排序为花叶子根茎,青蒿素含量排序为花子叶根茎。青蒿素在1.025×10-3~1.025μg与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=1.0),平均回收率100.34%,RSD 2.3%。结论:挥发油和青蒿素在黄花蒿不同组织中分布差异较大,两者均以花中含量为最高。青蒿素HPLC测定方法的准确度和稳定性较好,方法可靠,适用于黄花蒿的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC法测定青蒿中青蒿素的含量

目的建立青蒿(黄花蒿)干叶中青蒿素的含量测定方法,为甲醇提取青蒿素的工业化生产工艺提供依据。方法采用正交试验设计,优选测定条件,采用Shimadzu Shim-pack VP-ODS C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(55∶45),流速为1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长为210 nm。结果最佳的含量测定条件为加40倍量甲醇,超声提取3次,每次50 min。青蒿素在1～40μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.99998),平均加样回收率为99.8%,RSD为1.0%(n=6)。结论该方法简便、准确,适用于黄花蒿中青蒿素的含量测定。     

256 黄花蒿中青蒿素及其生物合成前体的分离及含量变化

介绍了黄花蒿中新分离的化学成分,分析了不同品种黄花蒿中活性成分及其合成前体的含量,提出可通过生物合成影响结构或选择产地来提高青蒿素的产量.     

泽漆化学成分

目的:研究大戟属植物泽漆的化学成分。方法:采用正相硅胶色谱、葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20、反相制备色谱等手段进行分离纯化,并通过理化性质和光谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果:从石油醚层和乙酸乙酯层中分离得到12个化合物,分别鉴定为大戟苷(Ⅰ)、大戟苷D(Ⅱ)、豆甾醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅲ)、胡萝卜苷(Ⅳ)、柚皮素(Ⅴ)、木犀草素(Ⅵ)、木犀草苷(Ⅶ)、4,2’,4’-三羟基查尔酮(Ⅷ)、山柰酚(Ⅸ)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-半乳糖苷(Ⅹ)、咖啡酸(Ⅺ)和没食子酸乙酯(Ⅻ)。结论:化合物Ⅲ～Ⅶ为首次从该种植物中分离得到。     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

中医药防治幽门螺杆菌相关性胃病的研究进展

查阅近几年国内外文献,对中医药抗幽门螺杆菌的实验研究相关文献进行整理并分析。检索万方医学数据库、中国知网(CNKI)和西文生物医学期刊数据库的38篇文献,将中药抗Heticobacter pylori的体外实验、体内实验的研究进展做一总结,并分析其机制。以往的研究从有效成分的筛选、抑菌浓度实验、抗菌机制研究和中医药对幽门螺杆菌感染动物模型的疗效研究,逐步扩展到细胞分子水平的观察。在今后的实验中还应紧密结合中医理论指导,合理选择中药和复方,规范动物模型制作和辨证分型,并严谨实验设计,才能更好的说明问题,以期为中医药防治幽门螺杆菌相关性胃病的更深入研究及临床应用奠定基础。     

红药根的化学成分研究

采用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20、高效制备液相等方法,对红药根的甲醇提取物进行分离纯化,通过质谱（MS）、波谱数据分析（¹H,¹³C-NMR）进行结构鉴定。从红药根的甲醇提取物中分离7个化合物,分别鉴定为plantainoside A（1）,plantainoside B（2）,calcedarioside C（3）,calcedarioside D（4）,platyphylloside（5）,hirsutanonol（6）和hirsutanonol-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（7）。化合物均5~7为首次从该科物中分离得到。     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

水龙化学成分的研究

目的:研究水龙Ludwigia adscendens的化学成分。方法:利用硅胶色谱法和Sephadex LH-20色谱法进行分离纯化,通过显色反应和波谱分析法鉴定化合物的结构。结果:从水龙中获得了9个化合物,鉴定了其中7个化合物的结构,分别为棕榈酸(hexadecanoic acid,Ⅰ)、β-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol,Ⅱ)、白桦脂酸(bentulinic acid,Ⅲ)、没食子酸(gallic acid,Ⅳ)、熊果酸(ursolic acid,Ⅴ)、槲皮素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnose,Ⅵ)和齐墩果酸(oleanolic acid,Ⅶ)。结论:7个化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Antiangiogenic activity of Tripterygium wilfordii and its terpenoids

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (Celastraceae) has been traditionally used as folk medicine for centuries in China for the treatment of immune-inflammatory diseases.

Aim of the study

This study aimed to assess the antiangiogenic activities which support the therapeutic use of Tripterygium wilfordii and its terpenoids for angiogenesis disease such as cancer.

Materials and methods

The ethanol extract of Tripterygium wilfordii and subsequent fractions were evaluated on an in vivo antiangiogenic zebrafish embryo model.

Results

Three antiangiogenic terpenoids were isolated by bioassay-guided purification, namely, celastrol (4), cangoronine (5) and triptolide (7). Among them, triptolide manifested the most potent antiangiogenic activity against vessel formation by nearly 50% at 1.2 μM. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that triptolide dose- and time-dependently reduced the mRNA expression of angiopoietin (angpt)2 and tie2 in zebrafish, indicating the involvement of angpt2/tie2 signaling pathway in the antiangiogenic action of triptolide.

Conclusions

The discovery of an alternative pathway further confirms the value of ethnopharmacological investigations into traditional botanicals for leads for potential drug development.     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.