儿童肱骨内上髁骨折术后迟发性尺神经炎的预防

目的探讨骨折切开复位内固定并一期行尺神经前移术对肱骨内上髁骨折术后发生迟发性尺神经炎的预防作用。方法将57例眩骨内上髁骨折患者分为骨折切开复位内固定并一期行尺神经前移（32例）和单纯骨折切开复位内固定（25例）两组,对两组迟发性尺神经炎的发生率进行比较．结果骨折切开复位内固定并一期行尺神经前移组的迟发性尺神经炎发生率为6．25％,而单纯骨折切开复位内固定组为36％．两组差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论 肱骨内上髁骨折切开复位内同定并一期行尺神经前移能较好地预防术后迟发性尺神经炎的发生。     

Medial humeral condyle fractures in adolescents: treatment and complications

The very rare isolated medial humeral condyle fractures in children and adolescents pose significant problems to orthopedic surgeons such as ulnar nerve injury, trochlear irregularities, fishtail deformity and motion loss. Six adolescent boys with displaced medial humeral condyle fractures with an average age of 14.8 (range 12–17) were included in this study. Patients were followed-up with a mean of 39.8 months (range 21–72). In three patients, there were clinical signs of ulnar nerve dysfunction at initial presentation. Of these, two had only mild hypoesthesia on the ulnar side. The other patient had sensory and motor loss of ulnar nerve at initial presentation complicated by hypothenar atrophy and anhydrosis during follow-up. Complete recovery was seen in this patient only at 2 years. One patient without a neurologic compliant at initial presentation developed mild hypoesthesia on the ulnarly innervated areas postoperatively with complete resolution. Medial skin incision was used for open reduction and internal fixation. No signs of gross morphologic damage were seen on the nerve. The symptoms resolved postoperatively in 3 months time in three of the patients, but in the remaining one, it took 2 years for complete resolution of the symptoms. Also, trochlear irregularity and fishtail deformity were seen on radiographs of two different patients. In all but one patients, motion loss ranging from 10° to 20° was evident on physical examination. The most important finding of this study revealed that transient ulnar nerve dysfunction was seen two-thirds of the patients in this series than any other series reported previously. In three series, only one case of ulnar nerve injury was reported from a total of 19 patients. A possible explanation for such a difference may be the older age in this series.     

Unilateral humeral lengthening in children and adolescents

This study evaluates our early experience with unilateral humeral lengthening in children and adolescents. From 1995 till 2001, 16 cases with unilateral humeral shortening ranging from 5.5 to 15 cm were referred to our center. The cause was Erb's palsy in eight cases, epiphyseal injury in five cases and infection in three cases. The average age at operation was 13 years (range 8.5-17 years). Hybrid fixation using wires and half pins were applied to all cases to minimize the risk of operative neurovascular complications. Osteotomy was performed in the middle third of the humerus through a posterior approach. After a latent period of 5-7 days lengthening started at a rate of 0.33 mm every 8 h. At an average follow up of 3 years and 2 months (range 1 year and 4 months to 5 years and 6 months) there were 10 excellent and six good results. The average healing index was 28 days/cm. Complications included pin tract infection in all cases; radial nerve palsy in one patient whose humerus overlengthened by 2 cm but improved completely after compression; fracture of the regenerate in two cases.     

Isolated fracture of humeral eminence in children

Fracture of the humeral bone block can be recognized by a lateral rentgenogram. An abnormal ratio of bones in the joint is seen as an overlaping of the elbow bone metaphysis shadow upon the shadow of the capitate eminence of the humeral bone in the shape of a crescent.     

Management of lateral humeral condylar fracture in children

Lateral condylar fractures constitute 12% to 20% of all pediatric distal humerus fractures. These fractures are easily missed and when not managed appropriately can displace. Missed fracture is a common cause of nonunion and deformity; thus, a high index of suspicion and adequate clinical and radiographic evaluation are required. Displaced fractures are associated with a high rate of nonunion. Nondisplaced fractures or those displaced ≤2 mm are managed with cast immobilization and frequent radiographic follow-up. Fractures displaced >2 mm are managed with surgical fixation. Successful outcomes have been reported with closed reduction, open reduction, and arthroscopically assisted techniques. Complications associated with pediatric lateral condylar fracture include cubitus varus, cubitus valgus, fishtail deformity, and tardy ulnar nerve palsy.     

Treatment of flexion-type supracondylar humeral fracture in children

PURPOSE: To assess the results of treatment for flexion-type supracondylar humeral fracture in children. METHODS: The treatment of 14 children with flexion-type supracondylar humeral fracture was reviewed. Severity was classified according to the Gartland system for extension-type fractures. Type-I fractures were treated with immobilisation in an extension cast. For type-II and -III fractures, closed reduction was first attempted followed by percutaneous pinning. If closed reduction failed, open reduction and internal fixation was performed. RESULTS: Patients were followed up for at least one year (range, 14-36 months). Treatment results were excellent in 7 patients, good in 4, fair in 3, and poor in none. Patients were pain-free and satisfied and none suffered any activity restriction. CONCLUSION: Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning is a good treatment option for type-II and -III flexion-type supracondylar humeral fractures.     

儿童肱骨髁上骨折的现代处理

肱骨髁上骨折是常见的儿童肘部骨折,约占全部肘关节损伤的50%～70%,以7岁左右的男孩最多见,其解剖因素是该年龄段鹰嘴窝的骨质薄弱,肘部韧带松弛.     

改良内外联合入路治疗小儿肱骨髁上骨折

肱骨髁上骨折是小儿肘部最常见的骨折,处理不当易并发肘内翻、缺血性挛缩及关节强直等.1997～2006年,我院对63例闭合复位失败、严重移位的患者采取改良内外联合入路治疗,经过随访观察,效果满意.     

儿童肱骨髁上骨折伴神经血管损伤的治疗

目的：探讨针对伴有神经、血管损伤的儿童肱骨髁上骨折的治疗方法。方法：自2002年2月至2007年11月手术治疗闭合复位不满意的Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型肱骨髁上骨折儿童96例,男59例,女37例;年龄4～16岁,平均6.4岁。16例手术患儿出现17个神经损伤症状,桡神经损伤5例,正中神经损伤7例,其中1例伴有尺神经损伤,尺神经损伤4例;13例出现肢体远端桡动脉搏动减弱、手凉血管损伤症状。比较患肢术前、术后神经、血管恢复情况,必要时应用肌电图、多普勒超声明确诊断和指导进一步治疗。结果：96例患儿85例术后随访6～18个月,平均11个月,73例患儿切口Ⅰ愈合,12例切口Ⅱ期愈合,无感染及肘关节功能障碍。5例桡神经损伤病例中3例桡神经损伤患儿术后3个月桡神经损伤症状完全消失;1例术后3个月行桡神经探查松解术,术后5个月症状消失;1例医源性桡神经损伤解除石膏压迫3个月后神经功能完全恢复。正中神经损伤7例,其中1例伴发尺神经损伤,6例正中神经损伤患儿术后6个月神经功能完全恢复;伴有尺神经损伤的病例Ⅱ期行神经探查,术后9个月神经损伤症状消失。尺神经损伤5例,其中伴发正中神经损伤1例,尺神经损伤病例术后6个月神经症状完全消失。术前出现桡动脉搏动弱、手凉症状13例,术中未行血管探查,骨折固定后桡动脉损伤症状消失。结论：肱骨髁上骨折Ⅰ期手术过程中常规探查尺神经、正中神经和桡神经,及血管是否探查根据术前查体决定,肌电图及多普勒超声不作为术前常规检查项目。     

Deformity after fracture of the lateral humeral condyle in children

We studied 28 displaced (Jacob types II and III) fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in 28 children. There were only two Milch type I fractures. Twenty-one fractures were treated by open reduction and internal fixation with K-wires, Palmer nails, or sutures. Seven patients were treated with a plaster cast, five following closed reduction, and the primary displaced position being accepted in two. Anatomic reduction was obtained in 18 patients. All but one fracture were united at review 2 years to 16 years later. The distal humerus was wider on the injured side in all patients. Six patients had a visible varus deformity, and three patients had a visible valgus deformity. The radiologic tilt of the joint surface and the depth of the trochlear groove were measured in patients more than 10 years old at review. All patients with a final varus tilt of the joint surface on the injured side were less than 9 years of age at injury, and all but one of the patients with Milch type II fractures had a deepening of the trochlear groove. Two patients developed avascular necrosis of the trochlea. One of these had a concomitant fracture of the medial humeral epicondyle, and the other suffered a lateral condylar fracture preceded by a supracondylar fracture. We conclude that a reduced growth potential at the trochlear groove is a regular complication of the Milch type II fracture, and that the Jacobs classification is the most useful in the assessment of the method of treatment.     

儿童肱骨小头骨折48例临床分析

目的 探讨儿童肱骨小头骨折手术治疗的方法。方法 对４８例肱骨小头骨折病例的损伤机制,手术方法,随访结果进行分析,结果 随访２８例,时间１－１２年,优１９例,良５例,差４例。结论 儿童肱骨小头骨折可分为４种类型,手术和积极正确的功能锻炼可获得满意疗效。     

改良手术治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折

肱骨髁上骨折是临床上常见的儿童骨折类型,对于严重移位的,或肿胀明显,或伴有神经损伤的肱骨髁上骨折采用切开复位内固定是必要的。其肘内翻畸形是最常见的并发症。我院自1998年6月-2005年5月设计采用改良手术法治疗62例严重肱骨髁上骨折,取得了满意的效果,现介绍如下。1临床资料本组62例,男39例,女23例;年龄4~12岁。左侧35例,右侧27例;伸直型55例,屈曲型7例;伴尺侧移位39例,桡侧移位5例。术前经手法复位石膏外固定失败40例。合并骨筋膜室综合征5例,神经挫伤4例,其中桡神经1条,正中神经2条,尺神经1条。伤后24 h内手术23例,2~7 d手术30例,8~1…     

Delayed management of fracture of the lateral humeral condyle in children

Thirty-nine displaced fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children were followed for an average of 5 (2-5) years. The results were evaluated from functional and cosmetic aspects. Patients treated within 2 weeks by open reduction and internal fixation did well. Those operated on after 6 weeks did not do better than nonoperated on cases. Complications included cubitus varus and valgus deformities, osteonecrosis, nonunion and malunion, and loss of motion. We recommend that patients presenting late be left alone and any sequelae evaluated at a late stage.     

儿童肱骨外髁骨折的治疗体会

目的总结儿童肱骨外髁骨折的治疗效果。方法 35例JakobⅠ~Ⅲ度儿童肱骨外髁骨折患儿中,8例(Ⅰ度)采用石膏托外固定治疗,27例(Ⅰ度8例、Ⅱ度11例、Ⅲ度8例)采用切开复位克氏针内固定治疗。结果手术治疗的27例获11个月~5年随访,骨折均骨性愈合;根据Hardacre评分:优17例,良8例,差2例,优良率为25/27。非手术治疗的8例获11个月~2年随访,骨折均骨性愈合;根据Hardacre评分:优6例,良2例,优良率为8/8。结论儿童肱骨外髁骨折手术或非手术治疗均可获得较满意效果。如行非手术治疗,必须严密观察,一旦发现骨折移位应早期手术治疗。     

Delayed management of fracture of the lateral humeral condyle in children

Thirty-nine displaced fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children were followed for an average of 5 (2-5) years. The results were evaluated from functional and cosmetic aspects. Patients treated within 2 weeks by open reduction and internal fixation did well. Those operated on after 6 weeks did not do better than nonoperated on cases. Complications included cubitus varus and valgus deformities, osteonecrosis, nonunion and malunion, and loss of motion. We recommend that patients presenting late be left alone and any sequelae evaluated at a late stage.