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1.
Mick Lehmann Erich Seifritz Björn Rasch 《Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin》2016,20(1):47-53
Background
Emotions modulate memory. It has been suggested that sleep contributes to improved memory of emotional events by preferentially consolidating emotional memories, presumably because of a selective off-line reactivation of information relevant to future behavior.Objectives
We aimed to validate sleep-dependent memory consolidation in a new associative emotional memory paradigm suitable for inducing memory reactivations during sleep. We hypothesized that sleep preferentially might benefit the consolidation of emotional associations independently of their negative vs positive emotional valence.Methods
Seventy-two healthy young participants performed an associative emotional memory task in either the evening or the morning. During the task, they were asked to associate neutrally spoken words to neutral, negative or positive pictures. Cued recall was tested after a 12-h retention interval filled with either night-time sleep or daytime wakefulness.Results
Generally, emotional associations were better remembered than neutral ones. However, we were not able to replicate a selective benefit of sleep on emotional memory. Sleep robustly improved the cued recall performance of all picture types compared with wakefulness, without any modulating influence of emotional arousal or valence.Conclusions
We conclude that the consolidation of explicitly learned associations benefits from sleep, independent of emotional arousal or valence. Selective emotional memory consolidation during sleep may be restricted to non-associative item memory or incidentally learned emotional associations.2.
Background
Sleep enhances memory consolidation. Chronic consumption of 0.4 g alcohol/kg bodyweight has a negative impact on cognitive function. An artificial increase of cortisol during the first half of the night impairs declarative memory consolidation. Alcohol can stimulate cortisol secretion.Objectives
Does the acute consumption of this amount of alcohol have a negative impact on sleep, memory, and secretion of cortisol?Material and methods
In a double-blind randomized cross-over design, 34 healthy young males received 0.4 g alcohol/kg bodyweight or an isotonic transfusion of sodium chloride during early NonREM sleep. Before sleep, they had learned a declarative and a procedural memory task that had to be recalled the next morning when alcohol had levelled off.Results and Conclusions
Alcohol increased cortisol secretion in the early night and resulted in an attenuated cortisol awakening response. In addition, latencies for REM and sleep stage 4 and the time spent in sleep stage 1 and wake states were increased. Subjects felt less refreshed in the morning after alcohol transfusion, but memory recall was unchanged. Alcohol at a moderate dose thus had a negative impact on cortisol rhythm and some sleep parameters, but this effect was not strong enough to influence overnight memory consolidation.3.
Nina Landmann Marion Kuhn Christoph Nissen 《Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin》2016,20(1):30-36
Background
The neurobiological augmentation of psychotherapy has drawn increasing attention in research on psychotherapy over the past years. In this context, the manipulation of sleep with its beneficial effect on memory formation and underlying neuronal plasticity is of particular interest as a non-invasive intervention.Objectives
How do sleep and its selective manipulation influence the effectiveness of psychotherapy and how can sleep be used as an intervention to augment learning processes in psychotherapy?Materials and methods
Important studies that examine the effects of sleep on processes of memory formation and psychotherapy are presented and discussed.Results
Sleep represents a promising approach to augment the effects of psychotherapy. Sleep patterns are relevant both before and after psychotherapy. Another possibility is the manipulation of sleep and associated neuronal processes, e.?g. by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) or drugs, which might influence learning processes and neuronal plasticity in the context of psychotherapy.Conclusion
Sleep represents a promising approach to augment psychotherapy. Future studies are needed to further unravel the underlying mechanisms and to test whether this approach can be transferred to clinical practice.4.
Lisa Prochnow Sandra Zimmermann Thomas Penzel 《Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin》2016,20(2):113-118
Background
A patient’s condition, such as obesity, plays a key role in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This study focuses on morphometric data that might be associated with the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) and could therefore be used to predict OSA in order to better select patients for cardiorespiratory polysomnography (PSG).Methods
Data of 110 patients with suspected OSA in the sleep center outpatient department were analyzed retrospectively. The data included morphometric measurements such as neck, waist, and hip circumference; weight; body size; age; and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). The results of the patients’ overnight polygraphy, the AHI, completed the data.Results
Neck and waist circumference can predict the AHI (p < 0.01). Power of prediction was higher for both factors among male (p < 0.01) compared to female patients (p = 0.05). In the case of neck circumference, the threshold value is 40 cm. Neck circumferences of more than 40 cm are strongly associated with a higher AHI (p < 0.001).Conclusion
It was possible to confirm the roles of waist and neck circumference as important parameters for a prediction model. Nevertheless, these parameters alone are not precise enough to completely neglect factors such as anatomic morphology in order to predict OSA and its severity.5.
Background
Chronotype manifestation often has a broad influence on sleep quality. One possible explanation for daytime impairments in evening types is the concept of “social jetlag”. Social jetlag is caused by an incompatibility between circadian preference and the socially accepted rhythm. This can be declared as a social stressor.Objective
The association between chronotype, stress coping, and sleep quality was assessed in a pilot study.Materials and methods
A total of 75 female adults aged 20–41 years participated in the study and completely answered all questions. Various questionnaires including sociodemographic data, information about sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI), chronotype (morningness–eveningness questionnaire, MEQ), and stress coping (Stress Coping Style Questionnaire, SVF78) were applied.Results
Heightened use of maladaptive coping strategies is associated with a reduction in sleep quality. Chronotypes did not differ in terms of sleep quality and the coping strategies used.Conclusion
Maladaptive coping strategy use seems to have a negative influence on sleep quality. Preventive education in adaptive stress coping strategies and avoidance of maladaptive stress coping thus seems useful to reduce these adverse influences on sleep quality.6.
E. Wessolleck S. Dockter C. P. Eyth S. Lang B. A. Stuck 《Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin》2016,20(3):182-188
Background
The sleep related breathing disorder subtest of the pediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ-SRBD) is widely recommended for the diagnosis of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). It consists of 22 items and asks for symptoms in the areas of breathing, daytime sleepiness and behavior.Objective
The aim of this study was to verify the suitability of the test in a cohort of children mainly suffering from hearing and speech developmental disorders.Methodology
Retrospectively, the results of the PSQ-SRBD were collected over a period of 3.5 months from all patients above the age of 1 year. The results were evaluated on single item level and in relation to the total score.Results
Of the 140 questionnaires completed, 12 were not evaluable. The mean age of the children was 5.6 ± 2.9 years and a majority suffered from language impairments, hearing and general developmental disorders. The rate of positive questionnaires with 30.5?% was unexpectedly high. The five most common “yes”- answers came from the behavioral field. Of children with a positive questionnaire, 20.5?% had no “yes” answers in the area of sleep-related respiratory symptoms.Discussion
In the present cohort an unexpectedly high percentage of questionnaires was positive. A disproportionate number of responses from the behavioral domain are answered with “yes”. It can be assumed that in the above mentioned cohort the prevalence of pediatric SRBD is higher than in the general pediatric population. This could indicate an association between pediatric SRBD and specific language impairments. An alternative explanation would be that the questionnaire is not entirely suitable for this cohort, since it has a high proportion of questions in the behavioral area.7.
Background
Extensive changes in the sleeping patterns of a child take place within the baby’s first year of life. Those changes are due to biological processes which are, however, influenced by environmental and parental factors.Objectives
This review aims to establish a connection between child sleep on one hand and parental cognitions, interactive behaviour, psychopathologies and environmental influences on the other hand.Materials and methods
The review includes the analysis of 37 research articles that shed a light on various influential factors on the sleep of a child. Those influential factors are assigned to the model of sleep-wake-regulations.Results
Parental behaviour, in relation with going-to-bed rituals and calming techniques, has a significant influence on child sleep. Higher parental engagement is related to more fragmented sleep of the child. Studies show that parental cognition and psychopathologies, in addition to further influential factors caused by occupation and sleeping problems that are related to screaming and feeding disorders, govern parental sleep-related behaviours and have therefore direct effects on child sleep.Conclusions
Child sleep is highly influenced by parental sleep-related behaviours and should always be viewed in the context of the family. There are reciprocal interactions between the individual members of the family and the aforementioned influential factors on child sleep can serve as essential starting points for suitable interventions. Further research in this field needs to be conducted.8.
Angelika A. Schlarb Friederike Lollies Merle Claßen 《Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin》2016,20(3):199-211
Introduction
Cortisol release is often associated with physiological arousal or perceived stress. Findings in adults as well as in older children and adolescents show that cortisol is also connected to sleep. Furthermore, it is assumed that high-quality sleep is a predictor of regular cortisol release throughout the day.Objective
This review summarizes the current literature on how sleep and cortisol levels are associated in early childhood.Methods
In order to identify studies on sleep and cortisol in young children, a structured literature search was performed in the PsychINFO, PsycARTICLES, PSYNDEX, and Google Scholar databases.Results
A total of 14 studies could be included this review. According to the results of the reviewed publications, daily cortisol release patterns develop within the first 6 months of life. In addition, young children display a cortisol awakening response (CAR) and cortisol levels are influenced by taking naps during the day as well as by the quality of nighttime sleep.Conclusion
After reviewing the recent findings in the literature concerning children from birth up to the age of 5 years, it can be assumed that sleep patterns and sleep are associated with cortisol secretion in early childhood. This finding could be included in the creation and further development of interventional sleep training programs.9.
Background
Studies have shown that sleep quality is negatively affected by perfectionism. Moreover, partner- or relationship-oriented perfectionism negatively influences relationship quality.Objective
This paper aims to investigate the association of general perfectionism with sleep quality and relationship quality.Materials and methods
A study assessing perfectionism, sleep quality, and relationship quality was performed via analyzing online questionnaires completed by 489 German adults from the general population.Results
Participants with impaired sleep showed a higher level of maladaptive perfectionism (concern over mistakes and doubts, parental expectations, and criticism) than participants with good sleep, whereby the severity of sleep problems was not determining. Relationship quality is affected by perfectionism. However, this association is mediated by sleep quality.Conclusion
Perfectionism is associated with worse sleep quality but not with worse relationship quality when sleep quality is integrated into the model as a mediator.10.
Veronika Best Andreas Riedel Bernd Feige Ludger Tebartz van Elst Dieter Riemann Kai Spiegelhalder 《Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin》2018,22(4):262-266
Background
Sleep disorders are common in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Little is known, however, about sleep in adult patients.Objectives
Cross-sectional analysis of subjective sleep-related parameters in patients with autism spectrum disorder and healthy control participants.Materials and methods
Twenty-nine patients with autism spectrum disorder and 50 healthy control participants were investigated using a questionnaire battery and sleep diaries. All analyses were controlled for depression and anxiety.Results
Patients with autism spectrum disorder had more severe insomnia symptoms, stronger dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep, an increased sleep effort, and a higher cognitive arousal compared to the control group. In addition to this, the sleep diary data showed earlier bedtimes in those with autism spectrum disorder.Conclusions
In patients with autism spectrum disorder, sleep onset and sleep maintenance difficulties seem to be accompanied by cognitive alterations that are typically observed in insomnia patients. In light of this, it appears to be worthwhile to investigate the efficacy of cognitive behavioral treatment for insomnia in this patient group.11.
Piyush Srivastava Ravi Gupta Damodar Chari Anurag Rawat Deepak Goel 《Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin》2016,20(2):144-149
Background
This study was designed to compare the prevalence of restless leg syndrome (RLS), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and poor sleep quality between patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and those with major depressive disorder (MDD)/somatic symptom disorder (SSD).Methods
In this study, subjects with CAD were included. The comparison group consisted of subjects with MDD or SSD. After screening for exclusion criteria, a total of 100 subjects from each group were screened for OSA, RLS, and sleep quality. Hindi versions of the Berlin questionnaire, the Cambridge–Hopkins RLS diagnostic questionnaire, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used for screening, respectively. The groups were compared using statistical tests.Results
Due to missing data, 33 subjects were excluded from final analysis. Final analysis was performed on 167 subjects—82 with CAD and 85 with MDD/SSD. Males outnumbered females in this sample (79?% men and 21?% women) and patients with CAD were older (56.1 ± 10.4 years in CAD vs. 35.5 ± 10.9 years in MDD/SSD). Prevalence of “high risk for OSA” was higher among CAD (34?%) as compared to MDD/SSD subjects (12.9?%), even after controlling for age and gender. The prevalence of RLS was comparable (13.4?% in CAD vs. 9.4?% in MDD/SSD). Daytime dysfunction, sleep quality, use of medication to induce sleep, and sleep latency were worse in the MDD/SSD group as compared to the CAD group.Conclusion
In conclusion, this study shows that CAD patients are at a higher risk of OSA, while sleep-related parameters are worse in MDD/SSD patients. RLS was comparable between groups. On the whole, the prevalence of OSA, RLS, and poor sleep quality in both groups was higher as compared to the general population.12.
Background and objective
As compared to preceding wakefulness, stage 1 sleep is characterized by elevated slow-wave activity (SWA) that is regarded as the most popular electroencephalographic (EEG) indicator of sleep debt. However, some other indicators did not suggest such elevation until stage 2 sleep. In this paper, a more direct indicator of the signature left by sleep debt in the sleep EEG spectrum named “spectral sleep debt component score” (SDS) was introduced, and its changes throughout three stages of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep were studied.Materials and methods
Records of 9?h night sleep episodes followed by nine 20-min naps (14 females), as well as twelve 20-min naps after either a 7?h sleep or sleep deprivation (18 males) were used for calculation of spectra consisting of 16 single-Hz log-transformed EEG power density values (range 1 to 16 Hz). The 16 weights for calculating SDS from each such spectrum were obtained by subtracting spectra with lower sleep debt from spectra with higher sleep debt (i.?e., the spectra for the last vs. first 100 min of night sleep and for the last vs. first 20-min nap).Results
As expected, SWA started its significant rise already during stage 1 sleep. By contrast, a rise in SDS was delayed until the boundary with stage 2, thus confirming the findings using other indicators of sleep debt.Conclusion
It seems that stage 1 is a transient sleep sub-state that only prepares for, rather than participates in, the sleep debt payment process. Such a conclusion has practical relevance for evaluation of abnormalities of sleep architecture.13.
Alicja Juskiene Aurelija Podlipskyte Adomas Bunevicius Giedrius Varoneckas 《International journal of behavioral medicine》2018,25(2):171-182
Purpose
The study aimed to examine the association between type D personality trait and sleep quality in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and to explore the mediating effects of anxiety and depression symptoms.Method
A cross-sectional study was performed in 879 CAD patients attending cardiac rehabilitation program (mean age 57.8 years; SD?=?9.0; 75% men). Participants underwent full-night polysomnography and were classified in OSA (n?=?349) and no OSA (n?=?530) groups. Patients were evaluated for type D personality, subjective sleep quality (Pittsburgh sleep quality index), and symptoms of anxiety and depression (hospital anxiety and depression scale).Results
Patients with type D personality reported poorer subjective sleep quality than non-type D patients irrespective of the presence of OSA. Type D and negative affectivity (NA) were associated with worse subjective sleep quality in patients with OSA and without OSA. The mediational analysis revealed that type D and NA were indirectly associated with Pittsburgh sleep quality index through anxiety and depression symptoms in no OSA and OSA patients.Conclusion
In CAD patients, type D personality and NA are associated with worse subjective sleep quality and this association is mediated by depression and anxiety symptoms irrespective of OSA presence.14.
Background
A good romantic relationship quality increases resilience against mental and physical health problems. Regarding correlates of relationship quality, research has focused mostly on attachment style and personality traits such as the Big Five.Objective
The current study aims to find further predictors of a good relationship quality, such as sleep, demographics, and the boundary concept.Materials and methods
For the study, 336 subjects were recruited, most of them women (79.76%). Only participants who were in a relationship were included in the analyses (N?=?216). The effects of sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI), demographics, and thin or thick boundaries (Boundary Personality Questionnaire, BPQ) on relationship quality (Partnerschaftsfragebogen—Kurzversion, PFB-K) were assessed using multiple regression.Results
Age and thickness of boundaries were significantly connected with relationship quality. Sleep quality, gender, body mass index, and accommodation were not related to relationship quality.Conclusion
The current study confirms the importance of age and provides new insight into the effects of boundaries in terms of relationship quality. Methodological limitations (e.g., homogenous and healthy sample) might compromise the findings regarding sleep. Future studies should include a more diverse sample and investigate further correlates of the boundary concept.15.
Nora Thenhausen Martin Kuss Alfred Wiater Angelika A. Schlarb 《Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin》2017,21(1):28-36
Background
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by deficits in social interaction, communication, and restricted repetitive behavior. Research studies indicate that children with autism spectrum disorders suffer from more sleep problems than the general population.Objective
The aim of the study was to investigate sleep problems in adolescents with Asperger syndrome (AS) or high-functioning autism (HFA) and to further examine the association between sleep problems and problem behavior as well as autism symptom severity.Methods
In this study, 15 adolescents diagnosed with AS or HFA (aged between 10–19 years) and one parent of each answered questions about sleep and sleep disturbances.Results
A high prevalence of sleep problems (80?%) was found. The most frequently reported sleep problems were insomnia symptoms (80?%) and parasomnias (53?%). More sleep problems were associated with decreased daytime functioning, more precisely with more externalizing problem behavior and a higher autism symptom severity.Conclusion
The results suggest that sleep problems are common in adolescents with AS or HFA and are connected to lower daytime functioning. Therefore, in clinical practice, individuals should routinely be screened for sleeping difficulties.16.
Kneginja Richter Lukas Peter Stefanie Kellner Thomas Hillemacher 《Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin》2018,22(3):194-198
Background
Millions of people share a bed with their partner. Sleep und relationship could possibly influence each other.Objectives
To identify and discuss connections between relationship and sleep quality.Methods
Review of the literature in electronic databases.Results
Conflict and violence in relationships lead to decreases in both partners’ sleep quality. Constructive approaches to resolving conflicts is necessary for good sleep, and vice versa. Women prefer partners with sleep-wake rhythms matching their own and report higher relationship satisfactions when the couple’s chronotypes are compatible.Conclusions
Sleep and circadian rhythms play important roles in relationships. When treating insomnia, the relationship and the partner’s sleep should be taken into account.17.
Tanja Bianca Strube Tina In-Albon Hans-Günter Weeß 《Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin》2016,20(1):61-66
Background
The dissemination of smartphones among adolescents and young adults is increasing. They are not only used during the day, but also in the evening and at night.Objectives
The goal of the present study is to perform an exploratory survey on adolescents and young adults regarding their use of smartphones in the bedroom. It was hypothesized that the use of smartphones shortens or interrupts sleep and correlates with increased daytime sleepiness and poorer sleep quality.Method
Using an online questionnaire, 148 adolescents and young adults between 14 and 20 years of age were asked about their use of smartphones in the evening and at night, their subjective sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness.Results
The results indicated a high use of smartphones in the last ten minutes before the adolescents and young adults went to bed, keeping the mobile device at or in the bed. Furthermore, an association was found between adolescents being intentionally or unintentionally woken up by smartphone notifications and the subjectively reported daytime sleepiness.Conclusions
The frequent use and handling of the smartphone, as well as the association with daytime sleepiness, indicates a need for education on responsible media contact. Further research is needed on the user profile and the consequences on performance and concentration abilities of adolescents.18.
S. Terjung Y. Wang S. Werther A. Zaffaroni H. Teschler G. Weinreich 《Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin》2016,20(1):54-60
Background
Polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard for diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). As PSG is time-consuming and labor-intensive it is the last step in a step-wise diagnostic.Aim
This study assessed the validity of SleepMinder® (Resmed Sensor Technologies, Dublin, Ireland) for the detection of total sleep time (TST) and sleep efficiency (SE).Materials and methods
SleepMinder® is a non-contact device using weak radiowaves to measure respiration and sleep quality. Diagnostic accuracy of SleepMinder® was studied in a cohort of 57 patients admitted to the sleep laboratory due to suspected SDB. Results obtained by SleepMinder® were compared with those of a simultaneous PSG to assess the diagnostic accuracy of SleepMinder®. Additionally we examined the influence of periodic limb movements on the diagnostic accuracy of SleepMinder®.Results
SleepMinder® overestimates TST compared to TST estimated by PSG. Comparison between the results in TST estimation of PSG and SleepMinder® showed a deviation of 5?% in group 1 (AHI < 15/h) and 6?% in group 2 (AHI ≥ 15/h) without a statistically significant difference between the groups. Compared to PSG-detected TST in SleepMinder® analysis 51?% of the patients had a deviation < 10?%, 70?% a deviation < 20?% and in 9?% a deviation ≥ 30?%. The systemic bias was 24 min. Comparing SESleepMinder with SEPSG, we found a deviation of 1?% for group 1 whereas we obtained a deviation of 7?% for group 2 (p = n .s.) without a statistically significant difference between the groups. Comparing SESleepMinder and SEPSG, in our cohort 16 (28?%) patients showed a deviation < 5?%, 28 (49?%) patients had a deviation < 10?%, 38 (6?%) < 20?% and 4 (7?%) patients had a 30?% deviation. Furthermore, a 2?% overestimation by SleepMinder could be found.Conclusion
SleepMinder® estimates TST and SE with moderate accuracy. Therefore, measuring these parameters can be an additional and helpful feature in SBD screening.19.
Background
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can lead to worse sleep quality (SQ) and have an impact on relationships. This study examines the role of sleep on the link between ACEs and romantic relationship quality (RRQ). Additionally, the association between ACEs and romantic relationship patterns and nightmares is investigated.Methods
In a self-assessment questionnaire survey, ACEs as well as romantic relationship (quality, history, orientation) and sleep patterns (quality, nightmares) were assessed in 300 women aged 18–52 years using the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Nightmare Effects Questionnaire, Relationship Orientation Questionnaire, and the Relationship Assessment Scale. Demographic data and number of previous romantic relationships were also assessed.Results
SQ was found to be a significant mediator of the relationship between childhood maltreatment (CM) and RRQ. The prediction of RRQ through ACE becomes smaller and non-significant when impaired SQ is accounted for. Neither a general history of ACEs nor single types of ACEs predict short-term romantic relationship orientation (preference for short- over long-term romantic relationships). However, overall CM, history of sexual abuse, separation of parents, violence against the mother, substance abuse of a household member, and mental disorder of a household member significantly predict more romantic relationships. Heightened nightmare frequency is predicted by emotional neglect and substance abuse of a household member. More daytime effects of nightmares were also predicted by overall CM.Conclusion
As sleep was found to moderate the link between ACEs and RRQ, therapeutic treatments for CM individuals should target sleep improvement as an important goal. This might not only improve SQ, but also quality of life or romantic relationships.20.
Maike Bulian Hans-Günter Weeß Walter H. Schreiber 《Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin》2018,22(3):187-193