Relationships between serum omentin-1 concentration,body composition and physical activity levels in older women

This study aimed to investigate the relationships between omentin-1, body composition and physical activity (PA) levels in older women.Eighty-one older women (age = 64 ± 6years; body mass index = 24.2 ± 3.2 kg/m²; body fat percentage = 36.1 ± 5.7%) participated in this study. We divided the subjects into overweight/obesity and normal weight group. Body composition was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum omentin-1 concentration was measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. PA levels were obtained by using accelerometers. In addition, anthropometric and insulin resistance values were determined.Omentin-1 level in overweight/obesity group was significantly lower than in the normal weight group (P < .01). Analysis of all subjects showed that serum omentin-1 was negatively correlated with body weight, BMI (body mass index), waist circumference (WC), WHR (waist-to-hip ratio), percentage of body fat, total body fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) (r = −.571, −0.569, −0.546, −0.382, −0.394, −0.484, −0.524, all P < .01), respectively. We also found a negative correlation between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and total body FM (r = −.233, P < .05). However, no significant correlation was found between omentin-1 and sedentary behavior and MVPA (both P > .05). Moreover, the relationship between omentin-1, body composition and PA was analyzed by using multiple linear stepwise regressions. The results showed that serum omentin-1 concentration was inversely correlated with total body FM (β = −0.334, P = .004) in multiple linear stepwise regression analysis.We found that total body FM was inversely related to serum omentin-1 concentration and PA levels, but there was no correlation between omentin-1 and PA levels. These results showed that PA may participate in the regulation of body composition, which may be also affected by serum omentin-1. However, the mechanism by which PA affects body composition may not be through omentin-1 and was more likely through other metabolic pathways.     

Sex differences in association between body composition and frailty or physical performance in community-dwelling older adults

Frailty is a common geriatric condition due to aging, defined as a decrease in the functional reserve to maintain the homeostasis. As part of the aging process, body composition changes occur. This study investigated the relationship between body composition and frailty in a community-dwelling elderly Korean population.This cross-sectional cohort study analyzed data of 2,385 elderly participants (aged 70–84 years, 1131 males and 1254 females) of the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study from 2016 to 2017. Body composition, including total and trunk fat masses and fat-free mass, were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fat mass index (FMI), trunk fat mass index, and fat-free mass index (FFMI) represented total fat mass, trunk fat mass, and fat-free mass according to height. Based on the frailty index developed by Fried, we compared the frail and non-frail groups. Poor physical performance assessed with the short physical performance battery score of < 9 is considered frailty. To evaluate the relationship between the variables, simple and fully adjusted multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed according to sex.Among the participants, 462 (19.3%) were defined as the frail group, with a significantly high mean age of 77.9 ± 4.0 years. In the logistic regression analysis of frailty based on body mass index (BMI) categories, underweight (BMI < 18 kg/m²) participants showed a high incidence of frailty in both sexes. BMI showed an association with frailty only in males. Lower FFMI was associated with a higher incidence of frailty in both sexes, which was statistically significant in the fully adjusted models. In the female, fat-related indexes including body fat percentage, FMI, and trunk fat mass index showed a significant association with poor physical performance. In contrast, males with low FFMI only showed a significant association with poor physical performance.Frailty was closely correlated with lower FFMI in both sexes. The poor physical performance associated with frailty correlated with fat-related body composition in females and fat-free mass in males, owing to the difference in body composition between the sexes. In the assessment of frailty, body composition and sex-related differences should be analyzed.     

The relationship between leg power and physical performance in mobility-limited older people

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of leg power and leg strength on the physical performance of community-dwelling mobility-limited older people. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a 12-week randomized controlled exercise-intervention study. SETTING: Exercise laboratory within the Department of Health Science of an urban university. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-five community-dwelling mobility-limited people (34 women, 11 men), aged 65 to 83. MEASUREMENTS: Health status, depression, cognition, physical activity, and falls efficacy; physiological measures of lower extremity strength and power; and measures of physical performance. RESULTS: Through bivariate analyses, leg power was significantly associated with physical performance as measured by stair-climb time, chair-stand time, tandem gait, habitual gait, maximal gait, and the short physical performance battery describing between 12% and 45% of the variance (R2). Although leg power and leg strength were greatly correlated (r = .89) in a comparison of bivariate analyses of strength or power with physical performance, leg power modeled up to 8% more of the variance for five of six physical performance measures. Despite limitations in sample size, it appeared that, through quadratic modeling,the influence of leg power on physical performance was curvilinear. Using separate multivariate analyses, partial R2 values for leg power and leg strength were compared, demonstrating that leg power accounted for 2% to 8% more of the variance with all measures of physical performance. CONCLUSION: Leg power is an important factor influencing the physical performance of mobility-limited older people. Although related to strength, it is a separate attribute that may exert a greater influence on physical performance. These findings have important implications for clinicians practicing geriatric rehabilitation.     

The relationship between body size and body composition in women of different nutritional status

This study analysed the relationship between weight, size, and body composition in various groups of real and fantasy women. By exploiting natural relationships between the weight and volume of human tissues, comparable data on weight, size, and body composition were obtained for healthy women from western and developing country populations, women with anorexia nervosa (AN), and fantasy figures including popular children's dolls. Women from western and developing country populations have different fatness and size despite having similar weight relative to height. Women with AN have significantly lower fat and lean mass, and thinner size, than healthy women. Fantasy figures have body sizes similar to women with AN, implying similar body composition. In particular, children's dolls have body sizes similar to AN women at the time of death, although these effects are disguised by manipulation of body shape. Our study improves understanding of the body composition implied by manipulation of female shape and size. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.     

Association between physical activity (PA) guidelines and body composition variables in middle-aged and older women

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between volume and frequency of moderate-intensity PA and step-based recommendations and individual body composition variables. Our cohort included 167 healthy ambulatory women (mean age 62.8±4.8 years; body mass index [BMI] 27.3±4.2kg/m(2)) who carried out daily activities while wearing the ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer over a seven day period. Measurements of BMI, body fat mass index (BFMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and visceral fat area (VFA) were obtained by the InBody 720 multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MFBIA) device. The significant relationship (r(s)=0.66; p<0.05) was found between moderate PA and steps per day. Moderate PA (r(2)=0.03-0.06) and steps per day (r(2)=0.05-0.20) were significantly associated with observed body composition parameters. Women spending>300min/week in moderate PA showed significantly lower values of BFMI (p=0.02) than those who spent 150-300min/week. Carrying out moderate PA for 30min 5 days a week was significantly associated with lower BMI (p=0.04; η(2)=0.02), BFMI (p=0.02; η(2)=0.03) and VFA (p=0.03; η(2)=0.03). In addition, higher amounts of daily steps were significantly associated with lower BMI (p=0.00; η(2)=0.16), BFMI (p=0.00; η(2)=0.21), VFA (p=0.00; η(2)=0.20) and WHR (p=0.00; η(2)=0.13). A clear association was found between the generally recommended PA guidelines and body composition variables for the women examined in this study. However, the concept of 10,000steps/day appears to be the strongest predictor of health-related body composition values.     

Relationship between lung function and physical performance in disabled older women

BACKGROUND: Understanding the association between lung function and physical performance in disabled older women helps in determining the potential for prevention and treatment strategies to decrease disability. The aim of this study was to determine the association of lung function with objective and self-reported physical performance in community-dwelling disabled older women. METHODS: The Women's Health and Aging Study I consists of 1002 disabled community-dwelling women aged > or = 65. Of these women, 840 underwent spirometry with determination of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Cross-sectional analyses included multivariate linear regression to assess the association between FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, and the time to walk four meters after adjusting for confounders, including age, race, geriatric depression scale score, body mass index, muscle strength, osteoarthritis, smoking status, and cardiovascular disease. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association between FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, and self-reported disability in physical performance. RESULTS: FEV1 was independently associated with time to walk 4 meters. For every 100 ml decrease in FEV1, there was a 0.15-second (95% confidence interval: 0.24 to 0.06) increase in time to walk 4 meters. There was an 8% increase in the prevalent odds of self-reported disability in physical performance for every 100 ml decrease in FEV1. FVC was also associated with physical performance measures. In contrast, FEV1/FVC was associated with objective but not subjective physical performance. CONCLUSION: Decreasing lung function is independently associated with decrements in objective and self-reported physical performance in disabled older women.     

The relationship between body composition and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Turkish women

In a retrospective cross-sectional study among 202 postmenopausal women aged 46–75 years, we aimed to investigate the relationship between body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) to determine whether fat mass or lean mass is a better determinant of BMD in Turkish postmenopausal women. Lumbar spine (L1–L4) and proximal femur BMD were measured by dual energy X-ray absorbsiometry. Body composition analysis was performed by bioelectric impedance method and fat mass, lean mass, and percent fat were measured. Both fat mass and lean mass were positively correlated with BMD at the lumbar spine and proximal femur, weight and body mass index. Lean mass was also positively correlated with height and negatively correlated with age and years since menopause (P < 0.01). The correlations of fat mass and lean mass with BMD at the lumbar spine and proximal femur remained significant after adjustment for age, years since menopause and height. When the lean mass was adjusted together with age, years since menopause and height, the significant relationship between the fat mass and BMD continued, however the significant correlation between the lean mass and BMD disappeared at all sites after adjustment for fat mass. In multiple regression analyses, fat mass was the significant determinant of all BMD sites. Our data suggest that fat mass is the significant determinant of BMD at the lumbar spine and proximal femur, and lean mass does not have an impact on BMD when fat mass was taken into account in Turkish postmenopausal women.     

The relationship between body composition and muscle power output in men and women with obesity

In order to investigate the effect of gender, age and level of obesity on body composition and anaerobic power output, and to test the hypothesis that variation in body composition affects muscle power output in obesity, a cohort of 377 subjects (112 males and 265 females, aged 18-75 yr) with different levels of obesity [class IIII, body mass index (BMI) range: 30.6-60.3 kg m(-2)] was cross-sectionally investigated. Body composition was assessed with bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA), in standardized conditions and using obesity-specific prediction formulas. Lower limb anaerobic power output (W) was measured with a modification of the Margaria stair climbing test. In males, a similar increase in fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) was observed as a function of BMI, while in females, FM increased more than FFM. In both genders, FFM significantly decreased as a function of age (p<0.001), but was higher in men of all ages. Similar patterns of variation were observed in W. A differently significant correlation between BMI and W was observed between men and women, and it was found by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) that W was affected negatively by age (p<0.001) and positively by BMI (p<0.001) in males, while in females only age had a significant effect (p<0.001) but not BMI. A positive correlation (p<0.001) was detected between FFM and W, in both genders. W per unit body mass, the actual muscle power for rapid external work, was higher in men than in women of all groups, and decreased with age in both genders, but only in older women decreased significantly (p<0.01) depending on BMI. It is concluded that the gender-dependent pattern of variation in body composition may be an important determinant of the different motor limitations observed in men and women. Older women (> or =50 yr) with extreme obesity (class III) suffered from the most serious motor dysfunction within this obese cohort. This result may have important clinical relevance in the care of obesity.     

The relationship between physical activity and cognition in older latinos

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between minutes spent participating in light and moderate/vigorous-intensity physical activity (PA) and cognition in older Latinos, controlling for demographics, chronic health problems, and acculturation. Method. A cross-sectional study design was used. Participants were self-identified Latinos, without disability, who had a score less than 14 on a 21-point Mini-Mental State Examination. Participants were recruited from predominantly Latino communities in Chicago at health fairs, senior centers, and community centers. PA was measured with an accelerometer, worn for 7 days. Episodic memory and executive function (inference control, inattention, and word fluency) were measured with validated cognitive tests. RESULTS: Participants were 174 Latino men (n = 46) and women (n = 128) aged 50-84 years (M = 66 years). After adjusting for control variables (demographics, chronic health problems) and other cognitive measures, regression analyses revealed that minutes per day of light-intensity PA (r = -.51), moderate/vigorous PA (r = -.56), and counts per minute (r=-.62) were negatively associated with lower word fluency. Discussion. Findings suggest that the cognitive benefits of both light-intensity PA and moderate/vigorous PA may be domain-specific.     

Association between executive attention and physical functional performance in community-dwelling older women.

OBJECTIVES: Executive functions supervise the contents of working memory, where information from long-term memory is integrated with information in the immediate present. This study examined whether executive attentional abilities were uniquely associated with the performance of complex, instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) in cognitively intact and physically high-functioning older women. METHODS: Participants were 406 community-residing, older women aged 70-80 years in the Women's Health and Aging Study (WHAS) II, screened to be physically high functioning and cognitively intact using the Mini-Mental State Exam. Hierarchical regression models, adjusted for demographic and disease variables, were used to evaluate the association of cognitive domains, including executive attention, memory, psychomotor speed, and spatial ability with summary measures of IADL (e.g., looking up and dialing a telephone number) and mobility-based ADL (e.g., walking 4 meters) function. RESULTS: Tests of executive attention were associated with performance on IADLs (6.6%) and, to a lesser degree, mobility-based ADLs (1%), adjusting for demographic and disease variables. In particular, the mental flexibility component of the Trail Making Test accounted for the majority of attentional variance in IADL performance. Older age, lower education, and African American race were also associated with poorer physical test performances. DISCUSSION: Executive difficulties in flexibly planning and initiating a course of action were selectively associated with slower performance of higher-order IADL tests, relative to other domains of cognition, in a high-functioning, community-based older cohort. These results suggest that executive functions may be important in mediating the onset and progression of physical functional declines.     

The relationship between accelerometer-determined physical activity (PA) and body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women

Studies of the relationships between BMD, PA and body composition have shown variable results. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the relationships between accelerometer-determined PA and selected body composition parameters to total and regional BMD of the proximal femur in postmenopausal women. BMD and body composition were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in 97 women with a mean age 63.63±5.23 years. PA was monitored using an ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer. Correlation analysis did not show significant relationships between PA variables and BMD, but increases in body composition variables were associated with increases in BMD. Lean body mass was the strongest predictor of proximal femur BMD (r=0.18-0.37), explaining 10% of the variance for total femur, and 3-14% of the variance for regional femurs. Correlations increased when the analysis was controlled for age (r(p)=0.20-0.39). A significant relationship was also found between body fat mass and BMD (r=0.16-0.30; r(p)=0.25-0.37). Analysis of differences between women with normal BMD and osteopenic women showed statistically significant differences in age (p=0.003; η(2)=0.09) and lean body mass (p=0.048; η(2)=0.04). In conclusion, body composition is a stronger predictor of proximal femur BMD than PA variables. However, other studies are necessary to clarify the influence of long-term PA and exercise type on proximal femur BMD.     

Benzodiazepine use and physical performance in community-dwelling older women

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether benzodiazepine use in older women increased the risk of decline in physical function. DESIGN: A four-year prospective cohort study. SETTING: The communities of Iowa and Washington counties, Iowa. PARTICIPANTS: Eight hundred eighty-five women aged 70 and older who had completed physical performance tests in 1988 and 1992. MEASUREMENTS: Benzodiazepine use was determined during in-home interviews and classified by dose, duration, indication for use, and half-life. Physical performance tests included an assessment of standing balance, walking speed (8-foot distance), and repeated chair raises. RESULTS: Ninety (10.2%) reported benzodiazepine use at baseline. After adjustment for baseline physical performance score and potential confounders, benzodiazepine use was associated with a greater decline in physical performance over 4 years than nonuse (beta=-1.16; standard error (SE)=0.25; P<.001). The use of higher-than-recommended dose was related to decline (beta=-2.26; SE=0.47; P<.001), and use of lower doses was not (beta=-0.53; SE=0.46; P=.246). Long-term use (>or=3 years) was related to decline (beta=-1.65; SE=0.34; P<.001), whereas recent and past use were not. Similar results were obtained when restricting the sample to those without disability at baseline. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that older women who used benzodiazepines were at risk for decline in physical performance. Subgroup analyses indicated that risk was greater with use of higher-than-recommended doses or for long duration (>or=3 years). These findings highlight the importance of using benzodiazepines at the lowest effective dose for a limited duration in older women.     

The relation between psychometric test performance and physical performance in older adults.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between cognitive function and physical disability in nondemented older adults is not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between performance on psychometric measures and a modified Physical Performance Test (modified PPT) in older men and women. METHODS: One hundred twenty-five men and women aged 75 years and older, who were enrolled in randomized, controlled trials of exercise or hormone replacement therapy, were recruited from the community-at-large and from congregate living sites. Measures obtained included Trailmaking A and B tests, Cancellation Random Figure tests, Weschler Associate Learning and 20-minute Delayed Recall, Verbal Fluency test, a modified PPT, and self-reports about performance of activities of daily living, medication use, and hospitalization in the previous year. RESULTS: Simple regression analysis demonstrated that speed of performance on the Trailmaking B and Cancellation Random Figure tests was significantly associated with total modified PPT score (r = .29, p < .001 and r = .36,p < .001, respectively). A factor analysis of the psychometric test battery demonstrated that two factors, a cognitive speed factor and a memory factor, accounted for 55% of the variance in cognitive test performance. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated that age, number of medications, and the cognitive speed factor were independent predictors of total modified PPT score. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive processing speed is a significant component of physical frailty in this population, although it accounts for a small percentage of variance on a standardized physical performance test.     

Resistance exercise dosage in older adults: single- versus multiset effects on physical performance and body composition

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether variation in resistance exercise volume affects muscle function and physical performance response in older adults. DESIGN: A randomized trial with subjects assigned to a single-set (1-SET) or three-set (3-SET) exercise group. SETTING: An exercise facility at the University of Queensland. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-eight community-dwelling men and women aged 65 to 78. INTERVENTION: Progressive resistance training consisting of seven exercises targeting the major muscle groups of the upper and lower body performed on exercise machines twice weekly for 20 weeks at eight-repetition maximum (RM) intensity. MEASUREMENTS: Muscle function included isotonic muscle strength (1-RM) of the seven exercises, isokinetic and isometric knee extensor strength, and muscle endurance for the chest press and leg press exercises. Physical performance included timed chair rise, usual and fast 6-m walk, 6-m backwards walk, 400-m walk, floor rise to standing, and stair climbing ability. In addition, body composition was determined using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Isotonic muscle strength increased in both exercise groups for all seven exercises (P<.01), with the gain in the 3-SET group greater (P<.05) for the seated row, triceps extension, and knee extension (analysis of covariance). Similarly, muscle endurance gains were greater for the 3-SET than the 1-SET group (P<.01), with no significant difference between groups for isokinetic and isometric knee extensor strength. Both groups improved (P<.05) in the chair rise (1-SET, 10.1%; 3-SET, 13.6%), 6-m backwards walk (1-SET, 14.3%; 3-SET, 14.8%), 400-m walk (1-SET, 3.8%; 3-SET, 7.4%), and stair climbing test (1-SET, 7.7%; 3-SET, 6.4%), with the only difference between groups for the 400-m walk (P<.05). There was no difference between groups for change in body composition. CONCLUSION: Resistance training consisting of only single-set exercises is sufficient to significantly enhance muscle function and physical performance, although muscle strength and endurance gains are greater with higher-volume work. These findings have application in designing time-efficient exercise regimens to enhance neuromuscular function in older adults.     

The relationship between sexual activity and urinary incontinence in older women

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether continence status is associated with sexual activity in older women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional postal survey. SETTING: Random selection from a list of respondents to a Canada Post survey. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling women aged 55 to 95. MEASUREMENTS: The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form measured the presence, severity, and type of incontinence. Sexual activity and marital status were assessed using single close-ended questions. The Medical Outcomes Study 12-item Short-Form Health Survey was used to query physical and mental health status. RESULTS: Data from 2,361 women (mean age 71) were available for analysis. Thirty-nine percent reported urinary incontinence (UI), and 27% were sexually active. UI was associated with sexual activity in crude logistic analyses (odds ratio (OR)=0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.68-0.98) but not in multivariate models adjusted for physical and mental health. Marital status and age were the strongest predictors of sexual activity (OR 8.94, 95% CI=6.89-11.60 for married women; OR=3.09, 95% CI=2.57-3.73 for age 相似文献   

Relationship between cortisol and physical performance in older persons

OBJECTIVE: Hypercortisolism is associated with muscle weakness. This study examines the relationship between cortisol and physical performance in older persons. DESIGN/PATIENTS: The study was conducted within the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA), an ongoing cohort study in a population-based sample of healthy older persons in the Netherlands. Data from the second (1995/1996) and fourth (2001/2002) cycle were used pertaining to 1172 (65-88 years) and 884 (65-94 years) men and women, respectively. MEASUREMENTS: Physical performance was measured by adding up scores on the chair stands, tandem stand and walk test (range 0-12). In the second cycle serum total and calculated free cortisol were assessed; in the fourth cycle evening salivary cortisol was assessed. Regression analysis (stratified for sex, adjusted for age, body mass index, alcohol use, physical activity and region) was performed to examine the cross-sectional relationship between cortisol and physical performance. RESULTS: Women with higher calculated free cortisol scored less well on physical performance (b = -0.28 per SD higher cortisol, P = 0.016), which was mainly explained by poorer performance on the tandem stand (OR = 1.32 for a lower score per SD higher cortisol, P = 0.003). Men with higher salivary cortisol scored less well on physical performance (b = -0.90 in the highest vs. the lowest quartile, P = 0.008), which was mainly explained by poorer performance on the chair stands and walk test (OR = 1.88, P = 0.020 and OR = 1.81, P = 0.027, respectively, in the highest vs. the lowest quartile). CONCLUSION: Physical performance is negatively associated with high cortisol levels in older persons.