立体定向苍白球毁损术的手术并发症

目的 全面和系统地分析苍白球毁损术并发症，并对并发症进行适当的分类。方法 统计1305例帕金森病患者，将并发症分为Ⅰ类并发症和Ⅱ类并发症。Ⅰ类并发症指并发症的发生与手术的定位不准确有关，包括：视野缺损、偏瘫。Ⅱ类并发症则指并发症的发生与手术的创伤有关，目前不能完全用定位偏差来解释，它包括：乏力感、流涎、吞咽困难、呃逆、音量降低、嗜睡、癫痫发作、肢体失用、精神错乱、脑出血、昏迷。结果 Ⅰ类并发症视野缺损和偏瘫的发生率分别为0.09%和0.26%，Ⅱ类并发症术后乏力达25.6%，音量减低11.6%，嗜睡12.6%，呃逆11.9%，流涎7.8%，吞咽困难4.1%。分期双侧苍白球毁损术发生率较高，分别为乏力47.6%，流涎26.6％，吞咽困难16.9%，音量降低20.5%。脑出血的17例。肢体失用3例，不明原因昏迷2例，术后短暂精神错乱4例。结论 苍白球毁损术的并发症种类较多，尽管多数并发症并非严重并发症，但是，值得注意的是苍白球毁损术的并发症在乏力、流涎、音量降低发生率较高，双侧手术要慎重，尤其是同期双侧苍白球毁损术。微电极手术的脑出血发生几率仍是较低的，是可以接受的低风险。     

Neurological complications after cadaveric and living donor liver transplantation

Problems related to the central nervous system have a major impact on survival and quality of life. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the incidence of neurological complications after liver transplantation (LT), including both cadaveric and living donor liver transplantation. Between April 2001 and March 2004 174 patients (120 cadaveric liver transplantations, 54 living donor transplantations) were admitted to our intensive care after liver transplantation. Of the transplanted patients 24.7% developed neurological complications. These patients’ stay in the intensive care (14.2 ± 17.2 days) was much longer than that of all admitted patients (8.4 ± 10.5 days, p < 0.05). The most common neurological complications were encephalopathy (72.1%) and seizures (11.6 %). The incidence of neurological complications in living donor liver transplanted patients was significantly lower than in cadaveric transplantation patients (20.4% vs 26.7 %). The cold ischemia time in living donor transplanted patients was significantly shorter in comparison with cadaveric transplanted patients (215 ± 119.3 vs. 383.7 ± 214.7). The survival rate after liver transplantation of patients with neurological complications was lower than that of patients without, but not significantly different (79.1 % vs. 82.4%, p > 0.05). The incidence of neurological symptoms was found to be similar between the patients treated with cyclosporine (25%) and tacrolimus (23.8 %) in this study. In conclusion, there was a high incidence of neurological complications after LT, prolonging the patients’ stay in intensive care significantly. The major neurological manifestation in our patients was encephalopathy followed by seizures. Living donor liver transplantation was associated with a significantly lower incidence of neurological complications compared with patients who had received a cadaveric graft. This might be due to the good quality of the organ and the much shorter cold ischemia time of the graft when the donor was alive.     

Neurological complications in liver transplantation

To define the incidence and type of neurological complications and associated factors, we reviewed 41 consecutive patients who had 45 procedures for liver transplantation. Encephalopathy occurred after 28 procedures (62%) with immediate onset and no significant recovery before death or re-transplantation in 11 (24%), slow recovery in eight (18%) and delayed onset (1-50 days, average 11) in six (13%). Intermittent confusion and agitation with full recovery followed three (6.6%), and focal and generalized seizures followed five (11%) procedures with multifocal myoclonus in two and status epilepticus in one; isolated focal seizures followed two and myoclonus or unclassified seizures, one each. All patients with seizures had encephalopathy. Three patients had neuropathy (2 generalised and 1 focal). Other complications included headache (2), tremors (2), fatigue (2), restlessness, nervousness, transient enuresis, intermittent dizziness, critical illness myopathy and detached retina. Brain imaging showed atrophy in three (6.6%) instances, intracerebral haemorrhage in two, multiple infarctions in one, and intracerebral and subarachnoid haemorrhage with infarction in one. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed increased protein in three, hemorrhage in one, and no abnormality in one patient. Of 12 patients (29%) who died before discharge, five in the first and three in the second week post-transplantation, 11 (92%) had encephalopathy post-operatively. Neurological complications after transplantation were associated with increased mortality. Post-operative hypomagnesaemia was associated with the development of nervous system complications. We did not identify any clear pre-operative predictors of development of post-operative neurological complications.     

Neurologic complications in liver transplantation

A retrospective review is presented of neurologic complications in our first 143 consecutive adult patients (208 liver transplants in 143 adults and 18 children) undergoing liver transplantation. Nineteen (13.2%) of the 143 patients developed neurologic complications in the postoperative period. Immunosuppression was initiated intraoperatively with steroids with the addition of azathioprine on Day 1 and cyclosporine, adjusted by RIA to a level of 400-600 ng/ml, on Day 2 post-transplantation. Azathioprine is discontinued in the third month. Fourteen of the 19 patients (73.6%) presented with CNS complications characterized by: diffuse multifactorial encephalopathy (5 patients); leukoencephalopathy (2 patients) which required temporary (1 case) or permanent (1 case) discontinuation of cyclosporine A; hemorrhage (in 2 cases due to arterial hypertension and coagulopathy and another due to unknown causes); ischemic/anoxic injury secondary to cardiorespiratory arrest (2 patients) or arteriothrombosis (1 patient); and myelopathy (1 patient) due to vertebral compression (T10-T11) secondary to osteoporosis. The diagnostic studies most often employed were computed tomographic (CT) (85.7%) and electroencephalography (EEG) (42.8%). Five of 19 patients (26.3%) suffered peripheral nervous system (PNS) complications: 1 patient with reversible Claude-Bernard-Horner Syndrome caused by central venous catheterization during anesthesia: 2 patients with peroneal nerve palsy due to compression below the knees by operating room table supports; 1 patient with an irreversible lesion of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve secondary to prolonged intubation and central venous catheterization; and 1 patient with a reversible lesion of the left brachial plexus secondary to inadvertant hyperextension of the upper extremity on the O.R. table due to the need for dialysis and catheterization of the axillary vein for veno-venous bypass. Nine of fourteen (9/14, 64.2%) of patients with CNS lesion died. In five of the nine patients (55.5%) who died with CNS lesion, the neurologic lesions (CNS hemorrhage and anoxic-isquemic injury) were directly or indirectly responsable for death. Strict control of patient positioning in the operating room, arterial hypertension and coagulation disturbance in the immediate postoperative period and serum cyclosporine A levels would eliminate the majority of neurologic complications in patients undergoing liver transplantation.     

Brain stem and cerebellar dysfunction with Legionnaires' disease.

A 37-year-old man under treatment for manic-depressive illness developed pneumonia identified as Legionnaires' disease accompanied by a severe neurological disorder with profound dysarthria, ataxia, gaze paralysis, and downbeat nystagmus. At review six months later, he has made only a partial recovery with persisting limb and gait ataxia. Difficulties in diagnosing neurological complications of Legionnaires' disease in a patient with a psychiatric disorder requiring psychotropic medication are discussed.     

CT辅助下立体定向穿刺引流术治疗基底节区脑出血的疗效分析

目的探讨CT辅助下立体定向穿刺引流术治疗老年高血压基底节区脑出血的疗效及其并发症。方法将发病24 h内的80例老年高血压脑出血患者分为穿刺引流术组和对照组。两组患者分别采用CT辅助下立体定向穿刺引流术和药物保守治疗;观察比较两组患者的住院治疗时间、并发症、治疗后的神经功能恢复,以及治疗前、后的神经功能评分。结果引流术组患者的并发症发生率为12.5%,对照组则为32.5%。引流术组的住院时间(17.6 d)、最终NIHSS评分(3.28分)和总有效率(92.5%)均明显优于对照组(24.6 d,4.00分和77.5%)。结论 CT辅助下立体定向穿刺引流术治疗基底节区脑出血创伤小,可以明显减少各种并发症,缩短患者的住院时间减少花费。与保守治疗相比,能促进患者神经功能的早期恢复。     

高血糖对急性脑梗塞患者神经损伤的影响

本文观察了１２１例急性脑梗塞患者神经功能缺损评分的动态变化，其中含并有ＩＩ型糖尿病者３７例（Ｉ组）、应激性高血糖者１９例（Ｉ组）、非糖尿病正常血糖者６５例，结果发现Ｉ组和Ｉ组的初始神经损伤与ＩＩ组间无明显差异，但入院后Ｉ，Ｉ组神经损伤明显恶化，至入院第８周其神经功能缺损评分仍显著低于ＩＩ组，Ｉ、ＩＩ组间神经功能缺损评分变化无显著差异。提示高血糖与急性脑梗塞神经损伤恶化显著相关     

Determinants of outcome in anticoagulation-associated cerebral hematoma requiring emergency evacuation

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the likelihood of recovery and prognostic factors in patients with massive anticoagulation-associated intracerebral hemorrhage treated with surgical evacuation after reversal of anticoagulation. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SETTING: Neurological-Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit at Mayo Clinic. Patients Seventeen consecutive patients with large anticoagulation-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Intervention Surgical evacuation of intracerebral hemorrhage. Main Outcome Measure Functional outcome was assessed using the modified Rankin scale. RESULTS: Before surgery, all patients had pronounced (>1-cm) shift of the septum pellucidum and one third had clinical signs of uncal herniation. Still, favorable outcome (modified Rankin scale score < or =3) was achieved by 11 patients (65%). All patients with good recovery awoke within 36 hours of surgery. Older age (P = .05) and serious systemic complications after surgery (P<.01) were significantly associated with lack of neurological recovery and fatal outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency surgery for select deteriorating patients with large anticoagulation-associated intracerebral hemorrhage is compatible with favorable outcome despite the presence of clinical and radiological signs of herniation before the evacuation.     

Neurological and neuroradiological findings in long-term survivors of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

The aim of this study was to assess neurological, neuropsychological, and neuroradiological findings in long-term survivors of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) who were recruited from a hematological outpatient clinic. In addition, risk factors for the development of late neurological complications were identified. In contrast to previous studies on autopsied patients, our study design provoked a bias away from increased neurological sequelae, because patients with early complications after BMT were excluded. Fifty-nine allogeneic patients and 7 autologous BMT patients underwent clinical examination, short neuropsychological testing, and cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 34 ± 26 months after BMT. The pathological results of the neurological examination (abnormal 64%) and the MRI examination (white matter lesions, 54%; atrophy, 11%) were associated with the occurrence of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) evolving from acute GvHD, with corticosteroid therapy and with cyclosporine medication. Neuropsychological impairment (cognitive deficits, 37%) was associated with long-term cyclosporine medication and age. No influence of pre-BMT disease, BMT donor status, or the conditioning regimen was found. These results suggest that the frequent neurological abnormalities in long-term survivors of allogeneic BMT are associated with chronic GvHD and with the resulting immunosuppression as major risk factors.     

Neurological manifestations in xeroderma pigmentosum

Xeroderma pigmentosum is an unusual neurocutaneous disorder. Recent studies have classified patients with xeroderma pigmentosum into 10 groups by somatic cell hybridization methods. In this report we describe 32 patients with Group A xeroderma pigmentosum, including 1 patient with an atypical case, who were assessed for neurological complications. Of these patients, 17 had microcephaly, 13 short stature, and 21 mental retardation. In patients over 7 years of age, sensorineural deafness and spinocerebellar signs such as nystagmus, dysarthria, tremor, and ataxia were frequently observed; no patients below 7 years of age had such neurological complications. Electroencephalographic studies revealed abnormal slow and low voltage background activity. Two patients had focal abnormal discharges, one of whom developed versive seizures. Cranial computed tomographic scans revealed abnormalities, including ventricular dilatation, cerebral atrophy, cerebellar and brainstem atrophy, and cranial bone thickening. A patient with an atypical case of Group A xeroderma pigmentosum had less skin and neurological involvement, and higher levels of postultraviolet colony-forming ability and host cell reactivation than did a typical Group A case. It is possible that these less severe cytological findings are responsible for the less severe skin lesions and neurological complications noted clinically.     

Uncommon causes of intraventricular hemorrhage

The advent of CT has lead to discovery of a wide variety of unusual causes of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and hence to the shifts in the proportional incidence of its different etiologies. From 96 patients with IVH, 7 uncommon cases of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) associated with IVH, including 2 due to anticoagulation treatment, 1 because of thrombolytic therapy, 1 due to thrombocytopenia, 2 as operative complications and 1 due to metastatic brain tumor are presented. In patients with blood disorders-related IVH the clinical presentation was similar to 'stroke in evolution', and the severity of IVH correlated with neurological deficit on admission and outcome of 3/4. All of the patients were treated with external ventricular drainage (EVD), 1 underwent partial evacuation of ICH in addition. 4 (57%) patients, including 3 with coagulation defect deceased. The peculiar aspects of uncommon causes of IVH are discussed on the basis of a review of the literature. The authors suggest that a standardized differentiated protocol should be adopted for the management of every uncommon type of IVH. An active attitude towards the evacuation of blood disorders-related ICHs and IVHs seems to be justified.     

Incidence and risk factors for seizures after heart transplantation

Neurological complications can occur after heart transplantation and present with seizures. We examined the incidence of seizures from a population of adult patients who had received heart transplants over a period of 3 years. Brain MRI and clinical data were analysed to identify the risk factors for the seizures. Eight of the 166 post-transplant patients presented seizures (4.8%). The first seizures occurred with a mean of 30 days after the transplantation. For seven patients, the mean delay was 8 days, and for one, it was longer, 172 days. The analysis of brain MRI showed two main epileptogenic factors in the early post-transplant seizures: posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) due to cyclosporine treatment (n = 4) and cortical ischemic stroke (n = 5). In two patients, we identified multiple epileptogenic factors, including notably the association of PRES and cortical stroke. Since treatment of seizures in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) after heart transplantation depends on identifying and correcting the causes, FLAIR and diffusion MRI sequences are needed, even if the patients have a previous history of epilepsy. Seizures were easy to control. In patients with PRES, imaging and clinical abnormalities improved when cyclosporine was replaced by another immunosuppressive treatment. Death of three patients was not related to seizures, but to infectious or malignant complications of immunosuppressive treatments (n = 2) or to post-stroke neurological deficit (n = 1). Mortality was similar among patients presenting seizures and those who did not.     

5000/肝移植手术出血特点及其对术后呼吸功能恢复的影响(英文发表)

背景：肝移植手术容易导致致命性大出血，如何评估肝移植手术过程的出血、止血、凝血功能以及使用怎样的止血措施解决凝血问题，目前还没有常规止血指导方案。呼吸功能监测和呼吸道管理是肝移植后首先遇到的重要问题，因此呼吸机治疗和呼吸系统并发症的处理在ICU期间显得尤为重要。 目的：回顾性分析肝移植手术中的出血特点以及出血/输血量对移植后呼吸功能恢复的影响。 设计、时间及地点：回顾性病例分析，于2001-02/2006-09在中山大学附属第二医院肝胆外科完成。 对象：资料完整的成人肝移植患者48例。根据病因将患者分为4组，单纯肝硬化组8例，肝硬化合并肝癌组32例，单纯肝癌不合并肝硬化组5例，急性炎症组3例。以出血量大于5 000 mL为界将患者分为2组，大量失血组 9例，小量失血组39例。 方法：了解不同病因患者移植手术中出血量对术后呼吸功能恢复的影响。回顾性分析手术各时期的出血量，包括切肝期，无肝期和新肝期，对各期的出血量进行统计分析，了解在肝移植手术过程中不同病因的患者手术不同时期出血的特点。 主要观察指标：患者手术各时期的出血量，大量失血组及小量失血组手术后呼吸功能等恢复情况，围手术期并发症、死亡率。 结果：病肝切除阶段是主要的出血时间段，以广泛渗血为主要特点。不同病因患者手术出血量明显不同，出血量最多为肝癌合并肝硬化、其他依次为肝硬化、急性重症肝炎及无肝硬化肝癌(P < 0.05)。出血量较大(> 5 000 mL)明显影响患者移植后呼吸功能的恢复，并且造成较高的围手术期并发症发生率及死亡率(P < 0.05)。 结论：在肝移植手术中，尤其是对肝癌合并肝硬化实施肝移植手术，控制切肝时间相广泛渗血是手术中主要的防止出血手段；大量出血、输血可能造成患者移植后呼吸功能恢复延迟，并且造成较高的呼吸系统并发症发生率及死亡率。     

The neuropathology of intestinal failure and small bowel transplantation

The aim of this study was to elucidate the neuropathological substrate of intestinal failure before and after small bowel transplantation (SBT). Retrospective analysis of complete autopsy or brain biopsy specimens of 17 patients with intestinal failure (12 children and 5 adults) were studied. Patients were divided into two groups. Group I (transplanted group; n = 13) included those patients who underwent intestinal transplantation under tacrolimus and steroids immunosuppressive therapy. Group II (control group) included 4 children with intestinal failure who were candidates for SBT and died while awaiting an intestinal allograft. Central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities were seen in 92% of the SBT recipients and in 100% of SBT candidates. The neuropathological lesions of SBT recipients included: (a) vascular lesions: global brain ischemia, infarcts, intracranial hemorrhage and edema (7 children/2 adults; 69%); (b) cerebral atrophy (6 children; 46%); (c) Alzheimer type II gliosis (5 children/4 adults; 69%); (d) infection (3 patients; 23%) due to cytomegalovirus (1 child), Aspergillus fumigatus (1 adult) and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)-like (1 adult); (e) Epstein-Barr virus-related cerebral post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (2 children; 15%); and (f) central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis (1 child; 7.5%). The neuropathological lesions of SBT candidates were Alzheimer type II astrocytosis (4 patients), vascular changes (4 patients), brain atrophy (4 patients) and cerebral candidiasis (1 patient). CNS vascular, metabolic and infectious pathology are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in patients suffering intestinal failure, both before and after SBT. Brain atrophy was a frequent finding and may be related to nutritional and developmental inadequacy of long-term total parenteral nutrition. Received: 17 July 1998 / Revised: 12 October 1998 / Revised, accepted: 7 December 1998     

脑出血恢复期内分泌激素异常的研究

目的 探讨脑出血恢复期患者内分泌激素变化情况.方法 用放射免疫法测定90例脑出血患者发病后3个月,6个月,12个月周围静脉血中FT3、FT4、TSH、GH、ACTH、Cor、PRL、T、E2、FSH、LH、P的浓度.分析内分泌异常的发生率及其与出血量、有无并发症及恢复时间的关系.结果 内分泌激素异常在发病后3个月时发生率11.1％,6个月时发生率8.9％,12个月时发生率7.8％.随着恢复时间的延长逐渐下降,出血量越大分泌异常发生率越高,发病当时有并发症者恢复期内分泌激素异常发病率高.结论 脑出血恢复期内分泌异常有一定的发生率,有必要对恢复期患者进行常规的内分泌激素水平检查,并用于指导治疗.     

Pituitary Hemorrhage : Classification and Related Factors

Objective

Clinical features of pituitary hemorrhage vary from asymptomatic to catastrophic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors related to severity of hemorrhage of pituitary adenoma.

Methods

Pituitary hemorrhage was noted in 32 of 88 patients who underwent operations between January 2000 and December 2007. Clinical status was classified into group I (no hemorrhage symptoms), II (mild to moderate symptoms without neurological deficit), and III (with neurological deficit), and was compared to radiological, pathological, and operative findings. All patients were operated by transsphenoidal approach, and hemorrhage-related symptoms were relieved.

Results

Groups I, II, and III comprised 15, 10 and 7 patients, respectively. In group I, hemorrhage volume was under 1 mL in 11 (73.3%), but, it was above 1 mL in 7 (70%) of group II and in all cases of group III. Hemorrhage stage based on MRI findings was chronic or subacute in 11 (73.3%) of group I, acute in 6 (60%) of group II, and acute or hyperacute in 6 (85.7%) of group III. Pathological examination revealed chronic-stage hematomas in 5 (50%) group II patients. Functioning adenomas were found in 5 (33.3%) group I patients but none in group II or III patients. Silent adenomas were found in 4 (26.7%), 8 (80%), and 3 (42.9%) in groups I, II, and III, respectively.

Conclusion

Clinical features of pituitary hemorrhage may differ with the radiological and immunohistopathlogical findings. Persistent symptoms are related to the chronic stage of hematoma requiring surgery for symptom relief. Neurological deficits are caused by large amount of acute hemorrhage requiring emergency operation. Silent adenoma is related to the severity of pituitary hemorrhage.     

Neurological Complications Among Native Americans with COVID-19: Our Experience at a Tertiary Care Academic Hospital in the U.S.

ObjectiveTo study the central nervous system (CNS) complications in patients with COVID-19 infection especially among Native American population in the current pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (COVID-19).MethodsPatients with confirmed COVID-19 infection at University of New Mexico hospital (UNMH) were screened for development of neurological complications during Feb 01 to April 29, 2020 via retrospective chart review.ResultsTotal of 90 hospitalized patients were screened. Out of seven patients, majority were Native Americans females, and developed neurological complications including subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), Intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH), Ischemic stroke (IS) and seizure. All 7 patients required Intensive care unit (ICU) level of care. Patients who developed CNS complications other than seizure were females in the younger age group (4 patients, 38-58 years) with poor outcome. Out of 7, three developed subarachnoid hemorrhage, two developed ischemic infarction, and four developed seizure. Two patients with hemorrhagic complication expired during the course of hospitalization. All three patients with seizure were discharged to home.ConclusionPatients with serious CNS complications secondary to COVID-19 infection were observed to be Native Americans. Patients who developed hemorrhagic or ischemic events were observed to have poor outcomes as compared to patients who developed seizures.     

Cyclosporine A reduces cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in dogs

The double subarachnoid hemorrhage canine model was used to test the prophylactic value of immunosuppression in the prevention of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Dogs treated with cyclosporine A following the regimen prescribed for organ transplant procedures in patients showed a significant reduction in the severity of angiographic constriction of cerebral arteries. While basilar artery diameter after double experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in a series of untreated dogs (n = 34) averaged 65% of baseline diameter, arterial diameter in dogs treated prophylactically (n = 18) with 6 mg/kg/day cyclosporine A and adjunct low-dose steroid averaged 80% of baseline diameter, for a mean reduction in the severity of chronic arterial constriction of 42%. More important than the average effect, however, is the statistical observation that this mean improvement was obtained primarily by a dramatic reduction in the incidence of severe cerebral vasospasm, the situation most likely to account for morbidity and mortality after aneurysmal rupture.     

Timing the valve replacement in infective endocarditis involving the brain

Neurological complications are very frequent in patients with infective endocarditis (20-40 %). In these patients it is unclear at what time a valve replacement should be performed. In order to develop a data based recommendation we studied 12 patients of our own and analyzed 228 patients from the literature. We included patients with valve replacement after a neurological complication of endocarditis and documented the time between manifestation and operation and the outcome. Based on these 240 patients we calculated the risk of neurological deterioration after the valve replacement. After brain infarction this risk is 20% within three days, 20-50% between day 4 and 14, but declines to < 10% after 14 days and < 1% after 4 weeks. Valve replacement within the first four weeks after intracranial hemorrhage has been reported to be successful only in individual cases. The risk of deteriorating declines later to 15%. Based on these limited data we suggest that valve replacement in patients with brain infarction should be considered within the first 72 hours if they have severe heart failure, otherwise after four weeks. Only a few selected patients with intracranial hemorrhage and progressive heart failure might benefit from valve replacement within the first four weeks. For all other neurological complications there are no reliable data. We propose a structured approach depending on cardiac and neurological complications and the time course of the disease.     

Intracerebral hemorrhage in COVID-19: A narrative review

Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic affects the worldwide healthcare system and our understanding of this disease grows rapidly. Although COVID-19 is a mainly respiratory disease, neurological manifestations are not uncommon. The aim of this review is to report on the etiology, clinical profile, location, and outcome of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and COVID-19. This review includes 36 studies examining ICH in the clinical presentation of COVID-19. Overall, 217 cases with intracranial hemorrhage, of which 188 ICHs, were reported. Generally, a low incidence of both primary and secondary ICH was found in 8 studies [106 (0.25%) out of 43,137 hospitalized patients with COVID-19]. Available data showed a median age of 58 years (range: 52–68) and male sex 64%, regarding 36 and 102 patients respectively. Furthermore, 75% of the patients were on prior anticoagulation treatment, 52% had a history of arterial hypertension, and 61% were admitted in intensive care unit. Location of ICH in deep structures/basal ganglia was ascertained in only 7 cases making arterial hypertension an improbable etiopathogenetic mechanism. Mortality was calculated at 52.7%. Disease related pathophysiologic mechanisms support the hypothesis that SARS-CoV2 can cause ICH, however typical ICH risk factors such as anticoagulation treatment, or admission to ICU should also be considered as probable causes. Physicians should strongly suspect the possibility of ICH in individuals with severe COVID-19 admitted to ICU and treated with anticoagulants. It is not clear whether ICH is related directly to COVID-19 or reflects expected comorbidity and/or complications observed in severely ill patients.