对药物滥用人群文身现象的调查和思考

目的:调查药物滥用人群存在文身现象的基本情况.方法:采用自行设计的"药物滥用人群文身现象调查表"做匿名问卷调查,并对其中的20项调查结果做统计处理和分析.结果:文身现象在药物滥用人群当中普遍存在,并与这个人群综合素质低、思想意识不正确紧密相联.同时,药物滥用人群所采用的不安全文身方式和他们控制难度较大的文身场所不得不引起人们的关注.结论:为了更好地在药物滥用人群中开展心理和行为矫治工作、减少伤害,对这个群体的文身现象做基本的调查和了解是十分必要的.     

四川省凉山地区静脉吸毒人群药物滥用及其行为特征调查

目的:了解四川省凉山地区静脉吸毒人群药物滥用及行为特征情况,为采取有针对性的戒毒干预措施预防艾滋病病毒的传播提供数据.方法:以社区为基础招募了379名静脉吸毒人员,调查其人口学特征,艾滋病病毒感染情况,药物滥用的种类、吸毒方式和频率,口吸和静脉吸毒时间,共用注射器具情况等.结果:静脉吸毒人群艾滋病病毒感染率为11.3%(43/379).379名被调查者全部为海洛因滥用者,其中247人(65.2%)单独使用过海洛因,297人(78.4%)混合注射过海洛因与安定,滥用过的其他药物有安定(8.2%)和鸦片(1.3%).300人(79.2%)每天静脉注射吸毒一次及以上;曾经共用注射器具静脉吸毒的为247人(65.2%),87人(35.2%)首次静脉注射吸毒即与他人共用注射器具;初次口吸吸毒和静脉注射吸毒的平均年龄分别为22.37岁和25.35岁,口吸吸毒和静脉注射吸毒的平均时间分别为6.41年和3.42年.结论:加强青少年、吸毒人员关于毒品危害和拒绝毒品的健康教育活动,以及开展美沙酮或丁丙诺啡口服治疗海洛因依赖者,降低静脉注射吸毒行为,控制艾滋病病毒的传播.     

药物滥用流行病学的定量研究和定性研究

（续２０００年第四期）４定性研究在药物滥用流行病学调查中的运用定性研究主要采用非概率抽样方法 ,根据某一研究目的 ,寻找具有某种特征的小样本人群进行调查 ,从理论上获得对研究人群的代表性 ,从而获得对某一问题或社会现象的认识。定性研究对于解决定量研究中难以解决的特殊问题 ,如认识滥用者的特殊行为 ,药物在人群中的传播过程、规律和药物滥用病因学具有重要作用。定性研究的主要方法学之一是人种学研究。“人种学”是英文“ｅｔｈｎｏｇｒａｐｈｙ”一词的中文译名 ,是研究人类的起源、种族、发展、行为、生活习俗及信仰的学科。…     

头痛粉所致药物滥用性头痛1例

在中国头痛粉是最便宜的止痛药,尤其针对偏头痛,效果甚好。但是,由于头痛粉的滥用,常常导致药物滥用性头痛,头痛粉的剂量逐渐增加,药物治疗效果差。本研究举例分析头痛粉所致药物滥用性头痛的个案,同时总结药物滥用性头痛的定义、流行病学、产生药物滥用性头痛的危险因素以及药物滥用性头痛的治疗。     

基于质性分析的医药企业社会责任信息披露模型研究

目的：探讨医药企业社会责任信息披露内容,为提高医药企业社会责任信息披露水平提供参考。方法：根据社会责任理论和国内外文献,初步构建医药企业社会责任信息披露模型。引入扎根理论编码方法,以45家沪深两市A股医药上市公司最新发布的社会责任报告作为分析对象,采用质性分析软件ATLAS.TI处理数据。结果与结论：验证了所建立的社会责任信息披露模型基本符合目前医药企业社会责任报告的披露内容。由关键词编码结果梳理了医药企业社会责任报告的共性指标、特殊性指标以及薄弱环节,为提高医药企业社会责任信息披露质量提出相关建议。     

脑瘫患儿家长压力源的质性研究

目的:探讨脑瘫患儿家长在孩子治疗、康复过程中的压力源,为医务人员对患儿家长护理干预提供依据.方法:通过访谈形式,访问了20位家长,将获得资料进行分析,整理.结果:患儿家长在孩子患病过程中压力源主要反映在家长身心及经济负担加重.结论:脑瘫患儿家长需要护理人员采取个性化心理帮助,指导家长度过这一艰辛历程.     

孕期护士生活质量的质性研究

目的探究孕期护士的生活质量,分析相关因素,提高其生活质量。方法采用质性研究中的现象学研究方法,对9例孕期护士进行半结构性访谈。结果孕育使孕期护士心理、生理、社会、环境等领域发生着不同的改变。结论医院管理者应给予孕期护士高度的重视,营造安全、轻松的工作环境,科学合理的排班,提高其生活质量。     

昆明市一所中学药物滥用及HIV／AIDS预防研究

在昆明市一所中学开展药物滥用及ＨＩＶ／ＡＩＤＳ预防活动。以该校初中部两个班（共８７人）的学生为预防活动对象。预防活动以信息传播、抵制技能训练、情感教育及个人社会生活技能训练为主，每周活动１次，每次４５ｍｉｎ，共３６次。持续３个学期。采用问卷调查评估。结果表明，预防活动能增加预防对象的相关知识和技能，并在一定程度上改变预防对象对药物滥用及ＨＩＶ／ＡＩＤＳ的负性态度和行为。并对今后学校进行药物滥用的预防方式提出了建议。     

昆明市2013年药物滥用监测数据分析

目的：了解昆明市药物滥用情况,为药品安全性监管提供依据,也为预防药物滥用提出建议。方法：参照流行病学调查方法,对2013年收集到的9059例有效监测报表进行数据分析。结果：药物滥用者男性多于女性;多数人文化程度较低;吸毒者以无业人员为主;海洛因仍然为主要滥用的精神活性物质（占96.64%）,安定和麻谷丸（冰毒片）也是主要滥用的物质（分别占2.03%和2.44%）。结论：继续加大对特殊药物的监管力度,加强重点人群和重点地区的药物滥用防治工作,并建立相应的社会保障机制。     

Qualitative research: contributions to the study of drug use, drug abuse, and drug use(r)-related interventions

This article describes how qualitative social science research has and can contribute to the emerging field of drug and alcohol studies. An eight-stage model of formative-reformative research is presented as a heuristic to outline the different ways in which qualitative research may be used to better understand micro and macro dimensions of drug use and distribution; more effectively design, monitor and evaluate drug use(r)-related interventions; and address the politics of drug/drug program representation. Tobacco is used as an exemplar to introduce the reader to the range of research issues that a qualitative researcher may focus upon during the initial stage of formative research. Ethnographic research on alcohol use among Native Americans is highlighted to illustrate the importance of closely examining ethnicity as well as class when investigating patterns of drug use. To familiarize the reader with qualitative research, we describe the range of methods commonly employed and the ways in which qualitative research may complement as well as contribute to quantitative research. In describing the later stages of the formative-reformative process, we consider both the use of qualitative research in the evaluation and critical assessment of drug use(r)-intervention programs, and the role of qualitative research in critically assessing the politics of prevention programs. Finally, we discuss the challenges faced by qualitative researchers when engaging in transdisciplinary research.     

N-benzylpiperazine has characteristics of a drug of abuse

The ability of benzylpiperazine (BZP) to substitute for cocaine and to initiate self-administration in drug-naive subjects was assessed to determine whether BZP has abuse liability. Further, the effects of a pretreatment with dopamine D1-like receptor antagonist (SCH23390) were examined to elucidate the mechanisms associated with BZP reward. First, the ability for BZP (0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg/infusion) to substitute for cocaine self-administration was assessed, and the acquisition of BZP (0.5 mg/kg/infusion) self-administration by drug-naive and untrained rats was determined during a 15-day period. Subsequently, dose-effect curves for cocaine (0.06, 0.125, 0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg/infusion) and BZP self-administration (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg/infusion) and the effect of SCH23390 (0.00 or 0.02 mg/kg) on BZP and cocaine self-administration were examined. BZP substituted for cocaine, and drug-naive rats rapidly acquired BZP self-administration. BZP self-administration was maintained by a more restricted range of doses than was cocaine self-administration, and responding maintained by BZP was sensitive to dopamine antagonism. The present findings indicate that BZP self-administration, like cocaine self-administration, is readily acquired and mediated by dopaminergic mechanisms.     

药物滥用的遗传学研究进展

药物依赖是一组复杂的疾病，它是个体素质因素与环境因素相互作用所致。种族和个体对药物依赖的易感性的差异，家系调查、双生子研究、寄养子研究、部分系列化研究及现代分子遗传学研究都支持遗传因素在药物依赖中起到一定的作用，本文复习了近年来有关药物依赖的遗传学方...     

Organizational characteristics of drug abuse treatment programs for offenders

This article examines the association between the organizational characteristics of drug abuse treatment programs for offenders and the provision of wraparound services and three types of treatment orientations. Data are from the National Criminal Justice Treatment Practices Survey, which was conducted with program directors (N = 217). A greater number of wraparound services provided were associated with inpatient treatment, specialized treatment facilities, community setting (vs. correctional), services provided for more types of client populations, college-educated staff, and planned treatment for > 180 days. Therapeutic community orientation was associated with prison-based treatment and specialized treatment facilities. Cognitive-behavioral therapy orientation was associated with higher perceived importance of community treatment, more perceived staff influence on treatment, and treatment for 91-180 days. The 12-step orientation was most strongly associated with having staff specialized in substance abuse. Study findings have implications for developing effective reentry programs for offenders that bridge correctional and community treatment.     

流式细胞术在药物滥用研究中的应用

流式细胞术(ｆｌｏｗｃｙｔｏｍｅｔｅｒ,ＦＣＭ)是７０年代发展起来的一种对细胞、细胞器和生物大分子进行快速多参量分析的细胞定量分析技术。商品化的流式细胞仪从８０年代初引进国内。其工作原理是:经荧光色素染色的细胞或其他生物微粒包裹在鞘液里,从内径５０-１０?..     

美沙酮戒毒安全剂量的研究

目的：制定美沙酮戒毒的安全剂量范围。方法：检测男性（女性）戒毒人员体重指数（BMI）,计算出戒毒者服用美沙酮的剂量,按吸食毒品的类别和剂量换算美沙酮用量,检测2位死亡者生化指标和尿美沙酮含量,分析死亡原因。结果：两例死亡病例尿美沙酮含量为300ng／ml即0．3mg／L。肝脏是美沙酮代谢的主要场所,从尿中和大便中排出未经变化的药量小于血药量的10％左右。美沙酮的治疗血浓度为0．48—0．86mg／L,中毒血药浓度为2．0mg／L,致死血浓度〉4．0mg／L。故可推算出两例病例血中美沙酮含量在3mg／L左右,已达中毒剂量。结论：美沙酮替代疗法给药剂量应个体化,防止诱发死亡。     

Primary drug abuse among women: A national study

This study focuses on women's primary patterns of abuse for selected drugs (heroin, marijuana, barbiturates, amphetamines, sedatives, and tranquilizers) at treatment admission in relation to age at first use, marital status, education status, and race. The sample consisted of 51 390 women admitted to treatment during a recent 12 month period. The results indicated that heroin was the most abused drug in relation to all the variables examined. Those clients who never married and those unemployed at the time of admission reported the greatest abuse of each of the primary drugs investigated. More than half of the sample had their first drug experience before age 18. This suggests the need to educate young women about drugs and to make professionals in schools and communities more aware of the nature of this problem in order that prevention and treatment programs can be developed to meet women's specific needs.