Does femoral strain distribution coincide with the occurrence of cervical versus trochanteric hip fractures? An experimental finite element study

The objective of this experimental finite element (FE) study is to test the hypothesis that strain distributions coincide with the occurrence of cervical versus trochanteric hip fractures during loading conditions simulating a sideways fall, and that the cervical versus trochanteric principal strain ratio predicts different fracture patterns. Cadaver femora (female, 83 ± 9 years) were CT scanned and mechanically tested simulating a fall. Thirteen cervical and 13 trochanteric fracture cases were selected for FE analysis. Principal strain distributions were analysed, and strain ratio ε_C/ε_T for strain patterns over the cervical and trochanteric regions was computed. The ratio ε_C/ε_T in the femora with cervical fractures (mean ± SD 1.103 ± 0.127) differed from that in trochanteric fractures (0.925 ± 0.137) (p = 0.001). The significant difference in the strain ratio between fracture types remained after accounting for femoral neck and trochanteric BMD (p = 0.014), showing that it is independent of BMD. Area under the ROC curve was 0.858 in the discrimination of fracture types. The model predicted the experimental fracture type correctly in 22 of 26 cases. The cervical versus trochanteric region principal strain ratio differed significantly between femora with experimental cervical versus trochanteric fractures, and 85% agreement was achieved for the occurrence of hip fracture types using a simple FE model.     

Expression of prostatic acid phosphatase (PSAP) in transurethral resection specimens of the prostate is predictive of histopathologic tumor stage in subsequent radical prostatectomies

Clinical management of incidental prostate cancer (IPC) remains challenging since its clinical course cannot be predicted by conventional histopathology. Aiming to define predictive factors in IPC, we correlated the immunohistochemically detected expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PSAP), alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR, p504s), and androgen receptor in transurethral resection specimens with Gleason scores and histologic staging on the corresponding radicals in a cohort of 54 patients (mean age, 65.9 years; range, 49–80 years). PSAP expression showed a significant correlation with tumor staging (ρ = −0.37; p = 0.02) but not with Gleason scores (ρ = −0.06; p = 0.69). K-statistics revealed a highly significant moderate interobserver agreement concerning the evaluation of PSAP staining (K = 0.47; p < 0.001). In contrast, the other markers assessed failed to correlate with conventional histopathology. Therefore, PSAP might be predictive of tumor stage in IPC and represent a valuable adjunct for clinical decisions in terms of individual therapeutic management.     

The Impact of Voxel Size-Based Inaccuracies on the Mechanical Behavior of Thin Bone Structures

Computed tomography (CT)-based measures of skeletal geometry and material properties have been widely used to develop finite element (FE) models of bony structures. However, in the case of thin bone structures, the ability to develop FE models with accurate geometry derived from clinical CT data presents a challenge due to the thinness of the bone and the limited resolution of the imaging devices. The purpose of this study was to quantify the impact of voxel size on the thickness and intensity values of thin bone structure measurements and to assess the effect of voxel size on strains through FE modeling. Cortical bone thickness and material properties in five thin bone specimens were quantified at voxel sizes ranging from 16.4 to 488 μm. The measurements derived from large voxel size scans showed large increases in cortical thickness (61.9–252.2%) and large decreases in scan intensity (12.9–49.5%). Maximum principal strains from FE models generated using scans at 488 μm were decreased as compared to strains generated at 16.4 μm voxel size (8.6–64.2%). A higher level of significance was found in comparing intensity (p = 0.0001) vs. thickness (p = 0.005) to strain measurements. These findings have implications in developing methods to generate accurate FE models to predict the biomechanical behavior of thin bone structures.     

Measuring Regional Changes in the Diastolic Deformation of the Left Ventricle of SHR Rats Using microPET Technology and Hyperelastic Warping

The objective of this research was to assess applicability of a technique known as hyperelastic warping for the measurement of local strains in the left ventricle (LV) directly from microPET image data sets. The technique uses differences in image intensities between template (reference) and target (loaded) image data sets to generate a body force that deforms a finite element (FE) representation of the template so that it registers with the target images. For validation, the template image was defined as the end-systolic microPET image data set from a Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat. The target image was created by mapping the template image using the deformation results obtained from a FE model of diastolic filling. Regression analysis revealed highly significant correlations between the simulated forward FE solution and image derived warping predictions for fiber stretch (R ² = 0.96), circumferential strain (R ² = 0.96), radial strain (R ² = 0.93), and longitudinal strain (R ² = 0.76) (p < 0.001 for all cases). The technology was applied to microPET image data of two spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and a WKY control. Regional analysis revealed that, the lateral freewall in the SHR subjects showed the greatest deformation compared with the other wall segments. This work indicates that warping can accurately predict the strain distributions during diastole from the analysis of microPET data sets.     

A Comparison of Diameter,Wall Stress,and Rupture Potential Index for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Rupture Risk Prediction

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a balloon-like dilation of the aorta, which is potentially fatal in case of rupture. Computational finite element (FE) analysis is a promising approach to a more accurate and patient-specific rupture risk prediction. AAA wall strength and rupture potential index (RPI) calculation are implemented in our FE software. Static structural FE simulations are performed on n = 30 non-ruptured asymptomatic, n = 9 non-ruptured symptomatic, and n = 14 ruptured AAAs. We calculate maximum values for diameter, wall displacement, strain, stress, and RPI as well as minimum wall strength for every AAA. All investigated quantities, except minimum strength, show statistically significant differences between non-ruptured asymptomatic and symptomatic/ruptured AAAs. Maximum wall stress and especially the RPI are notably increased for symptomatic and ruptured AAAs. The biggest difference is found to be the RPI (Δ = 44.9%, p = 8.0e−5). Lowest RPI obtained for symptomatic or ruptured AAAs is 0.3. The RPI of more than 55% of the investigated asymptomatic AAAs falls below this value. Maximum wall stress and maximum RPI criteria enable a reliable rupture risk evaluation for AAAs. Especially in the diameter range where surgical indication is not obvious, the RPI holds great potential for improvement of clinical decisions.     

Effect of Mouthguards on Head Responses and Mandible Forces in Football Helmet Impacts

The potential for mouthguards to change the risk of concussion was studied in football helmet impacts. The Hybrid III head was modified with an articulating mandible, dentition, and compliant temporomandibular joints (TMJ). It was instrumented for triaxial head acceleration and triaxial force at the TMJs and upper dentition. Mandible force and displacement were validated against cadaver impacts to the chin. In phase 1, one of five mouthguards significantly lowered HIC in 6.7 m/s impacts (p = 0.025) from the no mouthguard condition but not in 9.5 m/s tests. In phase 2, eight mouthguards increased HIC from +1 to +17% in facemask impacts that loaded the chinstraps and mandible; one was statistically higher (p = 0.018). Peak head acceleration was +1 to +15% higher with six mouthguards and 2–3% lower with two others. The differences were not statistically significant. Five of eight mouthguards significantly reduced forces on the upper dentition by 40.8–63.9%. Mouthguards tested in this study with the Hybrid III articulating mandible lowered forces on the dentition and TMJ, but generally did not influence HIC or concussion risks.     

Association between MIF gene variation and Meniere's disease

Several pieces of evidence support the involvement of immune system in Menière's disease (MD). Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays a key role in immune‐mediated reactions. Several studies have shown an association between MIF gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to various inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. The aim of this study was to explore the association between MIF‐173 G/C polymorphism and MD in an Iranian population. In this case–control association study, MD cases (N = 72) were recruited and were comprised of definitive MD (N = 58) and probable MD (N = 14) subjects. Normal healthy subjects (N = 100) were also included. Genotyping for MIF‐173 G/C polymorphism was carried out using PCR‐RFLP technique. There was a significant increase in genotype GG in patients with MD compared with the control group. (GG vs. GC + CC, P = 0.02, OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.02–4.3). This was more significant when definitive MD was stratified and compared with the controls (GG vs. GC + CC, P = 0.009, OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.19–6.18). This study's result indicates the potential role of MIF in MD of which further evaluation is required. Also, the more significant association between MIF gene polymorphism and definitive MD designates the involvement of specific pathogenic mechanisms which may be considered as a marker for diagnosis.     

Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in TPM1 rs11071720, rs3803499, rs12148828, and rs1972041 with the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in a sample of the Iranian population,a preliminary report

Several lines of evidence support an association between tropomyosin 1 (TPM1) and the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P). The present study aimed to investigate the association between TPM1 polymorphisms and the risk of NSCL/P in an Iranian population. This case‐control was done on 105 NSCL/P patients and 110 unrelated healthy controls. TPM1 rs11071720, rs3803499, rs12148828, and rs1972041 polymorphisms were genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The finding showed that rs11071720 polymorphism significantly increased the risk of NSCL/P in homozygous codominant (odds ratio [OR] = 2.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14–5.69, p = 0.023, TT vs. CC), recessive (OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.06–5.18, p = 0.021, TT vs. CT + CC), and allele (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.02–2.30, p = 0.030, T vs. C). The rs12148828 polymorphism was associated with protection against NSCL/P in codominant (OR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.15–0.48, p < 0.001, TC vs. TT) and allele (OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.22–0.64, p < 0.001, C vs. T). Regarding rs3803499, the findings proposed that this polymorphism significantly increased the risk of NSCL/P in codominant (OR = 3.86, 95% CI = 1.19–12.56, p = 0.025, CC vs. TT) and recessive (OR = 3.74, 95% CI = 1.09–14.15, p = 0.018, CC vs. CT + TT). No significant association was practical between rs1972041 polymorphism and NSCL/P. In conclusion, the findings proposed that TPM1 polymorphisms may contribute to the etiology of NSCL/P in a sample of the Iranian population.     

Vascular and baroreceptor abnormalities in young males with a family history of hypertension

Vascular and baroreceptor abnormalities in 44 young males, mean age 21 years, comprising of offspring with (FH⁺; n = 22) and without (FH⁻; n = 22) hypertensive parents, were investigated. Peak forearm blood flow (FBF), which was defined as the highest blood flow obtained following reactive hyperaemia, was assessed using strain gauge plethysmography following 5 min of ischemia. Cardiopulmonary baroreceptor sensitivity was assessed using lower body negative pressure for 5 min at −20 mmHg and was determined by calculating change of stroke volume and forearm vascular resistance (FVR) to lower body negative pressure. Carotid baroreceptor sensitivity was assessed using neck suction at −20, −40, −60, and −80 mmHg and was calculated by dividing RR interval by systolic blood pressure. Augmentation index, a measure of wave reflection, was assessed using applanation tonometry and was calculated as the ratio of augmented pressure and pulse pressure. Peak FBF of FH⁺ was 19% lower than the FH⁻ (p = 0.02). Also FH⁺ had 17% higher peak FVR compared to FH⁻ (p = 0.04). However, there were no significant differences between groups for cardiopulmonary, carotid baroreceptor sensitivity, and augmentation index. These results suggest that peripheral vascular dysfunction appears earlier than abnormal baroreceptor sensitivity in young males with a family history of hypertension.     

Fast diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) with Inherent COrrelation‐based Normalization (ICON) enhances automatic segmentation of heterogeneous diffusion MRI lesion in acute stroke

Diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) has been shown to augment diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) for the definition of irreversible ischemic injury. However, the complexity of cerebral structure/composition makes the kurtosis map heterogeneous, limiting the specificity of kurtosis hyperintensity to acute ischemia. We propose an Inherent COrrelation‐based Normalization (ICON) analysis to suppress the intrinsic kurtosis heterogeneity for improved characterization of heterogeneous ischemic tissue injury. Fast DKI and relaxation measurements were performed on normal (n = 10) and stroke rats following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) (n = 20). We evaluated the correlations between mean kurtosis (MK), mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) derived from the fast DKI sequence and relaxation rates R₁ and R₂, and found a highly significant correlation between MK and R₁ (p < 0.001). We showed that ICON analysis suppressed the intrinsic kurtosis heterogeneity in normal cerebral tissue, enabling automated tissue segmentation in an animal stroke model. We found significantly different kurtosis and diffusivity lesion volumes: 147 ± 59 and 180 ± 66 mm³, respectively (p = 0.003, paired t‐test). The ratio of kurtosis to diffusivity lesion volume was 84% ± 19% (p < 0.001, one‐sample t‐test). We found that relaxation‐normalized MK (RNMK), but not MD, values were significantly different between kurtosis and diffusivity lesions (p < 0.001, analysis of variance). Our study showed that fast DKI with ICON analysis provides a promising means of demarcation of heterogeneous DWI stroke lesions.     

Genetic susceptibility to severe asthma with fungal sensitization

Severe asthma is problematic and its pathogenesis poorly understood. Fungal sensitization is common, and many patients with severe asthma with fungal sensitization (SAFS), used to denote this subgroup of asthma, respond to antifungal therapy. We have investigated 325 haplotype‐tagging SNPs in 22 candidate genes previously associated with aspergillosis in patients with SAFS, with comparisons in atopic asthmatics and healthy control patients, of whom 47 SAFS, 279 healthy and 152 atopic asthmatic subjects were genotyped successfully. Significant associations with SAFS compared with atopic asthma included Toll‐like receptor 3 (TLR3) (p = .009), TLR9 (p = .025), C‐type lectin domain family seven member A (dectin‐1) (p = .043), interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) (p = .0010), mannose‐binding lectin (MBL2) (p = .007), CC‐chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) (2 SNPs, p = .025 and .041), CCL17 (p = .002), plasminogen (p = .049) and adenosine A2a receptor (p = .024). These associations differ from those found in ABPA in asthma, indicative of contrasting disease processes. Additional and broader genetic association studies in SAFS, combined with experimental work, are likely to contribute to our understanding of different phenotypes of problematic asthma.     

Elevated mean corpuscular volume in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis

Previous studies have reported that patients with hereditary hemochromatosis have higher red cell volumes than normal controls. We studied the relationship of mean corpuscular volume (MCV) at diagnosis versus serum transferrin saturation (Tfsat), serum ferritin level (SF), phlebotomy-mobilizable iron (Mob Fe) stores, and HFE genotype in our patients. The study population included 227 patients. One hundred forty-two of 227 were homozygous for C282Y; the mean MCV of this group was 94.9 fL (control group, 89.2 fL; p < 0.001). Among all patients with Mob Fe greater than 4 g, the mean MCV was 94.9 fL (significantly greater than control, p < 0.001). Among C282Y homozygous individuals, there was no significant correlation between the MCV versus Tfsat, SF, and Mob Fe (r = 0.07, 0.207, and −0.005, respectively). In patients with Mob Fe greater than 4 g who were not C282Y homozygous, there was weak correlation between the MCV versus Tfsat and SF (r = 0.35 and 0.31, respectively) and no significant correlation versus Mob Fe (r = 0.06). Our study confirms the presence of elevated MCV levels in C282Y homozygous individuals as well as those with elevated Mob Fe. For the most part, the elevated MCV did not correlate with measures of body iron stores.     

The relationship between physiological arousal and cortical and autonomic responses to postural instability

Postural instability evokes cortical and autonomic reactions in addition to the primary compensatory response, and it is hypothesized that these responses may be related to underlying affective influences such as tonic physiological arousal. The purpose of this study was to determine whether perturbation-evoked cortical potentials (N1 and P2) and electrodermal responses (EDRs) were related to each other or to tonic electrodermal level (EDL). Ten healthy individuals received sixty perturbations while standing at ground level (LOW) and at the edge of an elevated platform (HIGH), where an unsuccessful reaction could lead to a fall from a height of 160 cm. Postural responses, tonic EDLs and N1 potentials were all significantly larger (p ≤ 0.01) at the HIGH height relative to LOW. EDR amplitudes did not show a main effect of condition, but habituated less at the HIGH height (interaction p = 0.04). P2 potentials were not different between conditions (p > 0.05). There was no statistically significant relationship between the magnitude of change in N1 amplitude between conditions and the change in EDR amplitude between conditions (R = 0.25, p = 0.5), between magnitude of N1 change and magnitude of EDL change (R = −0.23, p = 0.25), or between magnitude of EDR change and EDL change (R = −0.51, p = 0.16). Altered cortical and autonomic responses at the HIGH height were independent of elevated physiological arousal. These findings have implications for understanding the role of cortical and autonomic responses in compensatory balance control, and alleviate concerns about the potential influence of underlying arousal on electrodermal reactivity.     

Neurocognitive impairment and medication adherence in HIV patients with and without cocaine dependence

Cocaine abuse among HIV patients is associated with faster disease progression and mortality. This study examined the relationship between neurocognitive functioning and medication adherence in HIV patients with (n = 25) and without (n = 39) current cocaine dependence. Active users had greater neurocognitive impairment (mean T-score = 35.16 vs. 40.97, p < .05) and worse medication adherence (mean z-score = −0.44 vs. 0.27, p < .001). In a multiple regression model, neurocognitive functioning (β = .33, p < .01) and cocaine dependence (β = −.36, p < .01) were predictive of poorer adherence. There was a significant indirect effect of cocaine dependence on medication adherence through neurocognitive impairment (estimate = −0.15, p < .05), suggesting that neurocognitive impairment partially mediated the relationship between cocaine dependence and poorer adherence. These results confirm that cocaine users are at high risk for poor HIV outcomes and underscore the importance of treating both neurocognitive impairment and cocaine dependence among HIV patients.     

Noninvasive Determination of Ligament Strain with Deformable Image Registration

Ligament function and propensity for injury are directly related to regional stresses and strains. However, noninvasive techniques for measurement of strain are currently limited. This study validated the use of Hyperelastic Warping, a deformable image registration technique, for noninvasive strain measurement in the human medial collateral ligament using direct comparisons with optical measurements. Hyperelastic Warping determines the deformation map that aligns consecutive images of a deforming material, allowing calculation of strain. Diffeomorphic deformations are ensured by representing the deformable image as a hyperelastic material. Ten cadaveric knees were subjected to six loading scenarios each. Tissue deformation was documented with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and video-based experimental measurements. MRI datasets were analyzed using Hyperelastic Warping, representing the medial collateral ligament (MCL) with a hexahedral finite element (FE) model projected to a manually segmented ligament surface. The material behavior was transversely isotropic hyperelastic. Warping predictions of fiber stretch were strongly correlated with experimentally measured strains (R ² = 0.81). Both sets of measurements were in agreement with previous ex vivo studies. Warping predictions of fiber stretch were insensitive to bulk:shear modulus ratio, fiber stiffness, and shear modulus in the range of +2.5SD to −1.0SD. Correlations degraded when the shear modulus was decreased to 2.5SD below the mean (R ² = 0.56), and when an isotropic constitutive model was substituted for the transversely isotropic model (R ² = 0.65). MCL strains in the transitional region near the joint line, where the material behavior and material symmetry are more complex, showed the most sensitivity to changes in shear modulus. These results demonstrate that Hyperelastic Warping requires the use of a constitutive model that reflects the material symmetry, but not subject-specific material properties for accurate strain predictions for this application. Hyperelastic Warping represents a powerful technique for noninvasive strain measurement of musculoskeletal tissues and has many advantages over other image-based strain measurement techniques.     

Higher prevalence of exercise-associated hyponatremia in female than in male open-water ultra-endurance swimmers: the 'Marathon-Swim' in Lake Zurich

We investigated the prevalence of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) in 25 male and 11 female open-water ultra-endurance swimmers participating in the ‘Marathon-Swim’ in Lake Zurich, Switzerland, covering a distance of 26.4 km. Changes in body mass, fat mass, skeletal muscle mass, total body water, urine specific gravity, plasma sodium concentration [Na⁺] and haematocrit were determined. Two males (8%) and four females (36%) developed EAH where one female was symptomatic with plasma sodium [Na⁺] of 127 mmol/L. Body mass and plasma [Na⁺] decreased (p < 0.05). The changes in body mass correlated in both male and female swimmers to post-race plasma [Na⁺] (r = −0.67, p = 0.0002 and r = −0.80, p = 0.0034, respectively) and changes in plasma [Na⁺] (r = −0.68, p = 0.0002 and r = −0.79, p = 0.0039, respectively). Fluid intake was neither associated with changes in body mass, post-race plasma [Na⁺] or the change in plasma [Na⁺]. Sodium intake showed no association with either the changes in plasma [Na⁺] or post-race plasma [Na⁺]. We concluded that the prevalence of EAH was greater in female than in male open-water ultra-endurance swimmers.     

Depressive Symptoms and Cervical Neoplasia in HIV+ Low-Income Minority Women with Human Papillomavirus Infection

Background  Prior work has related elevated life stress to greater risk of cervical neoplasia in women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human papillomavirus (HPV). Purpose  This study investigated associations between depressive symptoms and cervical neoplasia in HIV+ HPV+ women. Participants were 58 HIV+ HPV+ women. Method  Participants underwent colposcopy, including HPV screening, Papanicolaou smear, and cervical biopsy to determine study eligibility. Eligible participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. Results  Presence and severity of clinically significant depressive symptomatology were associated with cervical neoplasia. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis revealed that women with greater depressive symptoms had marginally greater odds of presenting with cervical neoplasia (BDI: OR = 1.16, p = 0.092; CES-D: OR = 1.15, p = 0.067. Women with greater somatic depressive symptoms, specifically, had significantly greater odds of presenting with cervical neoplasia (BDI: OR = 1.86, p = 0.027; CES-D: OR = 1.56, p = 0.017). Conclusion  These findings suggest that screening HIV+ women for somatic depression may help identify those at risk for cervical neoplasia. Future depression research with medical populations should discern somatic depressive symptoms from disease symptoms, as they may have important value in independently predicting health outcomes.     

Impact of Pregnancy and Vaginal Delivery on the Passive and Active Mechanics of the Rat Vagina

Remodeling of vaginal extracellular matrix and smooth muscle likely plays a critical role in reducing the risk of maternal injury during vaginal delivery by altering the mechanical properties to increase distension and reduce stress. Long-Evans rats were divided into five groups to examine the passive mechanical and active contractile properties throughout pregnancy and postpartum: virgin (n = 17), mid-pregnant (Day 14–16, n = 12), late-pregnant (Day 20–22, n = 14), immediate postpartum (0–2 h after delivery, n = 14), and 4 week postpartum (n = 15). Longitudinal sections of vaginal tissue were loaded to failure uniaxially for passive mechanical or active contractile properties were examined. For passive mechanics, the tangent modulus decreased 45% by mid-pregnancy and immediately postpartum (p < 0.001). The ultimate strain continuously increased up to 43% higher than virgin animals (p = 0.007) in the immediate postpartum group. For active mechanics, the maximal contractile force was 36–56% lower through immediate postpartum animals, and was significantly more sensitive to K⁺ throughout pregnancy and postpartum (p = 0.003). The changes observed in the passive and active properties of the rat vagina are consistent with what would be expected from a tissue that is remodeling to maximize its ability to distend at the time of vaginal delivery to facilitate passage of the fetus with minimal injury.     

Pressure and coverage effects of sporting compression garments on cardiovascular function,thermoregulatory function,and exercise performance

Sporting compression garments (CG) are used widely during exercise despite little evidence of benefits. The purpose of this study was to investigate coverage and pressure effects of full-body CG on cardiovascular and thermoregulatory function at rest and during prolonged exercise, and on exercise performance. Twelve recreationally trained male cyclists [mean (SD) age, 26 (7) years; [(V)\dot]\textO_2max \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\max } , 53 (8) mL kg⁻¹ min⁻¹] completed three sessions (counterbalanced order), wearing either correctly-sized CG (CSG; 11–15 mmHg), over-sized CG (OSG; 8–13 mmHg), or gym shorts (CONT). Test sessions were conducted in temperate conditions [24 (1)°C, 60 (4)% relative humidity; ~2 m s⁻¹ air velocity during exercise], consisting of resting on a chair then on a cycle ergometer, before 60-min fixed-load cycling at ~65% [(V)\dot]\textO_2max \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\max } and a 6-km time trial. Wearing CG (CSG or OSG) did not mitigate cardiovascular strain during mild orthostatic stress at rest (p = 0.20–0.93 for garment effects). During exercise, cardiac output was ~5% higher in the CG conditions (p < 0.05), which appears to be accounted for via non-significant higher end-exercise heart rate (~4–7%, p = 0.30; p = 0.06 for greater heart rate drift in CSG); other cardiovascular variables, including stroke volume, were similar among conditions (p = 0.23–0.91). Covered-skin temperature was higher in CG conditions (p < 0.001) but core (oesophageal) temperature was not (p = 0.79). Time-trial performance (mean power, time taken) was similar with or without CG (p = 0.24–0.44). In conclusion, any demonstrable physiological or psychophysical effects of full-body CG were mild and seemingly reflective more of surface coverage than pressure. No benefit was evident for exercise performance.