JNK抑制剂SP600125对低钾诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的保护作用

【目的】研究特异性c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)抑制剂SP600125对低钾诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的保护作用。【方法】把体外培养的小脑颗粒神经元从含去极化浓度钾离子(KCl 25mmol／L)的培养基中转移至低钾培养基(KCl 5mmol／L)中诱导神经元凋亡。以Western blot法检测JNK和c-Jun的磷酸化水平。【结果】低钾(KCl 5mmol／L)磷酸化并激活JNK，诱导c-Jun磷酸化和小脑颗粒神经元凋亡。SP600125通过抑制c-Jun磷酸化而浓度依赖性地促进低钾环境中培养的小脑颗粒神经元的存活。其保护作用的半数有效量(ED50)为1．01μmol／L。【结论】SP600125通过特异性地抑制JNK活性而对低钾培养的小脑颗粒神经元具有保护作用；提示JNK是介导低钾诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的关键激酶，它可能可以作为干扰神经元凋亡的药物的作用靶点。     

p38 MAPK抑制剂通过抑制JNK活性抑制培养的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡

【目的】研究特异性p38分裂原激活的蛋白激酶（MAPK）抑制剂SB203580对低钾诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的作用。【方法】把体外培养的小脑颗粒神经元从含去极化浓度钾离子（KCl25mmol*L-1）的培养基中转移至低钾培养基（KCl5mmol*L-1）中诱导神经元凋亡。凝胶电泳分析DNA片段,SAPK/JNK分析盒测定c-JunN-末端蛋白激酶(JNK)活性。【结果】低钾诱导小脑颗粒神经元的具有典型形态学和生化特征的凋亡。特异性的p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580通过抑制细胞凋亡,促进低钾环境中培养的小脑颗粒神经元存活。这种保护作用具有浓度依赖性。培养于低钾环境中的颗粒神经元,c-Jun表达和磷酸化水平升高了,且激活了JNK活性。当小脑颗粒神经元生长在含SB20358025μmol*L-1的低钾培养基中,c-Jun表达、磷酸化水平和JNK活性都明显降低。【结论】SB203580抑制JNK活性,降低c-Jun的磷酸化而对低钾培养的小脑颗粒神经元具有保护作用。     

小脑颗粒神经元撤钾凋亡中JNK/c-Jun通路对促凋亡基因Hrk的转录调控

目的研究小脑颗粒神经元(CGNs)撤钾凋亡模型中,BH3-only促凋亡基因Hrk的转录,及JNK/c-Jun通路对Hrk基因转录的调控。方法新生7 d Sprague-Dawley大鼠CGNs在含10%胎牛血清和25 mmol/L KCl培养液中培养。培养第7天,分别用不含胎牛血清的25或5 mmol/L KCl培养液处理2、4、8 h,或5 mmol/L KCl+JNK通路抑制剂处理细胞4 h;或在培养第5天用表达负显性c-Jun突变体的腺病毒载体(Ad-FLAGΔ169)感染CGNs 36 h后,用5mmol/L KCl处理细胞4 h。用RT-PCR方法检测各组CGNs促凋亡基因Hrk mRNA的表达。结果在CGNs撤钾凋亡模型中促凋亡基因Hrk mRNA转录上调;JNK通路抑制剂CEP-11004或SP600125均部分地下调了Hrk的转录;负显性c-Jun突变体抑制了Hrk mRNA的表达。结论在CGNs撤钾凋亡模型中促凋亡基因Hrk转录上调;JNK/c-Jun信号通路介导了Hrk的转录。     

ATF2在低钾诱导小脑颗粒神经元凋亡中的作用

目的 探讨bZip家族蛋白ATF2在撤钾诱导小脑颗粒神经元凋亡时的作用及机制.方法 体外培养小脑颗粒神经元,用含5mM KCl的无血清培养基(简称为低钾或5K)处理诱导凋亡,Western blot检测ATF2和c-Jun蛋白的表达及磷酸化水平;免疫耗竭检测ATF2是否主要与c-Jun形成复合物;转染小分子干扰RNA检测沉默ATF2与c-Jun表达对神经元凋亡的影响.结果 低钾刺激使ATF2和c-Jun磷酸化水平增加;ATF2主要与c-Jun形成复合物.分别沉默ATF2或c-Jun表达能抑制神经元凋亡(P＜0.05),且抑制凋亡程度没有差异(P＞0.05).结论 低钾条件下,ATF2主要通过与c-Jun形成复合物促进小脑颗粒神经元凋亡.     

JNK信号通路在乙醛刺激的肝星状细胞凋亡中的作用

目的: 观察用特异性c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)特异性阻断剂SP600125阻断JNK信号传导通路对乙醛刺激的大鼠肝星状细胞(Hepatic stellate cell,HSC)凋亡的影响.方法: 体外培养大鼠HSC株;用不同浓度的SP600125(20,60,100 μg/L)对乙醛(200 μmol/L)刺激的大鼠HSC进行处理,分别以DNA片段凝胶电泳及流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,用Western Blotting法检测JNK激酶的活性变化.结果: 不同浓度的SP600125(终浓度为20,60,100 μg/L)对乙醛刺激的HSC内p-JNK的水平有明显下调作用,强度呈剂量依赖关系,同乙醛组相比有显著性差异[MVI: (35.6±0.9),(24.4±1.1),(3.4±0.2) vs (48.2±0.9),P<0.05];同时SP600125具有促进HSC凋亡的作用: 空白对照组及乙醛组中细胞凋亡率为[(2.0±0.2)%和(6.0±0.5)% ,两者有显著性差异(P<0.05)],经SP600125处理后细胞凋亡率上升[分别为(11.1±0.4)%,(26.9±0.9)%,(33.1±1.3)%,P<0.05],同乙醛组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论: SP600125通过阻断JNK通路促进HSC凋亡,故JNK信号通路可能参与了HSC的凋亡.     

JNK和Caspase-3在夏枯草引起人淋巴瘤细胞凋亡中的作用

目的 研究夏枯草对淋巴瘤细胞生长的影响及其可能的机制.方法 参考临床常用剂量,采用50 g/L夏枯草(夏枯草组)、50 g/L夏枯草及20 μmol/L c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)特异抑制剂SP600125(SP600125组)处理Raji细胞,以加入同体积生理盐水处理的Raji细胞作对照,应用噻唑蓝比色法(MTT法)检测各处理方式下细胞增殖率,通过Western印迹检测JNK、c-Jun磷酸化水平和半胱氨酰天门冬氨酸(Caspase-3)的表达,流式细胞术(FCM)检测细胞凋亡率.结果 夏枯草细胞增殖率(67.32±1.96)%低于其余各组(P<0.05);JNK磷酸化水平(0.48 ±0.03)和c-Jun磷酸化水平(0.46±0.04)在夏枯草组均明显增高(P<0.05),SP600125可抑制c-Jun磷酸化(0.43±0.01);夏枯草组的Caspase-3表达(1.35±0.07)高于其他各组,SP600125使其表达减少(0.79±0.06,P<0.05);细胞凋亡率在夏枯草组中最高(25.32±5.27)%(P<0.05).结论 夏枯草可以明显抑制Raji细胞的生长,这种抑制作用可能是通过激活JNK信号转导通路和Caspase途径导致细胞凋亡实现的.     

PLA激活JNK信号通路促进NCI-H292细胞凋亡

目的 探讨多聚左旋精氨酸(PLA)诱导NCI-H292细胞凋亡的信号通路及分子机制.方法 将加入PLA 的浓度梯度分5组:0、10、20、40、60 mg/L,作用NCI-H292细胞24 h后Western blot法检测每组c-Jun氨基末端激酶( JNK)的磷酸化水平;设对照组、PLA 组(40 mg /L)、SP组(加入特异性JNK通路抑制剂SP600125)、PLA+SP组,加药24 h后流式细胞仪检测每组NCI-H292细胞凋亡率,Western blot法检测各组NCI-H292细胞内凋亡相关蛋白 Bcl-2/Bax、Caspase-3、P-JNK/JNK和β-actin蛋白的表达水平.结果 对照组、PLA组、SP组、 PLA+ SP组 NCI-H292细胞凋亡率分别为(5.13 ±1.07)%、(22.62 ± 1.66)%、(5.69 ± 0.14)%、(8.99 ± 3.73)% ;Western blot 法检测 PLA 诱导 NCI-H292 细胞内BCL-2/Bax比值降低( P＜0. 01),Caspase 3 表达升高( P＜0. 001),PLA诱导NCI-H292 细胞JNK 磷酸化水平增加(P＜0.001 ), SP600125 抑制 PLA 诱导 JNK 磷酸化( P ＜0.001).结论 PLA可能介导JNK信号通路引起NCI-H292细胞凋亡水平增加.     

JNK抑制剂SP 600125对癫痫持续状态大鼠海马神经元的保护作用

目的：探讨c-Jun氨基末端激酶（JNK）特异性抑制剂SP600125对大鼠癫痫持续状态海马神经元的保护作用及其作用机制。方法 Wistar大鼠按随机数字表随机分为对照组（Control组）、癫痫持续状态组（ SE组）和JNK抑制剂SP600125组（ SP组）。应用HE染色和荧光TUNEL法观察各组大鼠海马病理变化和神经元凋亡;采用Western blot方法检测各组大鼠海马组织JNK及其下游效应分子c-JUN磷酸化表达变化。结果与对照组相比,SE组大鼠海马CA3区神经元细胞缺失、凋亡明显[（ TUNEL阳性细胞百分率（26．34±3．04）％, P＜0．05];SP组较SE组大鼠死亡率明显下降（分别为6．25％、37．5％,P＜0．05）,细胞缺失和凋亡明显减少[TUNEL阳性细胞百分率分别为（7．48±1．37）％、（26．34±3．04）％, P＜0．05];同时,SE组大鼠海马磷酸化JNK（p-JNK）和磷酸化c-JUN（p-c-JUN）显著增加（OD相对值分别为0．447±0．025、0．552±0．035,与对照组相比, P＜0．05）,应用SP600125的SP组JNK和c-JUN的磷酸化水平明显下降（OD相对值分别为0．211±0．016、0．237±0．028,与SE组相比, P＜0．05）。结论 JNK抑制剂SP600125通过抑制JNK及c-JUN磷酸化水平对癫痫持续状态后大鼠海马神经元起到保护作用。     

JNK信号通路对葡萄籽提取物抑制Eca-109细胞增殖的调控作用

目的探讨c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)信号通路对葡萄籽提取物抑制Eca-109细胞增殖过程的调控作用。方法体外培养Eca-109细胞,用不同浓度葡萄籽提取物、JNK特异性抑制剂SP600125对Eca-109细胞进行处理,应用噻唑蓝比色法检测细胞增殖,倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞形态学改变,annexinV/碘化丙锭双标记观察细胞凋亡;Western印迹检测磷酸化JNK蛋白表达的变化。结果葡萄籽提取物作用于Eca-109细胞后,细胞增殖抑制率、凋亡率显著升高,具有时间和剂量依赖性,并伴随磷酸化-JNK蛋白水平上调;加入SP600125能下调磷酸化-JNK的水平,显著降低葡萄籽提取物对Eca-109细胞的增殖抑制率和凋亡率。结论 JNK信号通路参与葡萄籽提取物抑制Eca-109细胞增殖过程的调控,抑制JNK活性可降低葡萄籽提取物对Eca-109细胞的增殖抑制、凋亡诱导作用。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.