2007年广州地区耐药性监测分析

目的 了解广州地区2007年细菌耐药性监测协作组所属15所医院临床分离株的耐药情况,明确广州地区的耐药特点.方法 采用纸片扩散法(KB法)和美国临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI)2008年的判断标准对18 500株临床分离株作药敏试验.结果 18 500株细菌中革兰阳性菌占31.6%,革兰阴性菌占68.4%,其中非发酵菌占革兰阴性菌45.7%.耐甲氧西林会葡菌(MBSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率分别为55.9%和75.9%.按照2008年CLSI标准,所有肺炎链球菌都对青霉素敏感.在大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属中产ESBLs菌的检出率分别为43.8%和39.8%,对大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属ESBL产生菌的耐药率最低的药物分别是美罗培南、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西彬他唑巴坦,耐药率为0-14.1%.铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和美罗培南的耐药率最低,分别为20.4%、24.4%和25.4%,但3者敏感率相比,由高到低分别为:哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(75.4%)、美罗培南(72.4%)和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(63.2%).不动杆菌属对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和美罗堵南的耐药率分别为2.6%和5.1%.出现少数铜绿假单胞菌(5.5%)和鲍曼不动杆菌(1.5%)的泛耐药株.痰标本来源的铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对大多抗菌药物的耐药性都高于血液标本来源菌.结论 非发酵菌分离率上升,细菌耐药性持续增加,出现泛耐药的铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌.加强地区性细菌耐药性监测,对于正确合理选用抗菌药和控制细菌耐药性产生十分重要.     

High prevalence of antibiotic resistance of common pathogenic bacteria in Taiwan. The Antibiotic Resistance Study Group of the Infectious Disease Society of the Republic of China

We analyzed the antimicrobial susceptibilities of all clinical isolates of 14 common pathogenic bacteria recovered from patients in eight medical centers in Taiwan during 1995 and 1996. Susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobial agents was tested by the disk diffusion method as recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 59.3% and 62% were oxacillin-resistant in 1995 and 1996, respectively, whereas 63.2% of the coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates during the study period were oxacillin-resistant. The rate of penicillin-resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates was 39.7% in 1995 and 53.7% in 1996. Macrolide-resistance was found in 71.4%, 42.1%, and 46.7% of S. pneumoniae, beta-hemolytic streptococci, and viridans streptococci, respectively, in 1996. Less than 2% of the enterococcal isolates were vancomycin resistant, but 77% of them were gentamicin resistant. Resistance to gentamicin was also common in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Various degrees of resistance to ampicillin, piperacillin, cephalosporins, aztreonam, and ciprofloxacin were detected in Enterobacteriaceae, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii. More than 55% of Haemophilus influenzae isolates were ampicillin resistant. In summary, resistance to many antimicrobial agents in various common pathogenic bacteria is very common in Taiwan. Our results implicate that antibiotic resistance in the developing countries need to be monitored closely.     

Distribution of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Vietnam

Among 730 Escherichia coli, 438 Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 141 Proteus mirabilis isolates obtained between September 2000 and September 2001 in seven hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 26.6% were resistant to ceftazidime, 30% were resistant to cefotaxime, 31.5% were resistant to ceftriaxone, 15.9% were resistant to cefoperazone, and 6% were resistant to cefepime. Resistance to imipenem was found in 5.6% of the isolates. In 55 strains producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (32 E. coli isolates, 13 K. pneumoniae isolates, and 10 P. mirabilis isolates), structural genes for VEB-1 (25.5%), CTX-M (25.5%), SHV (38.1%), and TEM (76.3%) enzymes were detected alone or in combination. Sequencing of the PCR products obtained from the K. pneumoniae isolates revealed the presence of bla(VEB-1), bla(CTX-M-14), bla(CTX-M-17), bla(SHV-2), and bla(TEM-1). Molecular typing of the strains with a similar resistance phenotype to broad-spectrum cephalosporins indicated polyclonal spread. ISEcp1 was presumably responsible for dissemination of the bla(CTX-M-like) gene.     

A between-species comparison of antimicrobial resistance in enterobacteria in fecal flora

Enterobacteria in fecal flora are often reported to be highly resistant. Escherichia coli is the main species; resistance data on other species are rare. To assess the effect of the host's environment, antimicrobial resistance was determined in fecal species of the family Enterobacteriaceae from three populations: healthy people (HP)(n = 125) with no exposure to antimicrobials for 3 months preceding sampling, university hospital patients (UP) (n = 159) from wards where the antibiotic use was 112 defined daily doses (DDD)/bed/month, and geriatric long-term patients (LTP) (n = 74) who used 1.8 DDD/bed/month. The mean length of hospital stay was 5 days for the UP and 22 months for the LTP. The isolates were identified to at least genus level, and MICs of 16 antimicrobials were determined. From the university hospital, resistance data on clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates were also collected. Resistance data for on average two different isolates per sample (range, 1 to 5) were analyzed: 471 E. coli isolates and 261 other Enterobacteriaceae spp. Resistance was mainly found among E. coli; even in HP, 18% of E. coli isolates were resistant to two or more antimicrobial groups, with MIC patterns indicative of transferable resistance. Other fecal enterobacteria were generally susceptible, with little typically transferable multiresistance. Clinical Klebsiella and Enterobacter isolates were significantly more resistant than fecal isolates. The resistance patterns at both hospitals mirrored the patterns of antibiotic use, but LTP E. coli isolates were significantly more resistant than those from UP. Conditions permitting an efficient spread may have been more important in sustaining high resistance levels in the LTP. E. coli was the main carrier of antimicrobial resistance in fecal flora; resistance in other species was rare in the absence of antimicrobial selection.     

Multidrug resistance among different serotypes of clinical Salmonella isolates in Taiwan

Of the 798 clinical Salmonella isolates collected from multiple hospitals in Taiwan, resistance to ampicillin (48.5%), chloramphenicol (55.3%), streptomycin (59.0%), sulfamethoxazole (68.0%), and tetracycline (67.8%) was high, whereas resistance to all 5 antimicrobials (ACSSuT R-type) comprised 327 (41%) and was highly prevalent in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (72.7%, 176/242), the most common serotype. Additional resistance to trimethoprim was present in 155 (19.4% overall) of the ACSSuT R-type isolates from several serotypes. Reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolone (FQ) (ciprofloxacin MIC >0.125-1 microg/mL and nalidixic acid-resistant) was detected in 223 (27.9%) isolates including 117 (14.7% overall) that were also ACSSuT-resistant. Full resistance to FQ was detected in Salmonella Choleraesuis (35.5%, 6/17) and Salmonella Schwarzengrund (16.7%, 10/60); both serotypes were also multiresistant to other antimicrobials. Studies are needed to determine the sources of different multidrug-resistant serotypes. Continued national surveillance is underway to monitor changes in resistance trends and to detect further emergence of resistant Salmonella serotypes in Taiwan.     

Evolution of antimicrobial resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Brooklyn, NY

OBJECTIVES: To document resistance patterns of three important nosocomial pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae, present in hospitals in Brooklyn, NY. METHODS: Susceptibility profiles of pathogens gathered during a surveillance study in 2006 were analysed and compared with similar surveys performed in 1999 and 2001. MICs were determined according to CLSI standards, and selected isolates were screened by PCR for the presence of VIM, IMP and KPC beta-lactamases. RESULTS: For P. aeruginosa, susceptibility to most antimicrobials fell in 2001 and then reached a plateau. However, there was a progressive decrease in the number of patients with P. aeruginosa during the three surveys. While the total number of isolates of A. baumannii remained steady, there was a progressive decrease in susceptibility to most classes of antimicrobial agents, and approximately one-third had combined resistance to carbapenems, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. There was a noticeable rise in the number of isolates of K. pneumoniae over the surveillance periods, suggesting that this has become the predominant pathogen in many medical centres. Over one-third of K. pneumoniae collected in 2006 carried the carbapenemase KPC, and 22% were resistant to all three classes of antimicrobial agents. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitals in our region have been beset with antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. K. pneumoniae has rapidly emerged as the most common multidrug-resistant pathogen. Improved therapeutic agents and methods of detection are needed to reduce transmission of these bacteria.     

2010年中国CHINET临床分离自无菌体液的细菌分布和耐药性监测

目的了解国内不同地区14所教学医院2010年从临床分离自脑脊液及其他无菌体液(胸水、腹水、胆汁等)的细菌分布和对抗菌药物的耐药性。方法共收集2010年临床分离的无菌体液2409株非重复的细菌,采用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,结果按CLSI 2010年版标准判读药敏结果,采用WHONET 5.4软件进行数据分析。结果 2409株非重复的细菌中,革兰阴性菌1 353株,占56.2%,革兰阳性菌1 056株,占43.8%。脑脊液中最常见的细菌分别为:凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金葡菌和大肠埃希菌。其他无菌体液中最常见的细菌分别为:大肠埃希菌、CNS、屎肠球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌。脑脊液标本中MRSA和MRCNS的检出率分别为78.6%和69.7%。其他无菌体液标本中MRSA和MRCNS的检出率分别为60.3%和67.2%。未发现对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药的葡萄球菌。脑脊液标本中未发现对万古霉素耐药的肠球菌属细菌,在其他无菌体液中发现17株对万古霉素耐药的屎肠球菌。脑脊液标本中产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属细菌(肺炎克雷伯菌和产酸克雷伯菌)的检出率分别为62.5%和30.0%,其他无菌体液标本中产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属细菌(肺炎克雷伯菌和产酸克雷伯菌)的检出率分别为50.4%和27.3%。脑脊液标本中泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌分别检出10株(18.2%)、8株(27.6%)和1株(7.7%)。其他无菌体液标本中泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌分别检出43株(36.8%)、18株(11.5%)、3株(2.1%)和1株(0.2%)。结论脑脊液和其他无菌体液中主要病原菌是大肠埃希菌、CNS、屎肠球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌,鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌。应防范泛耐药肠杆菌科细菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对临床治疗造成严重威胁。     

Molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa carrying metallo-β-lactamase genes in Taiwan

Seventy-two isolates of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) collected through the Taiwan Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (TSAR) program in 2000 and 2002 were studied for carriage of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL), integrase genes, and integrons. Epidemiologic relatedness was determined using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The prevalence of the MBL genes among CRPA was 36.0% (9 of 25) in TSAR II and 17.0% (8/47) in TSAR III, with prevalence in surveyed hospitals being 19.1% (4/21, TSAR II) and 23.1% (6 of 26, TSAR III). The bla_VIM-3 was detected in 15 of the 17 MBL-positive isolates; the remainder possessed bla_VIM-2. The bla_IMP was not evident. Class 1 integron was detected in all MBL-positive isolates; amplicon DNA sequences containing the bla_VIM-3 regions were all identical. All MBL-positive isolates remained susceptible to colistin. Molecular typing revealed a predominant strain that comprised 14 of the isolates among the various surveyed hospitals.     

Molecular survey of beta-lactamases conferring resistance to newer beta-lactams in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from Polish hospitals

The first national survey of resistance to newer beta-lactams in nosocomial populations of Enterobacteriaceae in Poland was performed. The study covered all nonrepetitive enterobacterial isolates cultured from specimens from inpatients in 13 regional secondary-care hospitals from November 2003 to January 2004. Among 2,388 isolates, the predominant species was Escherichia coli (59.6%), followed by Proteus mirabilis (14.5%) and Klebsiella spp. (8.5%). The frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) was very high, with ESBLs present in 11.1% of all isolates and 40.4% of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, the latter value greatly exceeding that for E. coli (2.5%). The contribution of outbreak isolates was significant, resulting, for example, in a particularly high rate of ESBL producers among Serratia marcescens isolates (70.8%). The pool of ESBL types was overwhelmingly dominated (81.7%) by CTX-M-like beta-lactamases CTX-M-3 (80.6%) and CTX-M-15, with SHV types (17.5%; SHV-2, SHV-5, and SHV-12) and sporadic TEM-like enzymes (0.7%; TEM-19 and TEM-48) being the next most frequent. Acquired AmpC-type cephalosporinases were observed exclusively in P. mirabilis, in 20.5% of the isolates of this species (compared with the frequency of ESBL producers of 11.5% of P. mirabilis isolates). All these cephalosporinases (CMY-12, CMY-15, and a novel variant, CMY-38) originated from Citrobacter freundii. Four isolates of E. coli (two isolates), K. pneumoniae (one isolate), and P. mirabilis (one isolate) produced class A inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases (TEM-30, TEM-32, TEM-37, and SHV-49), being the first of such producers identified in Poland. The survey documented both specific and more global characteristics of the epidemiology of the beta-lactamase-mediated resistance in enterobacteria from Polish hospitals and demonstrated that the ESBL frequency has reached an alarming level.     

2004-2005年我院临床常见细菌耐药性监测

目的调查中国细菌耐药性监测协作网(CHINET)重庆工作组2005年1—12月临床常见细菌对各种抗菌药物的耐药性现状。方法药物敏感性试验采用纸片扩散法,耐药性数据分析采用WHONET5软件。结果1年间我院共收集患者首次分离株690株。肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率最低,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌株的检出率分别为37.5%和31.4%。所有产ESBLs株对亚胺培南和美罗培南均敏感,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为37.2%和39.4%,对头孢他啶的耐药率达48.9%,且出现对所有药物耐药的泛耐药株。鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦的耐药率为37.7%。耐药组合分析显示,对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦不敏感株中有29株为完全相同的耐药模式。脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析,这些菌株主要来源于2个克隆株。结论我院细菌耐药性监测结果发现一些监护病房存在耐头孢哌酮-舒巴坦鲍曼不动杆菌流行株,对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦的耐药率有明显增高。     

Antimicrobial resistance in Cairo,Egypt 1999-2000: a survey of five hospitals

Antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens is a global problem, but in Egypt data are sparse. We reviewed the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bloodstream isolates of Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli in five hospitals in Cairo, Egypt, from 1999 to 2000. In addition, susceptibilities of non-bloodstream isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus spp. were analysed. High rates of resistance were found in most of the bacteria studied. In the hospitals, a variety of methods were used for identification and susceptibility testing, but in the laboratories quality controlled strains were utilized routinely, to ensure accurate performance of the assays. Only 29% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates and 23% of coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates were oxacillin susceptible. Both groups of staphylococci were also highly resistant to erythromycin, co-trimoxazole, clindamycin and doxycycline; all isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. Susceptibility of S. pneumoniae isolates to penicillin, ceftriaxone and fluoroquinolones was 63%, 84% and 82%, respectively. Vancomycin susceptibility of the enterococci was 96%; susceptibility to high-level gentamicin and streptomycin was 54% and 48%, respectively. Resistance to most relevant antimicrobials was commonplace among the Gram-negative bacilli; however, most remained susceptible to imipenem. The percentage of bloodstream isolates of Escherichia coli susceptible to common antimicrobial agents was as follows: ampicillin (6%), ampicillin-sulbactam (38%), co-trimoxazole (38%) and aminoglycosides (52%). The susceptibility of isolates of E. coli, Klebsiella and Enterobacter spp. to ceftazidime was 62%, 40% and 46%, respectively. This suggests a potentially high rate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and/or Amp-C enzyme production. These results call for a nationwide surveillance programme to monitor microbial trends and antimicrobial resistance patterns in Egypt.     

Need for annual surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: 2-year longitudinal analysis

Although changing patterns in antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae have prompted several surveillance initiatives in recent years, the frequency with which these studies are needed has not been addressed. To approach this issue, the extent to which resistance patterns change over a 1-year period was examined. In this study we analyzed S. pneumoniae antimicrobial susceptibility results produced in our laboratory with isolates obtained over 2 consecutive years (1997-1998 and 1998-1999) from the same 96 institutions distributed throughout the United States. Comparison of results revealed increases in resistant percentages for all antimicrobial agents studied except vancomycin. For four of the agents tested (penicillin, cefuroxime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and levofloxacin), the increases were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Resistance to the fluoroquinolone remained low in both years (0.1 and 0.6%, respectively); in contrast, resistance to macrolides was consistently greater than 20%, and resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole increased from 13.3 to 27.3%. Multidrug resistance, concurrent resistance to three or more antimicrobials of different chemical classes, also increased significantly between years, from 5.9 to 11%. The most prevalent phenotype was resistance to penicillin, azithromycin (representative macrolide), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Multidrug-resistant phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance were uncommon; however, two phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance not found in 1997-1998 were encountered in 1998-1999. This longitudinal surveillance study of resistance in S. pneumoniae revealed that significant changes do occur in just a single year and supports the need for surveillance at least on an annual basis, if not continuously.     

Trends in the susceptibility of clinically important resistant bacteria to tigecycline: results from the Tigecycline In Vitro Surveillance in Taiwan study, 2006 to 2010

The Tigecycline In Vitro Surveillance in Taiwan (TIST) study, a nationwide, prospective surveillance during 2006 to 2010, collected a total of 7,793 clinical isolates, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (n = 1,834), penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP) (n = 423), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) (n = 219), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (n = 1,141), ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 1,330), Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 1,645), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 903), from different specimens from 20 different hospitals in Taiwan. MICs of tigecycline were determined following the criteria of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST-2011). Among drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens, all of the PRSP isolates were susceptible to tigecycline (MIC(90), 0.03 μg/ml), and only one MRSA isolate (MIC(90), 0.5 μg/ml) and three VRE isolates (MIC(90), 0.125 μg/ml) were nonsusceptible to tigecycline. Among the Gram-negative bacteria, the tigecycline susceptibility rates were 99.65% for ESBL-producing E. coli (MIC(90), 0.5 μg/ml) and 96.32% for ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae (MIC(90), 2 μg/ml) when interpreted by FDA criteria but were 98.7% and 85.8%, respectively, when interpreted by EUCAST-2011 criteria. The susceptibility rate for A. baumannii (MIC(90), 4 μg/ml) decreased from 80.9% in 2006 to 55.3% in 2009 but increased to 73.4% in 2010. A bimodal MIC distribution was found among carbapenem-susceptible A. baumannii isolates, and a unimodal MIC distribution was found among carbapenem-nonsusceptible A. baumannii isolates. In Taiwan, tigecycline continues to have excellent in vitro activity against several major clinically important drug-resistant bacteria, with the exception of A. baumannii.     

Antimicrobial resistance patterns and serotype distribution of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from children in Taiwan from 1999 to 2004

Streptococcus pneumoniae causes substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Because only limited data are available for the antibiotic resistance patterns and seroepidemiology of invasive S. pneumoniae isolates in Taiwanese children, this national surveillance of invasive pneumococcal infections in children was conducted during a 5-year period. Invasive isolates of S. pneumoniae were obtained from sterile sites (yielding blood and cerebrospinal, pleural, and intra-articular fluids) in children (aged < or =14 years) at a total of 40 regional hospitals and medical centers distributed throughout Taiwan. The collection period was between July 1999 and June 2004, with a total of 286 isolates (including 30 cerebrospinal fluids) collected. All the samples were sent to the Center for Disease Control in Taipei for serotyping and susceptibility testing. Of the 286 S. pneumoniae isolates studied, the 5 most common serotypes were 14 (28.3%), 23F (21.0%), 6B (17.1%), 19F (13.6%), and 3 (4.9%). Intermediate- and high-level penicillin resistance was determined for 50.7% and 25.5% of the isolates, respectively. Isolate resistance was demonstrated to erythromycin (93%), tetracycline (82.2%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (79.4%), cefotaxime (11.2%), and levofloxacin (0.3%). Multiple drug resistance was found for each serotype, but mostly in types 14, 23F, 6B, and 19F. Overall, 85.0% of the serotypes, 90.8% of the penicillin-nonsusceptible S. pneumoniae (PNSSP), and 90.1% of the multiple drug-resistant (MDR) isolates were covered by the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV7). In this study, we found a diverse pulse-field gel electrophoresis pattern among MDR isolates: a high prevalence of drug resistance and a continued increasing trend in penicillin resistance among nationwide pneumococcal isolates from children in Taiwan. The highest prevalence of invasive pneumococcal disease was in children aged 2 to 5 years, and the highest PNSSP prevalence and highest PCV7 coverage were in children aged <2 years. In terms of reducing the risk of invasive pneumococcal illness in Taiwan, the use of PCV7 is likely to have a beneficial effect similar to that obtained in countries that have used it.     

2010年北京协和医院细菌耐药性监测

目的了解北京协和医院2010年临床分离细菌对抗菌药物的耐药性。方法除葡萄球菌属采用Pheonix 100测定其药物敏感性外,其余菌株均采用纸片扩散法,参照CLSI 2011年版判读结果,使用WHONET5.4软件统计分析。结果 2010年共收集非重复临床分离菌5 383株,其中革兰阴性菌占61.2%,革兰阳性菌占38.8%。呼吸道标本所占比率最高(37.0%),其次为尿液(12.8%)和血液(12.4%)。分离菌中排在前6位的依次为大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和金葡菌,分别为18.8%、12.1%、11.8%、9.1%、7.5%和7.1%。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、产酸克雷伯菌和奇异变形杆菌的产ESBLs阳性率分别为56.2%、30.4%、24.0%和17.4%。产ESBLs菌株对大多数抗菌药物的耐药率均比非产ESBLs菌株高。肠杆菌科细菌中出现对亚胺培南、美罗培南和厄他培南耐药的菌株。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率分别为20.0%和15.3%。鲍曼不动杆菌除对米诺环素耐药率为17.7%外,对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均在59%以上。MRSA和MRSCN的检出率分别为43.4%和78.8%。未发现对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药的葡萄球菌属。屎肠球菌对多数药物的耐药率均高于粪肠球菌。儿童肺炎链球菌中PRSP占76.0%,较成人菌株明显为高。其他溶血性链球菌除红霉素、克林霉素外,对多数抗菌药物均较为敏感。结论细菌耐药性呈增多趋势,应重视细菌耐药性监测并加强抗生素的合理使用。     

High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Asia (an ANSORP study)

A total of 685 clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from patients with pneumococcal diseases were collected from 14 centers in 11 Asian countries from January 2000 to June 2001. The in vitro susceptibilities of the isolates to 14 antimicrobial agents were determined by the broth microdilution test. Among the isolates tested, 483 (52.4%) were not susceptible to penicillin, 23% were intermediate, and 29.4% were penicillin resistant (MICs >/= 2 mg/liter). Isolates from Vietnam showed the highest prevalence of penicillin resistance (71.4%), followed by those from Korea (54.8%), Hong Kong (43.2%), and Taiwan (38.6%). The penicillin MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (MIC(90)s) were 4 mg/liter among isolates from Vietnam, Hong Kong, Korea, and Taiwan. The prevalence of erythromycin resistance was also very high in Vietnam (92.1%), Taiwan (86%), Korea (80.6%), Hong Kong (76.8%), and China (73.9%). The MIC(90)s of erythromycin were >32 mg/liter among isolates from Korea, Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, and Hong Kong. Isolates from Hong Kong showed the highest rate of ciprofloxacin resistance (11.8%), followed by isolates from Sri Lanka (9.5%), the Philippines (9.1%), and Korea (6.5%). Multilocus sequence typing showed that the spread of the Taiwan(19F) clone and the Spain(23F) clone could be one of the major reasons for the rapid increases in antimicrobial resistance among S. pneumoniae isolates in Asia. Data from the multinational surveillance study clearly documented distinctive increases in the prevalence rates and the levels of antimicrobial resistance among S. pneumoniae isolates in many Asian countries, which are among the highest in the world published to date.     

The Meropenem Yearly Susceptibility Test Information Collection antimicrobial susceptibility program in Spain: a 5-year analysis

The Meropenem Yearly Susceptibility Test Information Collection program is a global study providing in vitro surveillance data on antimicrobial susceptibility in centers prescribing meropenem. This study summarizes data on the activity of meropenem and 5 comparators against 4022 clinical isolates from 7 centers in Spain (1999-2003). Those bacteria intrinsically resistant to meropenem were excluded. Among Enterobacteriaceae, 100% of Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., and Serratia spp. were susceptible to meropenem. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae susceptibilities to carbapenems were 100% and > or =98%, respectively. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae were 3.8% of isolates, and all of them were susceptible to meropenem. Ciprofloxacin resistance in E. coli was around 20%. Meropenem and piperacillin/tazobactam were the most active agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Acinetobacter baumannii were 61-90% susceptible to carbapenems, but only 6-21% susceptible to ciprofloxacin. In this period, around 100% of oxacillin-susceptible staphylococci were susceptible to meropenem. There was no significant decrease in susceptibility to the carbapenems throughout the 5-year period. The clinical use of meropenem in 7 Spanish centers did not increase bacterial resistance to this agent in the microorganisms evaluated.     

2010年武汉同济医院细菌耐药性监测

目的分析武汉同济医院2010年临床分离菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。方法采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)进行抗菌药物敏感性试验,E试验检测肺炎链球菌对青霉素和头孢曲松以及葡萄球菌对万古霉素的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),用WHO-NET5.4统计软件进行数据分析。结果 2010年该院5 287株临床分离菌中,革兰阳性球菌1 476株,占27.9%,革兰阴性杆菌3 149株,占59.6%,真菌662株,占12.5%。门诊病人前5位分离菌依次为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金葡菌和流感嗜血杆菌,住院病人前5位分离菌依次为大肠埃希菌、金葡菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。MRSA和MRCNS的检出率分别为63.3%和74.7%;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属的检出率分别为80.1%和55.6%,产酶株耐药性明显高于非产酶株;检出对万古霉素和(或)替考拉宁耐药的肠球菌属11株,经PCR检测均为VanA型。屎肠球菌耐药率均明显高于粪肠球菌(P<0.05);青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌(PNSSP)分离率为33.0%(非脑脊液标本);铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率分别为18.5%和14.3%,不动杆菌属对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率在50%以上;流感嗜血杆菌产β内酰胺酶阳性率为31.9%,除对氨苄西林和甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲口恶唑敏感率较低外,对其他抗菌药物敏感率均在75%以上。结论临床常见病原菌仍以革兰阴性杆菌为主,与该院往年监测数据相比,本年度分离的病原菌对多数抗菌药物耐药性呈上升趋势,多重耐药情况严重,出现少数耐万古霉素肠球菌属及多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌,应引起临床重视。     

2006年上海地区细菌耐药性监测

目的了解上海地区2006年14所医院临床分离株的耐药情况。方法采用纸片扩散法(KB法)和CLSI2006年的判断标准对31316株临床分离株作药敏试验。结果31316株细菌中革兰阳性菌占36.4%,革兰阴性菌占63.6%。耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率分别为64.6%和82.2%。未发现万古霉素中介株(VISA)或耐药株(VRSA)。青霉素敏感肺炎链球菌(PSSP)成人患者和儿童患者中的检出率分别为96.0%和13.0%,青霉素不敏感株(包括PISP和PRSP)的检出率儿童中分别为73.2%和13.8%,成人中分别为4%和0。发现3株万古霉素耐药屎肠球菌。在大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属和奇异变形杆菌中产ESBLs菌的检出率分别为53.0%、51.1%和19.5%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率为24.4%和15.5%。不动杆菌属对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率为15.5%和17.0%。出现少数铜绿假单胞菌(2.7%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(3.4%)和弗劳地柠檬酸杆菌(7.2%)的泛耐药株。结论细菌耐药性持续增加,出现泛耐药的铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和弗劳地柠檬酸杆菌,加强细菌耐药性监测,对于正确合理选用抗菌药和控制细菌耐药性产生十分重要。     

Agreement assessment of tigecycline susceptibilities determined by the disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods among commonly encountered resistant bacterial isolates: results from the Tigecycline In Vitro Surveillance in Taiwan (TIST) study, 2008 to 2010

The Tigecycline In Vitro Surveillance in Taiwan (TIST) study, initiated in 2006, is a nationwide surveillance program designed to longitudinally monitor the in vitro activity of tigecycline against commonly encountered drug-resistant bacteria. This study compared the in vitro activity of tigecycline against 3,014 isolates of clinically important drug-resistant bacteria using the standard broth microdilution and disk diffusion methods. Species studied included methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; n = 759), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE; n = 191), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (n = 602), ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 736), and Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 726) that had been collected from patients treated between 2008 and 2010 at 20 hospitals in Taiwan. MICs and inhibition zone diameters were interpreted according to the currently recommended U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) criteria and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) criteria. The MIC(90) values of tigecycline against MRSA, VRE, ESBL-producing E. coli, ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, and A. baumannii were 0.5, 0.125, 0.5, 2, and 8 μg/ml, respectively. The total error rates between the two methods using the FDA criteria were high: 38.4% for ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae and 33.8% for A. baumannii. Using the EUCAST criteria, the total error rate was also high (54.6%) for A. baumannii isolates. The total error rates between these two methods were <5% for MRSA, VRE, and ESBL-producing E. coli. For routine susceptibility testing of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii against tigecycline, the broth microdilution method should be used because of the poor correlation of results between these two methods.