广西3~6岁幼儿欺负行为现况调查

背景　既往欺负行为的研究多聚焦于小学生和初中生,而针对3~6岁幼儿的相关研究较少。目的　了解广西3~6岁幼儿欺负行为的现状,为更好地预防幼儿欺负行为的发生提供参考。方法　2018年3-5月,采用整群抽样法在广西桂林市、柳州市、来宾市、南宁市、玉林市选取10所幼儿园,以班级为单位,每所幼儿园抽取小班、中班、大班各1个班,共30个班1 054例幼儿进行调查研究。使用本课题组编制的《3~6岁幼儿欺负行为评定问卷》进行调查。调查问卷由各班班主任填写,借助摄像头现场观察并记录幼儿欺负行为发生状况。问卷包括基本情况、欺负行为评定量表（由间接受欺负、直接受欺负、欺负他人、对欺负的应对4个分量表组成,其中直接受欺负分量表可细分为言语欺负、身体欺负、财物欺负项目）、欺负行为发生场所。结果　共发放调查问卷1 054份,回收有效问卷982份,回收有效率为93.2%。982名幼儿中男518例,女464例;卷入欺负行为184名（占18.7%,其中间接受欺负34名、直接受欺负98名、欺负他人52名）,未卷入欺负行为798名（占81.3%）。男性幼儿卷入欺负行为、欺负他人发生率高于女性（P<0.05）。不同班段幼儿卷入欺负行为、直接受欺负发生率比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。男性受欺负幼儿受到直接言语欺负发生率低于女性,直接身体欺负发生率高于女性（P<0.05）。不同班段受欺负幼儿受到直接言语欺负、间接受欺负发生率比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。受欺负幼儿对欺负的应对分量表得分〔（19.9±4.1）分〕高于未卷入欺负行为幼儿〔（10.3±3.5）分〕（t=28.15,P<0.01）。卷入欺负行为的184名幼儿中,欺负行为发生的场所排在前3位的分别是活动室〔76例（41.3%）〕、室外活动场〔36例（19.6%）〕、过道和大厅〔34例（18.5%）〕。不同班段幼儿欺负行为发生在室外活动场、活动室、幼儿园角落所占比例比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　广西3~6岁幼儿欺负行为检出率较高,卷入欺负行为、欺负他人的幼儿在性别上存在差异,卷入欺负行为、直接受欺负幼儿在班段上存在差异;幼儿在直接受欺负时,其受言语欺负和身体受欺在性别上存在差异,其受言语欺负在班段中存在差异;同时,不同班段幼儿在受欺负发生率、欺负行为发生场所上存在差异。     

Prevalence and correlates of hunger among primary and secondary school children in Malawi: results from the 2009 Global School-based Health Survey

Background

Education is important in improving economies and creating literate, self-reliant and healthy societies. However, hunger is a barrier to basic education in Malawi. Hunger is also associated with a number of health risk behaviours, such as bullying, suicide ideation and unhygienic behaviours that may jeopardize the future of children. There are, however, limited data on the prevalence and associated factors of hunger among school children in Malawi.

Methods

The study used data from the Malawi Global School-Based Health Survey conducted in 2009 to estimate the prevalence of self-reported hunger within the last 30 days among primary and secondary school age group. It also assessed the association between self-reported hunger and some selected list of independent variables using frequency distribution, chi-squared test and logistic regression.

Results

A total of 2359 students were available for analysis. The overall self-reported prevalence of hunger within the last 30 days was 12.5% (18.9% (172) in the rural and 8.3% (115) in urban areas; and 11.9%(123) for male and 12.5(148) for female children). In the final analysis, geographical location, eating fruits, having been bullied, suicide ideation, and washing hands with soap were significantly associated with hunger.

Conclusion

Hunger in both primary and secondary school children in Malawi is a major social problem. The design of school feeding programmes aimed to reduce hunger should incorporate the factors identified as associated with hunger.     

Emotional disorders among medical students in a Malaysian private medical school

INTRODUCTION: A study was done between December 2005 and January 2006 to determine the prevalence of emotional disorders among medical students in a private medical school in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia and to determine the demographical characteristics, contributing factors and the key person consulted for emotional problems. METHODS: Medical students in the private medical school completed the 12-item English version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and a demographical questionnaire. A cut-off point of 3/4 for the GHQ was used to determine negative and positive scores for emotional disorders. RESULTS: Out of 292 medical students, 86.6 percent completed the questionnaires. A total of 117 students (46.2 percent) were found to have emotional disorders. There was no significant association of ethnicity, gender, age group, number of examinations sat, examination performances, past medical conditions and relationships with parents, siblings, course-mates and lecturers with positive GHQ scores. A significant association, however, was found between positive GHQ scores for emotional disorders and the year of study, pressure faced due to examinations, and not having a love relationship. 39 percent of the students stated friends as their main preference for consultation of any emotional problem. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of emotional disorders among medical students was high. Further studies and diagnostic measures are recommended, including a more systematic screening and counselling programme by the medical school for early diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications.     

American Indian--Alaska Native youth health.

OBJECTIVE--To assess risk behaviors, health problems, worries and concerns, and resiliency-promoting factors among American Indian-Alaska Native adolescents. DESIGN--Survey. SETTING--Nonurban schools from eight Indian Health Service areas. PARTICIPANTS--A total of 13,454 seventh- through 12th-grade American Indian-Alaska Native youths. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--revised version of the Adolescent Health Survey, a comprehensive, anonymous, self-report questionnaire with 162 items addressing 10 dimensions of health. RESULTS--Poor physical health was reported by 2% of the study sample and was significantly correlated with social risk factors of physical and/or sexual abuse, suicide attempts, substance abuse, poor school performance, and nutritional inadequacies. Injury risk behaviors included never wearing seatbelts (44%), drinking and driving (37.9% of driving 10th through 12th graders), and riding with a driver who had been drinking (21.8%). Physical and sexual abuse prevalence was 10% and 13%, respectively, with 23.9% of females reporting physical abuse and 21.6% of females reporting sexual abuse by the 12th grade. Almost 6% of the entire sample endorsed signs of severe emotional distress. Eleven percent of the teens surveyed knew someone who had killed himself or herself, and 17% had attempted suicide themselves. Sixty-five percent of males and 56.8% of females reported having had intercourse by the 12th grade. Weekly or more frequent alcohol use rose from 8.2% of seventh graders to 14.1% by the 12th grade; for males, the survey noted an increase in regular alcohol use of 3% to 5% a year to 27.3% by the 12th grade. For each variable measured, rates are much higher for American Indian adolescents than those for rural white Minnesota youth, except for age at first intercourse and alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS--American Indian-Alaska Native adolescents reported high rates of health-compromising behaviors and risk factors related to unintentional injury, substance use, poor self-assessed health status, emotional distress, and suicide. Interventions must be culturally sensitive, acknowledge the heterogeneity of Indian populations, be grounded in cultural traditions that promote health, and be developed with full participation of the involved communities.     

2014年全国各省、自治区、直辖市汉族学生视力不良现况分析

目的：分析2014年我国各省、自治区、直辖市汉族学生视力不良情况,为制定学生视力不良防治策略和措施提供科学依据。方法：选取2014年全国学生体质与健康调研中7~22岁汉族学生261 832名,使用5 m标准对数视力表进行视力检查,对视力不良者,使用串镜检查,判断有无屈光不正。使用Logistic回归对汉族学生视力不良的相关因素进行多元分析,采用ArcMap 10绘制视力不良检出率的区域地图。结果：7~22岁汉族学生视力不良率为66.6%,各年龄组均是城市女生视力不良率最高（73.5%）。有60.8%的学生为疑似近视,占视力不良分类的90%以上。与2010年相比,视力不良在13~15岁学生中涨幅最快,增长了6.8个百分点。2014年各省、自治区、直辖市汉族学生视力不良检出率为50.6%~76.2%。视力不良检出率最高的前三省为江苏（76.2%）、浙江（76.0%）和山东（75.9%）,检出率最低的前三省为海南（50.6%）、贵州（53.9%）和新疆（57.6%）。Logistic回归分析发现,女生、城市学生、放学后做家庭作业时间超过2 h的学生更容易发生视力不良,而每天体育锻炼2 h及以上的学生更不易发生视力不良。结论：虽然各省情况有所差异,但是视力不良已经成为影响我国各省、自治区、直辖市学生健康的问题,在针对重点人群（如城市女生和青春期发育前的学生）干预的基础上,还应继续加强对全体学生视力不良的预防和控制。     

三亚市初中生睡眠质量与校园欺凌受害经历的相关性分析

背景　睡眠与初中生的身心健康息息相关，既往研究提示欺凌可能是睡眠问题的重要影响因素，但目前初中生校园欺凌与睡眠质量的相关研究较少。目的　探讨初中生睡眠质量与校园欺凌经历的相关性。方法　2020-03-18至04-18选取三亚市公立学校在读的初中一年级至初中三年级学生。参与本次调研的9所公立学校分布在三亚市三个主要常住人口聚集区：天涯区5所、吉阳区3所、崖州区1所。以电子问卷方式调查三亚市初中生的一般人口学特征、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）量表评分、失眠严重指数（ISI）量表评分、临床失眠诊断、既往被欺凌经历及其造成的困扰或伤害程度等信息，根据有无被欺凌经历分为有欺凌组和无欺凌组。采用Logistic回归分析探讨被欺凌经历与睡眠状况之间的关联。结果　发放问卷3 050份，共回收2 727份问卷，最终合格问卷2 167份，有效应答率为79.5%。初中生报告有被欺凌经历者125例（有欺凌组），无被欺凌经历者2 042例（无欺凌组）。两组年龄、性别、年级、焦虑、抑郁情况比较，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；其中男同学有被欺凌经历比例高于女同学，初二、初三学生有被欺凌经历比例高于初一学生，有焦虑、抑郁者有被欺凌经历比例高于无焦虑、抑郁者（P<0.05）。两组PSQI量表总分、睡眠质量差比例、主观睡眠质量、入睡时间、睡眠时长、睡眠紊乱累加问题、使用睡眠药物、日间功能障碍、ISI量表总分、失眠症状比例、医生诊断失眠比例比较，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；自评因校园欺凌造成的困扰或伤害的程度与PSQI量表总分（rs=0.166，P<0.001）、ISI量表总分（rs=0.151，P<0.001）呈正相关。调整年龄、性别、BMI、年级、民族、是否独生子女、是否住校、父亲文化程度、母亲文化程度、学习成绩后，被欺凌经历与睡眠质量差（OR=3.54，P<0.001）及主观睡眠质量（OR=3.47，P<0.001）、入睡时间（OR=2.28，P<0.001）、睡眠时长（OR=1.88，P<0.001）、睡眠紊乱累加问题（OR=2.93，P<0.001）、使用睡眠药物（OR=10.49，P<0.001）、日间功能障碍（OR=4.31，P<0.001）、失眠症状（OR=4.95，P<0.001）及医生诊断失眠（OR=2.76，P<0.001）均相关。在模型1中协变量的基础上，增加焦虑、抑郁作为协变量后，被欺凌经历与睡眠质量差（OR=2.45，P=0.001）及主观睡眠质量（OR=2.71，P<0.001）、入睡时间（OR=1.92，P=0.002）、睡眠时长（OR=1.59，P=0.025）、睡眠紊乱累加问题（OR=2.27，P<0.001）、使用睡眠药物（OR=4.75，P=0.039）、日间功能障碍（OR=3.19，P<0.001）、失眠症状（OR=3.18，P<0.001）均相关。结论　被欺凌经历可能是初中生睡眠质量差和失眠的危险因素。     

Urban high school youth and handguns. A school-based survey.

OBJECTIVE--To determine the prevalence of handgun ownership among urban high school youth and investigate associations with socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and deviant behaviors. DESIGN--Survey of half of the Seattle, Wash, public high schools, which enroll 50% of the school district's 11th-grade students (N = 970). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Self-reports of handgun ownership, perceived access to handguns, racial/ethnic identity, social status (Hollingshead's Two Factor Index of Social Position), and social deviance (Seattle Self-Report Instrument) were determined. RESULTS--Thirty-four percent of the students reported easy access to handguns (47% of males, 22% of females) and 6.4% reported owning a handgun (11.4% of males, 1.5% of females). Reported firearm experiences indicated a high rate of handgun utilization: 33% of handgun owners had fired at someone, 9.7% of female students reported a firearm homicide or suicide in family members or close friends, and 6% of male students reported carrying a handgun to school sometime in the past. Handgun ownership was more common among students who reported deviant behaviors. Adjusting for age, gender, and racial/ethnic group and controlling for covariation among the problem behaviors, gang membership (odds ratio [OR], 8.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.7 to 20.8), sentencing by a judge (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.3 to 15.5), selling drugs (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.8 to 7.8), suspension or expulsion from school (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.7 to 7.0), and assault and battery (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1 to 5.9) were associated with handgun ownership. However, 22% of male handgun owners did not report any of the above behaviors. CONCLUSION--The availability of handguns to the urban high school students surveyed is pervasive, and it is not limited to high-risk groups.     

US college students' use of tobacco products: results of a national survey

CONTEXT: Adults aged 18 to 24 years, many of whom are in college, represent the youngest legal targets for tobacco industry marketing. Cigarette smoking has been described among college students, but little is known about non-cigarette tobacco use by college students or cigar use by adults of any age. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of all forms of tobacco use (cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco) among US college students and to identify student- and college-level factors associated with use of each product. DESIGN: The Harvard College Alcohol Survey, a self-administered survey conducted in 1999. SETTING: One hundred nineteen nationally representative US 4-year colleges. SUBJECTS: A total of 14,138 randomly selected students (60% response rate). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-report of current (in the past 30 days), past-year, and lifetime use of cigarettes, cigars, pipes, smokeless tobacco, and all tobacco products. RESULTS: Nearly half (45.7%) of respondents had used a tobacco product in the past year and one third (32.9%) currently used tobacco. Cigarettes accounted for most of the tobacco use (28.5% current prevalence), but cigar use was also substantial (37.1% lifetime prevalence, 23.0% past-year prevalence, and 8.5% current prevalence) and combinations of the 2 were common. Total tobacco use was higher in men than in women (37. 9% vs 29.7%; P<.001), despite nearly identical current cigarette smoking rates between the sexes (28.5% for women vs 28.4% for men), because of greater use of cigars (current prevalence, 15.7% vs 3.9%; P<.001) and smokeless tobacco (current prevalence, 8.7% vs 0.4%; P<. 001) by men. Tobacco use was significantly higher among white students (P<.001), users of other substances (alcohol and marijuana) (P<.001), and students whose priorities were social rather than educational or athletic (P<.05). Among students who had used both cigars and cigarettes, only 8.9% smoked cigars at an earlier age than they had smoked cigarettes. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that tobacco use is common among college students and is not limited to cigarettes. College appears to be a time when many students are trying a range of tobacco products and are in danger of developing lifelong nicotine dependence. National efforts to monitor and reduce tobacco use of all types should expand to focus on college students and other young adults. JAMA. 2000;284:699-705     

Psychosocial concerns predict longitudinal trajectories of distress in newly diagnosed cancer patients

INTRODUCTIONUnmet psychosocial concerns are associated with emotional distress among cancer patients. This longitudinal study aimed to identify specific psychosocial concern profiles and trajectories of emotional distress, and examine their association among newly diagnosed adult cancer patients across the first year of diagnosis.METHODSAdult patients aged 21–64 years were screened to determine their eligibility for this study. Psychosocial concerns and psychological distress were measured using the Problem List and the Distress Thermometer, respectively (n = 221). Latent transition mixture analysis was used to determine specific psychosocial concern profiles and trajectories of emotional distress, and examine associations with adjustments made for demographic and medical variables.RESULTSTwo classes of psychosocial concerns were identified: low (81%) and high (19%) concerns. Two trajectories of distress were identified: low stable (69%) and high stable (31%) trajectories. Patients in the high concerns class were significantly more likely to demonstrate the high stable trajectory of distress.CONCLUSIONOur findings highlight the importance of concurrent assessment of multiple psychosocial concerns and screening of emotional distress throughout a cancer patient’s treatment journey. Such assessments can effectively guide interventions to address individual concerns and alleviate emotional distress among newly diagnosed cancer patients.     

Risk factors for and impact of online sexual solicitation of youth.

CONTEXT: Health care professionals, educators, and others are increasingly called upon to advise parents and policymakers about risks posed to children by Internet use. However, little scientific information exists on the experiences of children online. OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk factors surrounding online sexual solicitations of youth and distress due to solicitation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Telephone survey (August 1999-February 2000) of a random sample of 1501 youth aged 10 through 17 years who were regular Internet users. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic and behavioral characteristics associated with solicitation risk and distress due to solicitation. RESULTS: Nineteen percent of youth who used the Internet regularly were the targets of unwanted sexual solicitation in the last year. Girls (P<.001), older teens (P =.005), troubled youth (P =.004), frequent Internet users (P =.01), chat room participants (P<.001), and those who communicated online with strangers (P<.001) were at greater risk. Twenty-five percent of the solicited youth reported high levels of distress after solicitation incidents. Risk of distress was more common among the younger youth (P =.005), those who received aggressive solicitations (the solicitor attempted or made offline contact) (P =.001), and those who were solicited on a computer away from their home (P =.001). CONCLUSIONS: Many young people who use the Internet encounter unwanted sexual overtures. Health care professionals, educators, and parents should be prepared to educate youth about how to respond to online sexual solicitations, including encouraging youth to disclose and report such encounters and to talk about them.     

中国少数民族学生贫血现况及其与营养状况的关联研究

目的：分析我国少数民族学生的贫血现况及其程度的构成比,并研究贫血与营养状况之间的关系,为少数民族学生贫血防治提供依据。方法： 选取2010年全国学生体质与健康调研中蒙古族、回族、壮族和朝鲜族7、9、12、14和17岁年龄组学生,利用世界卫生组织（World Health Organization,WHO）2011年标准筛查贫血,以“轻度”、“中度”、“重度”分析构成比,使用WHO男、女生年龄别体重指数（body mass index,BMI）z评分标准判定学生营养状况,Logistic回归分析贫血与营养状况之间的关系。结果： 我国蒙古族、回族、壮族、朝鲜族4个少数民族学生贫血率分别为4.4%、26.4%、6.6%和5.8%,其中,乡村女生贫血检出率均为最高,分别为4.8%、42.0%、9.0%和6.7%。少数民族学生大部分属于轻度贫血,蒙古族、回族、壮族、朝鲜族学生重度贫血检出率分别为1.4%、12.9%、1.6%和1.9%。Logistic回归分析结果显示,女生、乡村学生、12岁和17岁学生、回族、壮族和朝鲜族学生相对于男生、城市学生、7岁年龄组学生和蒙古族学生更易发生贫血;相对于正常学生,超重学生更不易发生贫血,消瘦或肥胖与贫血之间关联无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论： 不同民族学生贫血流行程度不同,回族学生贫血已达到“中度流行”;应对该民族和乡村地区少数民族,尤其是少数民族女生进行贫血的重点防治;少数民族学生中不同营养状况与贫血之间无显著关联,因此学生营养状况不能作为区分贫血与否的依据。     

杭州市中小学生伤害相关行为流行现状

目的了解杭州市中小学生伤害相关行为的现状。方法随机抽取5所小学和4所中学的三年级到初三学生共2500名,进行有关伤害行为的问卷调查。结果男生非故意伤害行为发生率高于女生（P〈0.05）,中学生在骑车逆行、闯红灯、乱闯马路、相互追逐打闹、双手离把及步行违规行为的发生率高于小学生（P〈0.05）,小学生的骑车带人及非安全场所游泳行为发生率高于中学生（P〈0.05）;男生的欺侮行为、打架行为、自杀相关心理行为及离家出走未遂发生率高于女生（P〈0.05）,女生在缺乏安全感及失眠发生率高于男生（P〈0.05）,中学生在因学习压力心情不愉快等自杀相关心理问题及离家出走意念率高于小学生（P〈0.05）,小学生的被有意孤立等欺侮行为、打架行为及缺乏安全感的发生率高于中学生（P〈0.05）;跌倒、物体砸碰伤及打架是发生率较高的受伤原因,割刺伤或捅伤及骨关节伤是发生率较高的受伤结果。结论青少年是伤害预防的重点人群,应采取有效的预防措施,降低伤害的危害程度和发生率。     

Sexual dysfunction in the United States: prevalence and predictors

CONTEXT: While recent pharmacological advances have generated increased public interest and demand for clinical services regarding erectile dysfunction, epidemiologic data on sexual dysfunction are relatively scant for both women and men. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and risk of experiencing sexual dysfunction across various social groups and examine the determinants and health consequences of these disorders. DESIGN: Analysis of data from the National Health and Social Life Survey, a probability sample study of sexual behavior in a demographically representative, 1992 cohort of US adults. PARTICIPANTS: A national probability sample of 1749 women and 1410 men aged 18 to 59 years at the time of the survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk of experiencing sexual dysfunction as well as negative concomitant outcomes. RESULTS: Sexual dysfunction is more prevalent for women (43%) than men (31%) and is associated with various demographic characteristics, including age and educational attainment. Women of different racial groups demonstrate different patterns of sexual dysfunction. Differences among men are not as marked but generally consistent with women. Experience of sexual dysfunction is more likely among women and men with poor physical and emotional health. Moreover, sexual dysfunction is highly associated with negative experiences in sexual relationships and overall well-being. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that sexual dysfunction is an important public health concern, and emotional problems likely contribute to the experience of these problems.     

Exploring the predictors of depression among Saudi adolescents: Time for urgent firm actions

Objectives:To estimate the prevalence of depression among Saudi adolescents and identify its correlates.Methods:This was a cross-sectional study using a multistage random technique that included students at the intermediate and secondary levels in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used as a tool, in addition to a survey of the potential risk factors. Binary logistic regression was conducted.Results:Out of 960 students, 32.4% were found to have moderate to severe depression. The age group of 16-19 years was more at risk. Female gender and low father’s education level were significant predictors of depression. Less internet use and more physical activity are considered a protective factor against depression, OR -0.531 (95% CI: 0.315-0.894) and OR -0.668 (95% CI: 0.468-0.953), respectively. Whereas the physical abuse, OR 2.047 (95% CI: 1.287-3.255) and emotional abuse, OR 2.576 (95% CI: 1.740-3.813) considered risk factors for depression.Conclusion:The prevalence of depression among Saudi adolescents is worrisome. Urgent and firm actions should be taken in response to the increasing prevalence of depression worldwide.     

同性交友平台上青年学生的艾滋病知识和艾滋病相关行为现状

目的：了解同性交友平台上青年学生的获得性免疫缺陷综合征（acquired immune deficiency syndrome,AIDS,艾滋病）知识及相关行为现状,为今后通过网络开展艾滋病宣传教育提供依据。方法：采用滚雪球抽样方法,使用自行设计的自填式问卷调查同性交友平台上青年学生的艾滋病知识及其相关行为,并采用卡方检验分析不同特征青年学生的艾滋病知识知晓水平,用Logistic回归分析人类免疫缺陷病毒（human Immunodeficiency virus,HIV）检测情况的影响因素。结果：共调查同性交友平台上的青年学生469人,问卷有效率为94.2%（442）。研究发现,同性交友平台上青年学生的“大众人群艾滋病知识”知晓率为83.9%（371）,“青年学生艾滋病知识”知晓率为77.1%（341）,HIV抗体检测率为52.0%（230）。不同年龄段（P＝0.001）、不同婚姻状态（P＜0.001）、不同性取向（P＜0.001）和首次性行为对象的不同性别（P＜0.001）的青年学生,“大众人群艾滋病知识”知晓率差异有统计学意义。不同年龄段（P＝0.010）、不同婚姻状态（P＝0.004）、不同性取向（P＜0.001）和首次性行为对象的不同性别（P＜0.001）的青年学生“青年学生艾滋病知识”知晓率差异有统计学意义。同性交友平台上青年学生性行为发生率为75.1%（332）,多性伴发生率为41.3%（137）。相比于同性性取向的学生,性取向为异性（OR＝0.282,95%CI：0.151~0.528）和性取向不确定（OR＝0.175,95%CI：0.035~0.885）是HIV抗体检测的阻碍因素,多性伴（OR＝2.103,95%CI：1.278~3.462）是HIV抗体检测的促进因素。结论：同性交友平台上的青年学生的高危行为发生率较高,需要关注有同性性行为倾向的异性恋男生,积极探索通过同性交友平台开展艾滋病防治教育,提高青年学生自我保护意识。     

Dating violence against adolescent girls and associated substance use, unhealthy weight control, sexual risk behavior, pregnancy, and suicidality

CONTEXT: Intimate partner violence against women is a major public health concern. Research among adults has shown that younger age is a consistent risk factor for experiencing and perpetrating intimate partner violence. However, no representative epidemiologic studies of lifetime prevalence of dating violence among adolescents have been conducted. OBJECTIVE: To assess lifetime prevalence of physical and sexual violence from dating partners among adolescent girls and associations of these forms of violence with specific health risks. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Female 9th through 12th-grade students who participated in the 1997 and 1999 Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (n = 1977 and 2186, respectively). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lifetime prevalence rates of physical and sexual dating violence and whether such violence is independently associated with substance use, unhealthy weight control, sexual risk behavior, pregnancy, and suicidality. RESULTS: Approximately 1 in 5 female students (20.2% in 1997 and 18.0% in 1999) reported being physically and/or sexually abused by a dating partner. After controlling for the effects of potentially confounding demographics and risk behaviors, data from both surveys indicate that physical and sexual dating violence against adolescent girls is associated with increased risk of substance use (eg, cocaine use for 1997, odds ratio [OR], 4.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3-9.6; for 1999, OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.7-6.7), unhealthy weight control behaviors (eg, use of laxatives and/or vomiting [for 1997, OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.8-5.5; for 1999, OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.2-6.5]), sexual risk behaviors (eg, first intercourse before age 15 years [for 1997, OR, 8.2; 95% CI, 5.1-13.4; for 1999, OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4-4.2]), pregnancy (for 1997, OR, 6.3; 95% CI, 3.4-11.7; for 1999, OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.9-7.8), and suicidality (eg, attempted suicide [for 1997, OR, 7.6; 95% CI, 4.7-12.3; for 1999, OR, 8.6; 95% CI, 5.2-14.4]). CONCLUSION: Dating violence is extremely prevalent among this population, and adolescent girls who report a history of experiencing dating violence are more likely to exhibit other serious health risk behaviors.     

2010年全国中小学生体育锻炼行为现状及原因分析

目的：了解我国中小学生体育锻炼现状,为开展学校体育卫生工作提供科学依据。方法：对30个省（区、市）参加2010年全国学生体质健康调研的166 812名汉族4年级以上小学生、初中生和高中生进行体育锻炼与生活方式问卷调查,采用卡方检验和Logistic回归分析不同群体之间的差异。结果：全国仅有22.7%的汉族中小学生平均每天体育锻炼1 h以上,9~13、13~16和16~19岁年龄段体育锻炼1 h以上报告率分别为32.7%、20.7%和12.5%（P<0.01）;不同年龄段学生中,东部地区学生平均每天体育锻炼1 h的报告率均明显高于西部地区学生（P<0.05）。有61.8%的学生认为上体育课“会出汗、有点累”,有68.6%的学生表示喜欢上体育课,72.4%的学生愿意参加学校组织的课外体育活动,有46.4%的学生愿意参加长跑锻炼。“怕累、怕吃苦”是不同性别、年龄段学生认为同学不积极参加体育活动和不喜欢参加长跑锻炼的最主要原因。结论：我国学生体育锻炼1 h的报告率较低,不同群体间存在明显差异,今后除进一步保证学生体育锻炼的时间和强度外,还应加强其体育锻炼意识和习惯的培养。     

Sexual behavior and herpes simplex virus 2 infection in college students

BACKGROUND: Given the relevance of HSV-2 infection in youth, the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of HSV-2 in college students in Cuernavaca, Mexico, as well as the sociodemographic and sexual behavioral characteristics associated with this infection. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out using convenience sampling with consenting students of both genders. Students answered a questionnaire and provided a blood sample to detect antibodies to HSV-2 by Western blot. To establish the magnitude of the association between the prevalence of HSV-2 infection and the selected risk factors, we estimated prevalence odds ratios by performing logistic analyses of these results RESULTS: Overall seroprevalence of HSV-2 was 5.9% (20/340; CI(95%) 3.7-8.9), 7.0% (14/200; CI(95%) 3.9-11.5) for women and 4.3% (6/140; CI(95%) 1.6-9.1) for men. HSV-2 infection was independently associated with female sex (POR=5.3, CI(95%) 1.4-19.7), age (26 years and over, POR=4.7, CI(95%) 1.0-22.2), number of sexual partners over the last year (two or more partners POR=4.1, CI(95%) 1.2-14.2), a history of genital ulcers (POR=6.1, CI(95%) 1.9-19.8), and having been paid for sex (POR=21.4, CI(95%) 1.0-447.5). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of HSV-2 infection among these students was lower than in other Mexican populations who have high-risk sexual behavior. However, there was a subgroup of participants identified as having high-risk sexual behavior. These individuals could, therefore, be prone to acquiring and transmitting HSV-2 infection and represent the target group for whom preventive interventions against HSV-2 and other STIs might be developed.     

Estimated prevalence of anabolic steroid use among male high school seniors

The use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AS) is perceived by the media, by segments of the sports medicine and athletic communities, and by the public to have grown to epidemic proportions. Unfortunately, the incidence and prevalence of AS use among elite, amateur, and recreational athletes is poorly documented. This study was designed to help identify AS use patterns among the male portion of the general adolescent population. The overall participation rate on a schoolwide basis was 68.7% and on an individual basis reached 50.3%. Participants in this investigation were 12th-grade male students (N = 3403) in 46 private and public high schools across the nation who completed a questionnaire that established current or previous use of AS as well as user and nonuser characteristics. Results indicate that 6.6% of 12th grade male students use or have used AS and that over two thirds of the user group initiated use when they were 16 years of age or younger. Approximately 21% of users reported that a health professional was their primary source. The evidence indicates that educational intervention strategies should begin as early as junior high school; the intervention should not be directed only toward those individuals who participate in school-based athletics.     

在校大学生强迫性神经症现况调查

目的:了解在校本科大学生的强迫性神经症的患病率、分布特征及影响因素,为大学生强迫症的干预与病因学研究提供依据。方法：应用分层按比例随机抽样的方法抽取样本2 046人,采用世界卫生组织复合性国际诊断交谈表3.0（WHO-CIDI-3.0）对在校本科生进行访谈,完成访谈1 869人,共收集合格问卷1 843份,按ICD-10诊断标准筛查大学生强迫症。结果：大学生强迫症的终生患病率为17.1%,12个月患病率为9.9%,30 d患病率为2.5%;男大学生强迫症的终生患病率高于女大学生(χ²=6.107,P=0.013);不同年级的大学生强迫症的终生患病率存在显著差异（χ²=16.223,P=0.001）,低年级高于高年级; 多因素Logistic回归分析发现,大学生年级、性别、父亲心境、母亲心境、童年时期父母间是否经常打骂、童年时期父母对其的照看程度及目前社会交往中与朋友联系程度等7个因素是大学生强迫症的影响因素。结论：在校大学生的强迫症终生患病率较高,大学生强迫症的患病受年级、性别、父亲心境、母亲心境、童年时期父母间是否经常打骂、童年时期父母对其的照看程度及目前社会交往中与朋友联系程度等多个因素的影响,提示大学生强迫症应引起学校、社会及家庭的足够重视并采取积极的干预措施对强迫症进行有效防制。