配偶供肾移植后微嵌合体发生与急性排斥反应

背景：微嵌合作为移植物与受者之间的双相细胞移动的标志,在移植免疫耐受中的作用日益受到重视。 目的：探讨夫妻生活与嵌合体的发生,与肾移植后急性排斥反应及其他相关性的研究。 方法：将接受肾脏移植的女性受者(有过生育史的女性除外)分为丈夫活体供肾组、无关男性尸体供肾组,并设立接受妻子活体供肾的对照组。STR方法检测女性受者体内男性供者来源的Y染色体反映微嵌合体的存在,与急性排斥反应发生的关系,并比较配偶间供肾效果的差异。 结果与结论：尽管配偶间供肾移植存在供者年龄偏大以及人类白细胞抗原错配率较高的因素,但与接受无关男性尸肾移植的女性受者相比,接受丈夫活体供肾移植的女性更易检测出微嵌合体,而且肾移植后恢复情况好,急性排斥反应发生率低。而与接受妻子供肾的丈夫相比,接受丈夫供肾的妻子肾移植效果好。说明夫妻间长期相处导致女性接受丈夫体液的机会多,由此产生免疫耐受对于肾移植后人/肾的相容性好,急性排斥反应小。     

肾移植术后尿液DYZ-1检测的临床意义

背景:对移植受者尿液成分进行定期监测可以作为判断移植肾功能、状态的一种方法。目的:分析肾移植受者尿液中供者细胞出现与急性排斥反应的关系及临床意义。方法:选取60例供者为男性、受者为女性的肾移植受者,分为移植后早期检测组40例、急性排斥组10例、移植后功能稳定组10例。定期提取尿液中细胞DNA,利用PCR检测Y染色体上特异的基因片段DYZ-1。结果与结论:在手术第1日受者的尿液中可检测到供者细胞DNA,随着时间的延长,尿液中供者细胞DNA量逐渐减少,至术后1个月,有8例受者的尿液中供者细胞DNA消失,其中1例发生急性排斥反应;另外32例受者的尿液中仍有供者细胞DNA的出现,其中7例发生了急性排斥反应;存活3个月以上发生急性排斥反应10例患者,7例尿液标本中能检测到供者细胞DNA,对急性排斥者进行治疗后1个月,71.4%转为阴性;而在稳定期的10例肾功能良好受者,仅1例受者尿液中DYZ-1基因阳性。提示对肾移植受者尿中供者细胞DNA的进行定期检测,可以作为监测急性排斥反应发生及预后的一种手段。     

肾移植受者HLA体液免疫致敏状态的监测及其临床意义

为探讨肾移植受者同种异体HLA抗原致敏后体液免疫状态与术后排斥反应及移植物存活率的相关性及其临床意义,应用One Lambda混合抗原板(LATM)通过ELISA筛查受者术前血清中的HLA-IgG抗体,对阳性血清进一步用抗原板(LAT1240和LAT1HDS)检测抗体阳性率及其特异性;并采用序列特异性引物聚合酶链反应(PCR-SSP)技术进行HLA基因分型。在1 297例肾移植受者中,HLA-IgG抗体阳性者165例,其中I类抗体阳性126例,II类抗体阳性90例,51例同时存在I类和II类HLA-IgG抗体,抗体阳性率>50%的高致敏受者94例。所有受者术后未发生超急性排斥反应,抗体阳性组受者的急性排斥发生率与阴性组受者比较,没有统计学差异。然而抗体阳性组受者移植物功能延迟恢复(DGF)的发生率显著高于阴性组受者(P<0.001)。抗体阳性组受者的1年、3年和5年移植肾存活率分别为95%、88%和80%;与抗体阴性组受者组比较无统计学差异。女性受者中抗体阳性率明显高于男性受者(P<0.001);再次移植受者中抗体阳性率显著高于初次移植受者(P<0.001)。抗体阳性组受者的供受者配型明显优于抗体阴性组受者。HLA-IgG抗体是反映受者体液免疫致敏状态的敏感指标,供受者间良好的HLA配型能显著降低排斥反应发生率和改善移植物存活。     

骨髓干细胞输注联合低剂量他克莫司在肾移植中诱导嵌合体的形成

背景:骨髓细胞嵌合体通过有效的免疫耐受机制,使其成为临床用于移植免疫耐受的主要候选方法。目的:探讨大鼠肾移植及活体肾移植中骨髓干细胞移植对免疫耐受的诱导作用及机制。方法:①大鼠肾移植:40只Wistar大鼠(雌雄各半)随机分为实验组和对照组,进行肾移植手术,术前经门静脉分别注射骨髓干细胞及生理盐水,30d后观察肉眼和光镜下排斥反应及检测嵌合体的形成。②活体肾移植:实验组为夫妻或亲属共5对,供者均为男性,受者为女性。术前应用他克莫司口服,供者皮下注射生白细胞药物,采集白细胞悬浊液,以流式细胞仪测定CD34细胞比例,0.7%以上为骨髓干细胞含量合格,并通过外周静脉输注至受者体内,10d后同法再输注1次,1周内行移植手术,术后复查肾功,于半年后采用荧光原位杂交的方法检测Y基因片段。对照组为正常活体肾移植手术,未行骨髓干细胞移植。结果与结论:动物实验组大体和光镜下排斥反应均较轻微,嵌合体检测均为阳性,活体实验组嵌合体检测4例为阳性,而对照组仅1例为阳性。提示应用他克莫司并输注供者骨髓干细胞,可诱导一定的免疫耐受。移植前输注供者骨髓干细胞形成的嵌合体与免疫耐受有关。     

肾移植群体反应性抗体的检测及其临床应用

目的 :探讨人类白细胞抗原 (HLA)群体反应性抗体 (PRA)对肾移植效果的影响。方法 :采用酶联免疫吸附法 (ELISA)对 2 0 6例肾移植受者的血清PRA进行检测。同时对 14 0份血清分成四组包括首次移植术前及术后 1个月 ,半年至 1年肾功能稳定期病人 ,第一次尸肾移植失功恢复血透病人进行PRA检测。结果 :PRA阴性组受者移植术后排斥发生率为 11 85 % ,阳性组受者平均PRA高达 4 6 5 % ,两组比较差异显著 (P <0 0 0 1)。首次移植术前A组PRA阳性率 17 1% ,术后B组PRA阳性率 31 4 % ,肾功能稳定组 (C组 )PRA阳性率 14 3%。而移植失功恢复血透者 (D组 )PRA阳性率达 77 1%。结论 :PRA的检测是肾脏移植术前筛选致敏受者的重要指标 ,对肾脏移植后排斥反应和移植物存活率关系密切。     

8例性发育异常患者SRY基因分析

目的对8例性发育异常患者进行细胞遗传学及分子遗传学检查以探讨性别发育异常与SRY基因关系.方法用PY3.4,X着丝粒,SRY特异探针进行荧光原位杂交,用于分析性发育异常病人Y染色体及SRY基因异位情况.聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增SRY基因,直接测序检测SRY基因突变.结果 2例46,XX男性,1例46,XY女性,1例45,X/46,XY嵌合体及1例46,X,t(Y;Y)(p11;q11)男性患者SRY基因均为阳性,直接测序未发现SRY基因阳性患者该基因突变.剩余1例46,XX男性,1例46,XY男性及1例46,XY女性患者SRY基因为阴性.FISH技术证实2例46,XX且SRY基因阳性的男性患者SRY基因易位至X染色体短臂末端.结论 SRY基因是人类性别决定的主导基因,但尚有其他基因参与性别分化.     

妊娠早期孕妇外周血中胎儿游离DNA的定量分析

目的对早孕期孕妇外周血中胎儿游离DNA行定量分析,以确定正常浓度范围,为实施无创性产前诊断提供科学依据.方法从孕早期50名孕妇外周血血浆中提取胎儿DNA,用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, FQ-PCR)技术检测其中的Y性别决定区(sex-determining region Y, SRY)基因.结果早孕期孕男胎的孕妇38名,32名SRY基因阳性,平均浓度为(149.25±1.96×59.17)拷贝数/ml,中位数为149.1拷贝数/ml.孕女胎的孕妇12名均为阴性.结论用实时荧光定量PCR的方法从早孕7、8、9w孕妇外周血浆中检测胎儿SRY基因,特异度100%,灵敏度84.21%.提示母体血浆中游离的胎儿DNA的定量分析在无创性产前诊断中有重要价值.     

孕妇血浆中胎儿DNA在产前诊断中的应用

目的 探讨孕妇血浆中胎儿DNA在无创性产前诊断中的应用。方法 应用酚—氯仿法抽提44名孕7～41周妇女血浆中胎儿DNA，通过PCR扩增胎儿Y染色体上DYZl位点，长度为149bp。结果 22名妊娠男性胎儿孕妇中全部出现DYZ1基因扩增条带，检出率为100．00％。22名妊娠女性胎儿孕妇中20例为阴性结果，两例假阳性结果。早、中、晚孕期性别符合率分别为88．89％、100．00％、96．55％，总符合率为95．45％。结论 使用酚—氯仿法抽提血浆中的DNA。提高模版的浓度和纯度进行PCR，增加了结果的准确性。提示母体血浆中游离的胎儿DNA可以作为无创性产前诊断的标本来源。     

合肥地区性逆转综合征患者遗传学研究

目的研究在性逆转综合征中进行皮肤细胞检测对于胚层嵌合机制的探讨及诊断的意义。方法对象是2009年7月至2010年2月在安医大一附院产诊中心就诊的性逆转患者(2例46,XX男性、1例不典型46,XY女性),进行了外周血、皮肤细胞(染色体制备、SRY基因检测)。结果两例46,XX男性外周血染色体核型和皮肤细胞核型均一致(一个46,XX男性SRY基因阳性,另一个46,XX男性SRY基因阴性);一例外周血核型为46,XY女性,皮肤细胞核型分析为45X/47XYY,表现为嵌合体。外周血及皮肤细胞SRY基因均为阴性。结论对患者皮肤细胞核型及基因进行检测可以排除嵌合体,并且对于在胚层发育方面的性分化的深入探讨有重要意义。     

肾移植患者尿液中供者细胞DNA变化在急性排斥反应诊断中的意义

目的：探讨肾移植受者尿液中供者细胞的出现与急性排斥反应的相关关系及其临床意义。方法：以供者为男性、受者为女性或HLA-DR抗原有错配的80例肾移植受者为研究对象，定期收集尿液标本，从中提取DNA，利用特异性引物聚合酶链反应分别检测Y染色体上特异的基因片段DYZ-1和HLA-DR抗原的基因DRB-1。结果：手术当天受者的尿液中即有供者细胞出现，随着时间的推移，尿液中供者细胞DNA的基因表达强度逐渐减弱，直至术后30天，仍有90．0％受者的尿液中有供者细胞DNA的基因表达，其中8例(29．6％)发生了急性排斥反应；出院后发生急性排斥反应者，90．0％的尿液标本中能检测到供者细胞DNA，抗排斥治疗结束后2周，83．3％转为阴性；肾功能良好的稳定期受者，仅6．7％的受者尿液中DYZ-1或HLA-DRB基因阳性。结论肾移植受者尿中供者细胞DNA的检测可以作为诊断急性排斥反应的一种方法，其基因表达强度变化为定量评价排斥反应提供了可能性。     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitude of the synaptic reactions of the snail under voltage clamping conditions

The influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitudes of summary excitatory postsynaptic currents arising in identified giant parietal neurons in response to rhythmic stimulation of the intestinal nerve was investigated in a preparation of the isolated CNS of the common snail in order to identify the possibility of the participation of the postsynaptic element in synaptic plasticity. It was demonstrated that, at a greater value of the transmembrane potential, the decrease in the amplitudes of the postsynaptic currents which have been induced by rhythmic stimulation takes place more rapidly. It was also demonstrated that at a higher frequency of stimulation of the nerve, the effect of the influence of the membrane potential level on the dynamics of the synaptic reactions is more prominent. The data obtained may be regarded as an argument in favor of the possibility of the participation of the post-synapse in plasticity. This study was partially supported by the Russian Basic Research Fund (project No. 94-04-12209). Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 171–179, January–February, 1995.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Effect of the conditions of adaptation of the optic analyzer to the function of the thermoreceptors of the human skin

Summary A discussion is presented of the effect produced by light stimulation applied to the optic analyzer alone on the function of the temperature analyzer. The cutaneous-temperature analyzer was kept on constant illumination and temperature. The light effects from the retinal photoreceptors on the cutaneous thermoceptor system led to reflex changes of the functional rate of the latter. Conditions of the optic analyzer of light adaptation caused reflex adjustment of cold receptors as to heating. Dark adaptation of the eyes changed the functional state of the cold receptors, corresponding to their adjustment to low temperatures.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 3–6, March, 1964