不同麻醉方案对风湿性心脏病二尖瓣置换术患者的影响观察

目的:观察不同麻醉方案对风湿性心脏病患者进行二尖瓣置换手术的影响.方法:选择2019年3月—2020年10月我院收治的98例风湿性心脏病患者作为研究对象,所有患者均行二尖瓣置换术,随机将所有患者分为丙泊酚组和七氟醚组,各49例,七氟醚组患者全程吸入七氟醚进行麻醉,丙泊酚组患者采用丙泊酚全程把控输注麻醉,比较两组患者麻醉诱导前(T1)、主动脉开放后30min(T2)、主动脉开放后6h(T3)、主动脉开放后24h(T4)的心肌钙蛋白I(cTn I)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)水平,统计两组心脏自主复跳率、不良心血管事件(MACE)发生率.结果:T1时,两组cTn I、CK-MB水平无显著差异(P>0.05),T2～T4时,两组上述指标均较T1时显著上升,P<0.05;七氟醚组上述指标水平均显著低于丙泊酚组,P<0.05;七氟醚组MACE发生率(8.16％)显著低于丙泊酚组(24.49％),P<0.05;七氟醚组心脏复跳率(91.84％)显著高于丙泊酚组(71.43％),P<0.05.结论:与丙泊酚全程把控输注麻醉相比较,全程吸入七氟醚麻醉可显著减弱心肌酶的释放,减少MACE发生率,且能保护心肌、提高心脏主动复跳率.     

七氟醚预处理对心脏瓣膜置换术患者心肌酶的影响

目的 观察体外循环下七氟醚预处理对心脏瓣膜置换术患者心肌酶的影响.方法 择期全麻下行心脏瓣膜置换患者40例,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,随机分为七氟醚预处理组(S组)和对照组(C组),每组20例.S组于手术开始后持续吸入1.0MAC七氟醚,至体外循环开姑时结束;C组不用任何吸入性麻醉药.分别于麻醉前(T0),主动脉阻断即刻(T1),主动脉开放后0.5 h(T2)和1 h(T3),术后8 h(T4)和24 h(T5)采集桡动脉血,检测血浆心肌肌钙蛋白1(cTnl)的浓度、肌酸磷酸激酶(CK)和肌酸磷酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)的活性.结果 两组患者麻醉前cTnl水平、CK和CK-MB活性均在正常范围,在主动脉开放后各时间点明显升高(P＜0.05);S组血清中cTnl水平、CK和CK-MB活性在各时间点均明显低于C组.结论 七氟醚预处理对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤有一定保护作用.     

七氟醚全程吸入麻醉对瓣膜置换术患者的心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 观察七氟醚全程吸入麻醉对瓣膜置换术患者的心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法 选取我院2013年5月至2016年5月收治的48例二尖瓣置换术的风温性心脏病患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,各24例.观察组给予七氟醚全程吸入麻醉,对照组给予丙泊酚全程靶控输注麻醉.记录患者手术前(T0)、体外循环前(T1)、体外循环后(T2)和手术结束(T3)的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)和中心静脉压(Cvp).检测患者麻醉诱导前、主动脉开放2、4h后心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnI)、血浆肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平.结果 两组患者术中血流动力学稳定(P＞0.05).主动脉开放后,观察组cTnI、SOD水平与对照组相比差异显著(P＜0.01).主动脉开放4h后,观察组CK-MB活性明显低于对照组(P＜0.01).术后观察组心脏自动复跳率高,导管拔除时间、心肌收缩力评分、1CU留驻时间与心血管不良事件发生率明显少于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 七氟醚全程吸入麻醉明显减轻瓣膜置换术患者的心肌缺血再灌注损伤,具有良好的心肌保护作用.     

七氟醚后处理下调RAGE抑制犬体外循环肺缺血/再灌注损伤

目的探讨七氟醚后处理对犬体外循环肺缺血/再灌注损伤的效果及晚期糖基化终末产物受体(receptor for ad-vanced glycosylation end products,RAGE)在此过程中的作用。方法 12只健康犬依据主动脉开放后是否吸入七氟醚随机分为两组:对照组(control,n=6)在主动脉开放后常规机械通气和实验组(test,n=6)在主动脉开放后吸入1MAC七氟醚,持续10min。在开胸后即刻(T1)、主动脉开放90min实验结束前(T2)留取肺组织标本和肺静脉血标本。标检测肺组织湿干重比(wet/dry weight,W/D);比色法检测肺组织髓过氧化物酶活性(myeloperoxidase activity,MPO);光镜观察并盲法评分比较肺组织病理学变化;分别采取RT-PCR方法、Western blot检测肺组织RAGE的表达;酶联免疫吸附法检测血清白介素6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)含量。结果两组相比,实验组肺组织W/D、MPO、肺损伤评分、RAGE基因表达和蛋白表达、IL-6和TNF-α含量在T2时较对照组降低(P<0.05);组内比较,所有指标实验结束时均较基础值明显升高(P<0.05)。结论七氟醚后处理对体外循环缺血/再灌注导致的肺损伤具有一定的保护作用,可能与其抑制RAGE合成与激活有关。     

七氟醚后处理对体外循环犬肺保护的作用

目的探讨七氟醚后处理对体外循环(CPB)犬肺组织缺血-再灌注损伤(LIRI)的保护作用.方法 健康成年杂种犬12只 ,随机分为两组(n=6) ,左肺缺血再灌注组(C组)、七氟醚后处理组(Y组).两组犬麻醉后行双腔气管插管机械通气 ,股动、静脉穿刺置管测平均动脉压(MAP)及中心静脉压(CVP) ,开胸并建立犬CPB.C组犬左肺行缺血再灌注 ,Y组左肺缺血再灌注后行七氟醚后处理.分别于CPB前(T1)、开放左肺动脉时(T2)及停机后2h(T3)取肺组织 HE染色观察形态学变化并进行病理评分 ,取股动脉血行动脉血气分析并计算氧合指数(OI)、呼吸指数(RI)和动态肺顺应性(Cd).结果 (1)光镜观察 :两组犬肺组织破坏程度随时间推移而增加 ,两组T1、T2 时点肺组织无明显差异 ;T3 时点C组肺组织破坏最为严重 ,Y组肺组织破坏程度明显低于C组 ;(2)病理学评分 :两组T3 时点病理学评分明显高于T1、T2 时间点 ,Y组病理评分明显低于C组(P<0 .05);(3)呼吸参数变化 :随时间推移两组OI和Cd明显降低而RI明显升高 ,T3 时间点Cd和OI ,Y组明显高于C组(P<0.05) ,而RI ,Y组明显低于C组(P<0.05).结论七氟醚后处理可提高体外循环犬的OI、Cd ,降低犬RI ,对犬体外循环导致的肺损伤有一定的保护作用.     

七氟醚预处理联合后处理对体外循环下瓣膜置换术患者cTnⅠ、Mb、CK-MB及MDA的影响

目的评价七氟醚预处理联合后处理对体外循环下瓣膜置换术患者血清肌钙蛋白Ⅰ、肌红蛋白、肌酸激酶同工酶及丙二醛的影响。方法拟行心脏瓣膜置换术的风湿性心脏病患者50例,年龄37~60岁,体重44~70kg,美国麻醉医师协会分级Ⅱ~Ⅲ级,美国纽约心脏病学会心功能分级Ⅱ~Ⅲ级,采用随机数表法将患者分为2组(n=25):对照组(C组)和七氟醚预处理联合后处理组(S组)。S组在体外循环开始前吸入1.5倍最低肺泡有效浓度七氟醚10 min,并在升主开放后即刻通过体外循环机输注1.5 MAC七氟醚10 min;C组不适用任何吸入麻醉药。两组分别在麻醉诱导前、升主动脉开放后15 min、8 h、24 h(T_(1-4))经中心静脉采集血样,检测血肌钙蛋白Ⅰ、肌红蛋白、肌酸激酸同工酯及丙二醛表达。记录两组患者心脏自动复跳例数、再灌注心律失常评分情况。结果两组患者在T_(2-4)血清血肌钙蛋白、肌红蛋白、肌酸激酸同工酯及丙二醛均高于T1;与C组比较,S组血肌钙蛋白、肌红蛋白、肌酸激酸同工酯及丙二醛在T2-4表达下调,再灌注心律失常评分降低,自动复跳率升高(P<0.05)。结论七氟醚预处理联合后处理可以降低体外循环下心脏瓣膜置换术患者血肌钙蛋白、肌红蛋白、肌酸激酸同工酯水平,产生明显心肌保护作用,其机制可能与减轻患者心肌细胞氧化应激有关。     

七氟醚预处理在婴幼儿体外循环心肌再灌注损伤中的应用研究

目的：探讨七氟醚预处理在婴幼儿体外循环心肌再灌注损伤中的临床应用效果及机制。方法：选取2015年10月至2017年4月医院收治的需行手术治疗的室间隔缺损婴幼儿50例,按随机数表法分为对照组和观察组各25例,对照组患儿气管插管后吸入空气-氧气混合体,观察组患儿气管插管后吸入七氟醚,10 m洗脱,保证主动脉阻断前七氟醚吸入浓度为0。利用分光光度计、酶标仪测定丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）及过氧化物酶（CTA）水平,采用全自动微粒子化学发光仪检测诱导后、主动脉开放6 h后两组患儿血浆心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）、肌红蛋白（Mb）及肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）水平,比较两组患儿的临床疗效。结果：观察组患儿主动脉开放30 min后MDA水平低于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组患儿主动脉开放30 min后SOD及CTA水平均高于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组患儿主动脉开放30 min后cTnI、Mb及CK-MB水平均低于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组患儿麻醉后并发症发生率（12.00%）与对照组（8.00%）比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：室间隔缺损婴幼儿围术期应用七氟醚预处理的临床效果理想,能减轻患儿体外循环心肌再灌注损伤,减少氧自由基的生成,值得推广应用。     

听觉诱发电位指数反馈调控七氟醚麻醉用于小儿斜疝手术

目的研究听觉诱发电位指数(AAI)反馈调控七氟醚麻醉在小儿斜疝手术中应用的可行性及价值。方法择期小儿斜疝高位结扎术60例,随机分为两组,每组30例,两组均行AAI监测。Ⅰ组(AAI反馈调控组)通过AAI监测对麻醉深度行反馈调控,调控七氟醚浓度使AAI维持于20～30。Ⅱ组(常规对照组)根据体动、BP、SpO2等变化,凭经验调控七氟醚浓度。记录基础值(T1)、切皮时(T2)、停吸入七氟醚时(T3)、睁眼时(T4)4个时间点的HR、BP、SpO2、AAI,统计手术时间、七氟醚浓度、体动次数及病人苏醒时间。结果(1)血流动力学比较:Ⅰ、Ⅱ组病人基础值和手术时间差异无统计学意义,切皮时、停药时两组均低于同时段的基础值,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);(2)AAI比较:两组T1、T4比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),Ⅱ组的T2、T3明显低于Ⅰ组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);(3)Ⅰ组吸入全麻药浓度为(2.0±0.3)%,Ⅱ组吸入全麻药浓度为(3.1±0.5)%,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),停药至睁眼时间Ⅰ组为(4.3±1.5)min,Ⅱ组为(6.5±2.8)min,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论通过听觉诱发电位指数反馈调控,可减少七氟醚在小儿斜疝手术中的用量,从而提早苏醒时间,提高麻醉的安全性。     

喉罩通气全凭吸入七氟醚麻醉在乳腺癌改良根治术中应用的疗效分析

目的探讨喉罩通气全凭吸入七氟醚麻醉在乳腺癌改良根治术中的临床疗效。方法90例乳腺癌改良根治术患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,各45例。两组患者术前均给予咪唑安定2 mg静脉注射,盐酸戊乙奎醚1 mg肌内注射,观察组采用七氟醚进行麻醉诱导,诱导成功后予以喉罩置入,以单纯七氟醚进行麻醉维持;对照组采用静脉注射进行麻醉诱导,诱导成功后予以喉罩置入,用七氟醚同时间断注射顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵进行维持。观察并比较两组患者整个麻醉过程中麻醉诱导、喉罩插入、清醒、喉罩拔除的时间以及不同时间段血压、心率、血氧饱和度的差异。结果观察组诱导时间、插入喉罩时间及清醒时间与对照组相比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组拔除喉罩时间相比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。置入喉罩时(T2)两组患者血压与同组麻醉诱导开始时(T1)相比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),观察组相比对照组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组置入喉罩时(T2)心率相比于诱导开始时(T1)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论乳腺癌改良根治术中采用喉罩通气全凭吸入七氟醚麻醉临床疗效好,诱导剂苏醒速度快,值得在临床上予以推广。     

吸入七氟醚与静脉注射丙泊酚应用于小儿短小手术麻醉诱导的比较

目的比较吸入七氟醚和静脉注射丙泊酚在小儿短小手术麻醉诱导中的临床应用价值。方法 50例行择期短小手术的患儿,随机均分为丙泊酚静脉麻醉诱导组(丙泊酚组)和七氟醚吸入诱导组(七氟醚组)。记录患者睫毛反射消失时间、疼痛反射消失时间、气管插管时间,监测诱导前(T0)、气管插管前(T1)、气管插管后即刻(T2)、插管后1、3、5min(T3～T5),SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2的变化及诱导中的不良反应。结果丙泊酚组麻醉诱导起效更快,意识消失时间、插管时间较七氟醚组缩短(P<0.05)。而七氟醚组麻醉诱导对心率的影响更小,诱导更平稳。两组均未发生严重不良反应。结论七氟醚吸入麻醉诱导与丙泊酚静脉麻醉诱导均可安全有效地应用于小儿短小手术。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.