肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻合并同侧膀胱输尿管连接部梗阻的诊断与治疗

目的 肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(ureteropelvic junction obstruction,UPJO)和膀胱输尿管连接部梗阻(ureterovesical junction obstruction,UVJO)这两个最常见的儿童泌尿系统病理状态同时存在较少见.本文对单侧UPJO合并同侧UVJO的诊断与治疗进行探讨.方法 回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院2012年1月至2015年7月间手术治疗的UPJO合并UVJO患儿.术前常规行泌尿系超声、同位素利尿肾图(DR)及排泄性膀胱尿道造影(VCUG)等检查.结果 我院共诊治单侧UPJO合并UVJO的43例患儿,失访2例.11例患儿术前明确诊断;41例患儿先行肾盂成形术+肾造瘘术,其中10例术后复查发现输尿管末端狭窄自行缓解,28例再次接受输尿管膀胱再植术,3例患儿行肾盂成形术+肾造瘘术后复查核素提示分肾功能低于10％,给予患肾切除;38例患儿术复查肾积水程度和肾脏功能均得到显著改善.结论 单侧UPJO合并UVJO的术前诊断非常困难,术中应仔细检查,避免遗漏同时合并存在的病理改变.术前尽量通过超声、DR及MR等影像检查作出明确诊断,进而制定个体化的治疗方案,能够获得满意的治疗效果.如术前明确有UPJO的存在,应选择首先进行肾盂成形术,术后根据检查结果决定是否行输尿管膀胱再植术.     

腹腔镜Lich-Gregoir手术治疗儿童双侧原发性膀胱输尿管反流

目的 评价腹腔镜Lich-Gregoir手术治疗儿童双侧原发性膀胱输尿管反流治疗效果.方法 对2007年9月至2009年9月4例腹腔镜Lich-Gregoir手术治疗双侧原发性膀胱输尿管反流患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 4例患儿,均因反复尿路感染收治.平均年龄6.5岁(5～8岁).男1例,女3例,排尿行膀胱尿道造影(VCUG)均提示双侧VUR,其中Ⅴ级2侧,Ⅳ级3侧,Ⅲ级3侧.二巯丁二酸(DMSA)肾图均证实存在一侧或双侧肾瘢痕.所有病例均经腹腔路径成功于膀胱外完成腹腔镜Lich-Gregoir手术.平均手术时间为200min(140～300min),术中无明显出血,术后平均住院时间6 d(5～7 d).平均随访18.5个月(6～30个月),所有患儿术后6个月VCUG复查证实膀胱输尿管反流均完全消失,无发热性尿路感染及新的肾瘢痕形成.1例患儿术后出现短期尿潴留,留置导尿1周后症状消失.结论 我们的初步经验显示腹腔镜Lich-Gregoir手术安全、有效、创伤小、术后恢复快,有望成为治疗儿童原发性膀胱输尿管反流,尤其是双侧病变较理想的治疗方法.     

气膀胱Cohen术与腹腔镜膀胱外输尿管再植术治疗输尿管末端梗阻的疗效比较

目的 评价气膀胱Cohen术与腹腔镜膀胱外输尿管再植术治疗小儿膀胱输尿管连接部梗阻的临床效果。方法 收集2014年2月至2019年8月本院收治的31例单侧先天性膀胱输尿管连接部梗阻患儿资料,按手术方式分为腹腔镜气膀胱Cohen再植组(17例)和腹腔镜膀胱外输尿管再植组(14例)。比较两组手术时间、术后静脉使用抗生素时间、术后血尿时间、留置尿管时间、术后住院时间及住院费用。结果 气膀胱Cohen再植组与腹腔镜下膀胱外再植组手术时间分别为(194±46)min、(152±52)min,术后住院时间分别为(8.1±1.1)d、(6.4±1.2)d,术后血尿时间分别为(3.2±0.7)d、(1.5±1.1)d,差异均具有统计学意义。术后抗生素使用时间分别为(5.6±1.1)d、(5.2±1.2)d,留置尿管时间分别为(6.3±1.3)d、(5.5±1.2)d,住院总费用分别为(23357.2±4638.5)元、(21194±3518.2)元,差异均不具有统计学意义。两组均无中转开放手术,随访3～12个月,获访病例临床症状均缓解,术后气膀胱Cohen再植组获随访13例,复查超声提示10例输尿管恢...     

气膀胱腹腔镜Cohen术与Politano-Leadbetter术在儿童输尿管膀胱再植中的疗效比较

目的比较气膀胱腹腔镜Cohen术与Politano-Leadbetter术治疗儿童膀胱输尿管连接部梗阻(VUJO)的手术疗效。方法回顾性研究。收集2017年1月至2021年12月安徽省儿童医院泌尿外科行手术治疗的48例VUJO患儿病例资料, 按时间先后分为气膀胱腹腔镜Cohen术式组(C组)(28例)和气膀胱腹腔镜Politano-Leadbetter术式组(P组)(20例)。比较2组患儿手术时间、术后保留导尿管时间、血尿时间、住院时间及手术前后肾积水、输尿管扩张、肾功能改善情况等相关资料。计数资料采用χ2检验或Fisher′s确切概率法比较, 计量资料采用t检验比较。结果 48例患儿均由同一手术医师顺利完成手术, 无中转开放手术, C组6例巨输尿管患儿行输尿管裁剪, P组2例肾盏输尿管结石患儿术后无残留。C组与P组手术时间比较[(136.5±35.4) min比(165.8±33.2) min], 差异有统计学意义(t=-3.154, P=0.002)。术后随访(10.3±2.6)个月, C组和P组术后2个月内分别有8例、6例出现尿路感染, 均予抗感染保守治疗后好转, 拔除D-J管后...     

单根输尿管膀胱再植术与输尿管端侧吻合术治疗小儿输尿管重复畸形的疗效对比研究

目的 比较单根输尿管膀胱再植术与输尿管端侧吻合术治疗小儿输尿管重复畸形的安全性与疗效。方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2018年12月上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院收治的采用单根输尿管膀胱再植术与输尿管端侧吻合术治疗的小儿输尿管重复畸形患儿临床资料。共92例患儿,其中实施单根输尿管膀胱再植术42例,为单根输尿管膀胱再植术组,输尿管端侧吻合术50例,为输尿管端侧吻合术组。比较两组手术时间、术后住院天数、患侧肾盂前后径、患侧输尿管直径、患肾分肾功能、术后并发症等情况。结果 单根输尿管膀胱再植术组手术时间显著少于输尿管端侧吻合术组(Z=-2.28,P=0.023),置入输尿管支架管病例数多于输尿管端侧吻合术组(χ²=26.799,P<0.0001)。两组术后平均住院时间差异无统计学意义(Z=-1.639,P=0.101)。单根输尿管膀胱再植术组出现远期并发症2例(尿路感染、吻合口狭窄各1例),输尿管端侧吻合术组出现远期并发症4例(吻合口狭窄2例、尿路感染和膀胱输尿管反流各1例),差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.041,P=0.839)。两组手术前...     

后腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗小儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的学习曲线

目的 评估不同阶段后腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗小儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(PUJO)的手术效果,探讨其学习曲线.方法 分析2002年6月至2009年6月期间我院收治的96例接受后腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗PUJO患儿的资料,根据手术先后次序分为4组(A、B、C和D组),每组24例.比较各组的手术时间、中转开放比例、术后负压引流管留置时间、术后住院天数、术后并发症等.结果 手术时间,A组(255.6±39.8)min明显长于其余三组(P＜0.01),B、C两组间无显著差异;术后住院天数及负压引流时间,在均值上B组的(6.7±3.8)d和(5.3±3.7)d、C组的(6.O±3.4)d和(4.7±2.4)d、D组的(6.8±3.8)d和(6.4±3.9)d较A组(9.3±7.2)d和(7.7±7.8)d缩短;中转开放比例呈逐渐下降(6/24、3/24、2/24、0/24).术后尿路感染发生率各组间差别不明显(5/24、5/24、3/24、4/24).结论 开展24例后,小儿后腹腔镜肾盂成形术的手术时间明显缩短,术后住院天数、负压保留天数缩短,中转开放比例降低,进入一个相对的平台期,其学习曲线在20～30例之间.     

气膀胱腹腔镜Cohen输尿管移植术治疗先天性膀胱输尿管连接部梗阻

目的 介绍应用气膀胱腹腔镜行膀胱内横向黏膜下推进抗返流输尿管膀胱再植术（Cohen术）治疗先天性膀胱输尿管连接部梗阻的方法和体会.方法 2008年8月至2009年4月本院收治8例先天性膀胱输尿管连接部梗阻患儿,年龄23个月至9岁,平均年龄4.1岁.男6例,女2例.左侧7例,右侧1例.均在气膀胱腹腔镜下行Cohen输尿管再植术.结果 7例手术获得成功,1例中转开放手术.手术时间150～360 min,平均213 min.9～10 d拔除导尿管,8例均痊愈出院.术后随访2～10个月,无尿路感染发生,尿常规检查正常,B超检查肾积水及输尿管扩张程度减轻,MCU（排尿性膀胱尿路造影）均发现膀胱输尿管反流.结论 在熟练掌握腹腔镜分离缝合技术的基础上,气膀胱腹腔镜Cohen输尿管再植术治疗先天性膀胱输尿管连接部梗阻可取得良好的手术效果.     

膀胱外输尿管隧道延长术治疗小儿巨输尿管10例

巨输尿管症是小儿泌尿外科常见疾病,其病因复杂,以输尿管迂曲、扩张为共同病理改变,常采用病变输尿管切除、输尿管裁剪整形及抗返流性输尿管膀胱再植手术。2002年6月￣2005年6月我院采用改良膀胱外输尿管隧道延长术治疗小儿巨输尿管症10例,疗效良好,现报告如下。1临床资料1.1一     

经膀胱内腹腔镜手术治疗膀胱输尿管连接处疾病

目的 探讨经膀胱内腹腔镜治疗膀胱输尿管连接处疾病的手术技巧及适应证.方法 回顾分析30例患儿,男19例,女11例.年龄4个月～7岁.单侧输尿管末端狭窄18例(其中输尿管囊肿3例、伴发结石2例),原发性膀胱输尿管反流12例(双侧4例).在膀胱镜引导下,经膀胱顶置入5 mm目镜鞘管并固定,建立CO2气膀胱,两侧放置3～5 mm操作鞘管.术式同开放手术,术后留置导尿5～7 d.结果 29例在CO2气膀胱下完成手术,1例中转开放手术.所有病例手术时间57～260min.术后轻度血尿6例,均在2d内消失.术后随访3～26个月,21根恢复正常,9根较术前明显缩小,3根输尿管直径大于2.0 cm者,术后未裁剪部分输尿管扩张无缓解.无输尿管反流.结论 CO2>气膀胱下经膀胱内腹腔镜治疗膀胱输尿管连接处疾病是一种安全有效的手术,容易学习,具有微创优势,但是,输尿管末端结石或扩张直径大于2.0 cm者,不宜首选该术式,术中注意避免输精管损伤.     

机器人辅助腹腔镜治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的临床应用及研究进展

肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻是尿路梗阻中最常见的先天性畸形, 常常导致小儿肾积水。近年来, 达芬奇机器人手术系统的运用逐步成为热点, 具有操作灵活、手术精准度高等优势, 保证了手术的安全性、准确性以及疗效, 从而在小儿泌尿外科中的应用日渐广泛。本文就运用机器人辅助腹腔镜治疗小儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的临床应用及研究进展进行综述。     

Robot-assisted laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation with excisional tailoring for refluxing megaureter

ObjectiveTo demonstrate a novel technique for robot-assisted laparoscopic excisional tailoring and reimplantation of a refluxing megaureter.MethodsA 9-year-old boy with dysfunctional elimination was found to have a refluxing megaureter and diminished ipsilateral renal function. Robotic ureteral reimplantation with excisional tailoring was performed using a three-port approach. Stay sutures were placed in the anterior aspect of the distal ureter and sequentially lifted to allow freehand excision of redundant ureter. The ureterovesical junction was left intact, and the ureter was repaired over a 6 Fr double-J stent. Detrusorotomy to create flaps for ureteral tunneling was performed with a carbon dioxide (CO₂) laser.ResultsThe patient's vesicoureteral reflux was successfully corrected, and he is now asymptomatic.ConclusionSpecific technical modifications can facilitate robotic megaureter repair with intracorporeal excisional tailoring. The CO₂ laser is advantageous for detrusorotomy.     

Refluxing ureteral reimplantation: A logical method for managing neonatal UVJ obstruction

ObjectiveAn obstructed megaureter can be managed using a number of techniques, with the primary goal being to minimize the potential for further injury to the affected kidney. Classically, these obstructed ureters have been treated using cutaneous ureterostomy. However, this technique has certain limitations including the potential for stenosis. We describe our experience with the refluxing ureteral reimplantation as a novel, yet technically simple, method for temporary internal diversion of the obstructed megaureter.MethodsTreatment consists of transecting the ureter proximal to the obstruction and performing an end-to-side anastomosis with the bladder in a freely refluxing fashion. Patients are placed on antibiotic suppression following surgery. Subsequent open definitive surgery is performed through the same incision site once the child is older than 1 year of age.ResultsSixteen patients identified with severe hydroureteronephrosis were found to have an obstructed megaureter(s) involving 19 ureteral moieties. Patients underwent internal diversion at an average age of 5 months. All patients demonstrated improved drainage of the affected kidney(s) following surgery. Three patients developed a febrile urinary tract infection. Definitive surgical treatment was undertaken in 18 of 19 ureters, and consisted of ureteral reimplantation with tapering or plication (13), ureteral reimplantation without tapering (3), and nephrectomy (2). One patient with multiple other congenital anomalies is not a candidate for further genitourinary reconstruction.ConclusionsRefluxing ureteral reimplantation is a safe and easy method of temporary internal urinary diversion. Simple in principle, the concept of creating a refluxing ureteral reimplantation is no different from that of incising an obstructing ureterocele. This technique allows time for the child to mature, while preserving renal function and awaiting definitive repair.     

Transtrigonal,supramucosal reimplantation of the ureter: an experimental study and report of cases

Transtrigonal, supramucosal reimplantation of the ureter was studied in experimental animals and performed in two patients as an alternative to Cohen's procedure. In seven dogs no submucosal tunnel was created. The ureter was dissected and advanced along a transtrigonal mucosal incision and then fixed to the incised mucosa. The ureteric orifice was separately fixed at the depth of the muscularis mucosae. Three months after the operation, cystographies revealed no vesicoureteral reflux. On re-operation, regenerated bladder mucosa covered the reimplanted ureter. The ureteric meatus was normal. No stenosis was detected on catheterization of the ureter. Following removal of the bladder along with the adjacent parts of the ureters, histological examinations revealed no abnormalities. Two children with refluxing ureters were also subjected to the same operation. Cystographies in the 5th postoperative month revealed no reflux. DTPA renograms and intravenous pyelographies were normal. Endoscopy demonstrated rapid regeneration of the urothelium over the reimplanted ureters to create the same effect as a submucosal tunnel. Supramucosal reimplantation was easier and less time-consuming with comparable results to the standard procedure. Offprint requests to: D. C. Keramidas     

机器人辅助腹腔镜Lich-Gregoir输尿管再植术与气膀胱Cohen输尿管再植术治疗原发性膀胱输尿管反流的疗效对比CSCD

目的初步评价机器人辅助腹腔镜Lich-Gregoir输尿管再植术与气膀胱Cohen输尿管再植术治疗儿童原发性膀胱输尿管反流(vesicoureteral reflux,VUR)的临床疗效。方法将2016年1月至2020年8月解放军总医院第七医学中心儿科医学部行手术治疗的87例VUR患儿纳入研究,按照单侧或双侧VUR将患儿分为单侧组及双侧组,单侧组和双侧组又根据手术方式进一步分为单侧机器人组(25例)、双侧机器人组(22例)、单侧气膀胱组(22例)和双侧气膀胱组(18例)。单侧机器人组和双侧机器人组统称为机器人组,实施机器人辅助腹腔镜Lich-Gregoir输尿管再植术;单侧气膀胱组和双侧气膀胱组统称为气膀胱组,实施气膀胱Cohen输尿管再植术。分别比较单侧组和双侧组中机器人组、气膀胱组的术前准备时间、腹腔内手术操作时间、术中出血量、术后留置尿管天数及术后住院天数。记录各组患儿术后随访情况。结果所有患儿均顺利完成手术,无一例中转开放手术。在单侧VUR患儿中,机器人组和气膀胱组的术前准备时间分别为(15.3±2.9)min和(28.8±4.0)min;腹腔内手术操作时间分别为(34.9±3.0)min和(46.7±8.9)min;留置尿管天数分别为4(3,4)d和4(3,5)d;术中失血量分别为(14.7±2.7)mL和(16.8±2.8)mL;术后住院天数分别为(8.8±2.1)d和(10.5±2.8)d。在双侧VUR患儿中,机器人组和气膀胱组的术前准备时间分别为(16.5±3.6)min和(20.0±2.9)min;腹腔内手术操作时间分别为(81.6±8.1)min和(95.9±7.9)min;留置尿管天数分别为4(3,5)d和4(3,5)d;术中失血量分别为(36.4±7.0)mL和(34.4±6.0)mL;术后住院天数分别为7.5(7,9)d和9(7.8,10)d。按照手术方式进行比较,机器人组与气膀胱组患儿术前准备时间[单侧机器人组比单侧气膀胱组为(15.3±2.9)min比(28.8±4.9)min;双侧机器人组比双侧气膀胱组为(16.5±3.6)min比(20.0±2.9)min]、腹腔内手术操作时间[单侧机器人组比单侧气膀胱组为(34.9±3.0)min比(46.7±8.9)min;双侧机器人组比双侧气膀胱组为(81.6±8.1)min比(95.9±7.9)min]以及术后住院天数[单侧机器人组比单侧气膀胱组为(8.8±2.1)d比(10.5±2.8)d;双侧机器人组比双侧气膀胱组为7.5(7,9)min比9(7.8,10)d]的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);而留置尿管天数[单侧机器人组比单侧气膀胱组为4(3,4)d比4(3,5)d;双侧机器人组比双侧气膀胱组为4(3,5)d比4(3,5)d]和术中失血量[单侧机器人组比单侧气膀胱组为(14.7±2.7)mL比(16.8±2.8)mL;双侧机器人组比双侧气膀胱组为(36.4±7.0)mL比(34.4±6.0)mL]差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。本研究87例患儿随访1年无一例出现高级别并发症。结论两种微创输尿管再植术治疗VUR均疗效确切,机器人辅助腹腔镜Lich-Gregoir输尿管再植术手术时间更短,对膀胱的损伤更小,术后恢复更快,但需要更进一步的临床研究来证实。     

Nissen-type colonic bladder wall ureteral wraparound for reimplantation in a complex reconstructive case

We have applied a technique patterned after the Nissen gastroesophageal fundoplication to accomplish an antireflux mechanism in a girl who had had several failed operations that left her with a microbladder augmented with colon and both ureters replaced by small bowel and implanted without any antireflux procedure. Anchoring of the wrapped colonic bladder wall to the ureteral musculature and the addition of a psoas hitch were important in assuring the success of the procedure. This technique can be utilized in similar cases as a tool to prevent reflux and avoid the need for more complex surgical treatment.