广州市海珠区网吧微生物污染状况调查

目的：了解广州市海珠区网吧微生物污染状况。方法：抽取广州市海珠区24间网吧，采集24份空气样品和72台计算机的键盘、鼠标样品，参照《公共场所卫生标准检验方法》检测以下指标：空气中细菌、空气中溶血性链球菌、细菌总数、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠菌群、沙门菌、乙肝表面抗原。结果：24间网吧空气沉降的细菌总数及溶血性链球菌数均值分别为819cfu/m^3和34cfu/m^3；72台计算机键盘和鼠标表面细菌总数均值分别为5787cfu/份和1738cfu/份；键盘、鼠标表面共144份样品中金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠菌群、沙门菌、乙肝表面抗原的检出率分别为5．6％、9．0％、2．1％、0．0％。结论：广州市海珠区网吧的卫生状况不容乐观，各有关部门应加强管理和做好消毒工作。     

计算机键盘、鼠标微生物污染现状调查及不同消毒剂消毒效果观察

目的了解澄江县网吧、学校、行政事业单位及家用计算机键盘、鼠标微生物污染情况,为有效减少微生物污染预防疾病传播提供技术支持。方法采用流行病学现况调查分层随机抽样法,对全县范围内营业网吧、学校、行政事业单位及家庭电脑用户的计算机键盘及鼠标进行消毒前后采样,进行细菌培养和乙肝表面抗原检测。结果共采集1 092份样品,其中消毒前546份,消毒后546份,不同场所使用的计算机键盘、鼠标微生物污染差异有统计学意义,微生物污染程度为由重到轻依次为：网吧、行政事业单位、家庭电脑用户、学校。网吧样本中检出大肠菌群10份,所有样本均未检出金黄色葡萄球菌、志贺菌、沙门菌等致病菌及乙肝表面抗原阳性,经消毒或清洗后污染下降差异有统计学意义,不同方法对消除微生物污染效果差异有统计学意义,在本次使用0.025%含氯消毒剂、75%的酒精消毒、蒸馏水清洗为对照,含氯消毒剂效果最好、酒精次之。结论所调查的澄江县网吧、学校、行政事业单位及家用计算机键盘、鼠标存在不同程度的细菌等微生物污染,特别是网吧计算机键盘、鼠标的大肠菌群是疾病传播的危险因素,选用高效消毒剂定期对计算机键盘、鼠标进行消毒,是有效减少微生物污染,减少因共用计算机传播疾病的必要措施。     

2002年晋中市榆次区网吧卫生状况调查

[目的]了解网吧卫生状况，为卫生监督立法提供依据。[方法]2002年9月，对晋中市榆次区39家网吧进行卫生学调查．[结果]39家网吧均无有效消毒措施；室内空气流通不畅，无有效的排风换气设施；缺乏有效的卫生管理制度；网吧内的微小气候尚好，电脑视频显示终端辐射水平低于卫生标准，但部分网吧空气细菌总数、CO2浓度超标，键盘、鼠标表面大肠菌群检出率为4．1％。[结论]榆次区多数网吧内的微小气候尚好，但空气和键盘、鼠标不同程度地受到微生物污染。     

临沂市使用的消毒液污染状况调查分析

目的为加强临沂市消毒质量的管理，积极配合“创建国家卫生城”工作的开展，有效防止医源性感染的发生，2005—2006年度对市直医院使用中的消毒液进行了微生物污染监测。方法参照GBI5982—1995（医院消毒卫生标准》的规定，2005—2006年度对市直医院使用中的消毒液进行了细菌菌落总数、溶血性链球菌、沙门氏菌、绿脓杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等项目的微生物污染监测。用酶联免疫吸附试验进行HBsAg检测。结果共检测909份样品，总超标率为2．20％。使用中的五种消毒剂，新洁尔灭143份，75％乙醇121份，84消毒液189份，碘酊213份，戊二醛243份，共检测909份，20份细菌总数超标（2．2％），3份检出致病菌（0．33％），1份HBsAg阳性（0．11％）。结论提示相关医疗单位对消毒工作须引起重视，应加强对相关科室医务人员消毒知识的培训和再教育，切实减少医源性感染的发生。     

服用六味地黄丸必须对症

目的:了解南京市江宁区经营性网吧的卫生状况,为卫生管理提供参考依据.方法:抽样调查南京市江宁区10家网吧,检测室内噪声、台面照度、室温、相对湿度,以及CO、CO2和甲醛等化学指标,空气细菌总数、键盘和鼠标细菌总数、大肠菌群等微生物指标.结果:温度、CO、甲醛、空气细菌总数合格率较高,分别为100%、96%、94%、92%;噪声、台面照度、相对湿度、CO2含量合格率较低,分别为58%、72%、66%、60%;物表细菌总数均值为191个/份;大肠菌群阳性率为12%.结论:江宁区经营性网吧存在噪声较大、照度及相对湿度偏低、空气CO2含量高、键盘鼠标细菌多等问题,对其必须加强卫生管理.     

南京市江宁区经营性网吧卫生状况调查

目的:了解南京市江宁区经营性网吧的卫生状况,为卫生管理提供参考依据.方法:抽样调查南京市江宁区10家网吧,检测室内噪声、台面照度、室温、相对湿度,以及CO、CO2和甲醛等化学指标,空气细菌总数、键盘和鼠标细菌总数、大肠菌群等微生物指标.结果:温度、CO、甲醛、空气细菌总数合格率较高,分别为100%、96%、94%、92%;噪声、台面照度、相对湿度、CO2含量合格率较低,分别为58%、72%、66%、60%;物表细菌总数均值为191个/份;大肠菌群阳性率为12%.结论:江宁区经营性网吧存在噪声较大、照度及相对湿度偏低、空气CO2含量高、键盘鼠标细菌多等问题,对其必须加强卫生管理.     

杭州市公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况调查

目的：为了解杭州市公共场所空调系统微生物污染情况。方法：于2005年8～10月采集了杭州市16家商场、宾馆等公共场所集中空调送风系统的送风空气样品94份、管道积尘样品7份，按《公共场所集中送风系统卫生规范》进行细菌总数、真菌总数、溶血性链球菌检测，空调冷却塔水29份进行嗜肺军团菌的检测。结果：空调送风口细菌总数的合格率为64％（29／45），真菌总数合格率为78．79％（26／33）；管道积尘细菌总数合格率为71．43％（5／7），霉菌总数合格率为28．57％（2／7），溶血性链球菌均未检出；空调冷却水嗜肺军团菌的污染率达44．83％（13／29）。结论：杭州市公共场所集中送风系统各环节污染严重，已对人群健康构成一定威胁，应加大监督管理力度，加强送风系统各环节的清洁和消毒工作。     

城市网吧内电脑微生物污染状况调查

目的：调查慈溪市网吧内电脑微生物污染状况。方法：采用涂抹法，用无菌棉拭子经无菌生理盐水或7.5％NaCl肉汤增菌液浸泡后，在电脑鼠标和按键上来回反复擦拭，放入试管中培养，鉴定。结果：城区网吧内电脑细菌总数阳性率67．34％～83．81％，大肠菌群阳性率16．44％-36．28％，金黄色葡萄球菌阳性率1．56％～7.54％，沙门菌阳性率0％。2．5％。结论：通过本次调查，网吧内电脑受病原微生物污染严重，为有关部门监督提供科学依据。     

办公室电脑键盘、鼠标表面消毒前后细菌污染状况

[目的]了解办公室计算机键盘及鼠标消毒前后的细菌污染状况。[方法]2008年12月对绍兴市疾病预防控制中心和卫生监督所办公室内50台电脑键盘、鼠标表面进行消毒前后细菌分布情况及种类监测。[结果]电脑键盘、鼠标表面消毒前菌落数分别为（68．96±27．04）、（68．16±21．02）cfu／cm2,消毒后分别为（2．11±1．01）、（2．12±1．08）cfu／cm2,消毒前后差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;消毒前检出病原微生物有金黄色葡萄球菌5份（10．0％）、大肠埃希菌6份（12．0％）、沙门菌1份（2．0％）,消毒后未检测到各类病原微生物（0％）,消毒前后差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;疾控中心的电脑键盘及鼠标表面的细菌检测阳性率为65．2％、病原微生物检测阳性率为39．1％（其中,金黄色葡萄球菌3份、大肠埃希菌5份、沙门菌1份）,均高于监督所的细菌检测阳性率37．0％、病原微生物检测阳性率11．1％（其中,金黄色葡萄球菌2份、大肠埃希菌1份）。[结论]办公室内使用的电脑键盘、鼠标表面存在不同程度污染,消毒后污染状况明显改善。     

杭州市余杭区2014-2018年学校直饮水微生物检测结果

了解杭州市余杭区学校直饮水微生物污染状况,为加强学校直饮水管理提供科学依据.方法 按照GB/T 5750-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法》对余杭区2014-2018年学校1469份直饮水样品进行细菌总数、总大肠菌群检测.结果 2014-2018年检测水样细菌总数合格1333份,合格率为90.74%;总大肠菌群检测合格1439份,合格率为97.96%;全项检测合格1330份,全项合格率为90.54%.不同年度间直饮水水样的细菌总数、总大肠菌群及全项合格率差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为48.72,51.11,16.90,P值均<0.05),2014年合格率较低.不同学段学校直饮水样品的细菌总数、总大肠菌群及全项合格率差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为52.00,51.11,52.35,P值均<0.05),九年制学校合格率最低,为77.23%.公立和民办学校的直饮水样品细菌总数、总大肠菌群及全项合格率差异无统计学意义(x2值分别为1.26,1.45,1.01,P值均>0.05).抽检水样细菌总数、总大肠菌群及全项合格率均低于送检水样,差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为60.85,40.04,64.20,P值均<0.05).结论 杭州市余杭区学校直饮水微生物污染总体状况良好,但部分学校仍存在微生物污染风险.应加强学校直饮水卫生管理,优化厂家维护、送检机制,加大监督和指导力度,重点关注九年制学校.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.