含砷和氯丹类灭蚁药对职业人群心脏功能损伤的研究

目的:探讨职业性接触含砷和氯丹类灭蚁药对作业人员心脏功能水平的影响.方法:对作业人员的血清心肌酶谱:肌酸激酶(CK)及其同工酶(CK-MB)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、α-羟丁酸脱氢酶(α-HBDH)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平进行检测,同时做心电图检查,并对工龄、吸烟、饮酒等因素的影响进行分析.结果:职业接触灭蚁药物会使血清CK、α-HBDH和LDH水平显著升高,心电图异常率增高,且与接触工龄相关;饮酒能加重含砷和氯丹类灭蚁药物对职业人群心脏的损伤作用;血清CK、α-HBDH和LDH水平及心电图异常率,均与血清氯丹和尿砷含量呈正相关.结论:含砷和氯丹类灭蚁药能使职业接触人群心脏功能明显受损.     

灭蚁药物对职业人群肾功能损伤的研究

[目的]探讨职业性接触含氯丹、砷化合物的灭蚁药物对作业人员肾功能的影响。[方法]对作业人员进行血清中尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(SCr)、白蛋白(Alb)、氯丹和尿中α_1-微球蛋白(α-_1-MG)、β_2-微球蛋白(β_2-MG)、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、砷含量检测。并对工龄、吸烟、饮酒及体内氯丹、砷含量与肾功能各项指标的关系进行统计学分析。[结果]职业接触灭蚁药物使尿中α_1-MG、β_2-MG和RBP水平显著增高,并与接触工龄相关;饮酒能加重含砷和氯丹类灭蚁药物对职业人群肾脏的损伤作用,使尿中α_1-MG、β_2-MG和RBP水平显著增高,吸烟则无影响;尿中α_1-MG、β_2-MG和RBP水平均与血清氯丹和尿砷含量呈正相关。[结论]长期接触灭蚁药物对职业人群肾脏功能有一定损害。     

职业接触灭蚁药物对人体淋巴细胞DNA的损伤作用

[目的]探讨职业性接触灭蚁药物氯丹、含砷化合物对作业人员外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤水平的影响。 [方法]采用碱性单细胞凝胶电泳技术检测灭蚁药物作业工人外周血淋巴细胞的DNA损伤,研究灭蚁药物对职业接触人群的遗传毒性,观察指标包括DNA断裂分级(将DNA断裂损伤细胞按其损伤程度分级)及DNA彗星尾长(彗头末端到彗尾的长度)。并对工龄、吸烟、饮酒和体内毒物的浓度对外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤水平各项指标的影响进行统计学分析。[结果]职业接触灭蚁药物工人外周血淋巴细胞DNA断裂程度及DNA彗星尾长两个指标,均明显高于对照组,差异有显著性(P<0．01),并与体内毒物水平、接触工龄有明显正相关关系,吸烟、饮酒能加重含氯丹、砷化合物对DNA的损伤水平。[结论] 职业性接触灭蚁药物可对职业工人外周血淋巴细胞DNA造成损伤,并存在遗传毒性。     

灭白蚁药物对人体脂质过氧化水平的影响

为探讨职业性接触氯丹、含砷化合物灭蚁药物对作业人员脂质过氧化水平的影响,对作业人员进行了血清中过氧化脂质代谢物(MDA)和红细胞超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽氧化酶GSH-Px、血清氯丹和尿砷水平的检测分析,并对工龄、吸烟、饮酒和体内毒物的浓度对脂质过氧化各项指标水平的影响进行统计学分析。结果显示,职业接触灭蚁药物使作业人员血清中MDA增高、SOD、GSH-Px水平显著下降,并与工龄相关;吸烟、饮酒能加重灭蚁药物对人体脂质过氧化水平的影响,MDA与血清氯丹和尿砷含量呈正相关,SOD、GSH-Px的水平与血清氯丹和尿砷含量呈负相关。提示职业性接触灭蚁药物能使体内脂质过氧化反应明显增强。     

接触灭蚁药物对男工体内性激素水平的影响

为探讨职业性接触氯丹、含砷化合物灭蚁药物对作业人员男性性激素水平的影响,对作业人员血清中血清促滤泡成熟素(FSH)、促黄体生成素(LH)和睾酮(T)水平进行了检测分析,并对工龄、吸烟、饮酒和体内毒物的浓度对男性性激素水平各项指标的影响进行统计学分析。结果显示,职业接触灭蚁药物使血清中FSH、LH和T水平显著下降,并与工龄相关;吸烟、饮酒能加重含砷和氯丹类灭蚁药物对人体男性性激素水平的抑制作用,使FSH、LH和T水平显著下降;体内男性性激素水平FSH、LH和T与血清氯丹和尿砷含量呈负相关。提示职业性接触灭蚁药物能使体内男性性激素水平明显抑制。     

接触灭蚁药物对人体免疫功能的影响

采用美国Beckman公司生产的免疫化学系统ICS仪和PFG紫外定量法,对接触灭蚁药物人员进行了血清IgG、IgA、IgM、C3、C4、CRP、CIC检测,并对工龄、吸烟、饮酒和体内毒物的浓度对免疫水平的影响进行了分析。结果显示职业接触灭蚁药物使血清中IgG、IgA、IgM水平显著下降,但与工龄无关;吸烟、饮酒能加重含砷和氯丹类灭蚁药物对人体免疫水平的影响,使IgG、IgA、IgM水平显著降低;体内免疫球蛋白的水平与血清氯丹和尿砷含量呈负相关。提示职业性接触灭蚁药物能显著降低作业人员机体的免疫水平。     

职业接触灭蚁药物对人体淋巴细胞染色体损伤的影响

目的 探讨职业性接触灭蚁药物作业人员外周血淋巴细胞染色体损伤效应的影响。方法对作业人员进行了外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变率和姐妹染色单体互换（SCE）水平的检测。并对工龄、吸烟、饮酒和体内毒物的浓度对血淋巴细胞染色体畸变率和SCE水平的影响进行统计学分析。结果随工龄的增长血淋巴细胞染色体畸变率和SCE水平增高；吸烟、饮酒能加重含砷和氯丹类灭蚁药物对血淋巴细胞染色体的损伤，使畸变率和SCE水平显著增高；体内血清氯丹含量和与染色体畸变率、SCE水平呈正相关，而尿砷含量与染色体、SCE水平无相关关系。结论职业性接触灭蚁药物对作业人员外周血淋巴细胞遗传学效应存在着不同程度的损伤。     

饮酒人群与非饮酒人群血清γ-GT水平分析

目的 了解非饮酒与饮酒人群血清γ-GT水平.方法 2009年1-6月份参加健康体检的机关公务员及企业员工,按非饮酒人群、少量饮酒人群、大量饮酒人群分组,分别统计和计算.结果 该地区饮酒人群血清γ-GT水平明显高于非饮酒人群.结论 本地区职业人群的血清γ-GT水平与饮酒量密切相关,随饮酒量的加大呈增高趋势.     

二甲基甲酰胺对接触工人肝功能的影响

目的探讨二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)接触浓度、饮酒量及其他因素对DMF接触工人肝功能的影响。方法根据工厂前2年车间空气的监测数据,将DMF分为对照组、低接触组及高接触组。采用问卷调查了解各组研究对象的基本情况及饮酒习惯,采集血样测定肝功能。结果低接触组和高接触组血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)及γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)水平明显高于对照组,高接触组血清天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)水平高于低接触组;高接触组肝脏指数(Liver index)明显高于对照组和低接触组。多元线性回归分析表明ALT、γ-GT、肝脏指数与接触DMF及体重指数(BMI)相关,ALT还与甘油三酯(TRIG)相关,AST只与工人的饮酒量相关。在肝功能异常者中,有86.7%的AST/ALT比值<1。结论DMF能影响接触工人肝功能,肥胖及饮酒量有一定的协同作用。肝脏指数和AST/ALT比值可作为肝损伤评价和筛选指标。     

皮革企业接触二甲基甲酰胺作业工人健康监护结果

目的探讨接触二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）对作业工人肝功能的影响,提出预防职业病危害的有关建议。方法根据工厂近几年车间空气中DMF的监测数据,将作业工人分为对照组、低浓度组及高浓度组。收集2010年度4家皮革企业共236名作业工人的健康检查报告涵盖各组研究对象的基本情况：年龄、性别、工龄等）,体重、吸烟、饮酒和作业时间等另行问卷调查,对结果进行分析。结果高浓度组消化道症状出现率明显高于对照组,且有从对照组、低浓度组向高浓度组逐渐升高的趋势;低浓度组和高浓度组血清中丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）及γ-谷氨酰转肽酶（γ-GT）水平明显高于对照组,高浓度组血清天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）水平高于低浓度组;高浓度组肝脏指数（L iVer index）明显高于对照组和低浓度组。结论接触DMF浓度与时间对人体肝功能影响较大,应通过做好作业岗位通风排毒、限制接触时间来保护作业工人身体健康,同时,根据DMF作用机制,建议规范职业健康监护（周期、项目）,做好员工的预防性用药。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.