导航辅助内镜下经鼻蝶窦垂体瘤切除术

目的 分析导航辅助内镜下经鼻蝶窦垂体瘤切除术的疗效.方法 回顾性分析自2010年4月至2011年12月采用内镜经鼻蝶窦垂体瘤切除术治疗的患者91例.男40例,女51例.首次手术75例,因残留或复发再次手术16例.年龄12～ 75岁,平均48.7岁.肿瘤最大径＜1cm11例,1～4cm 63例,＞4cm 17例.Knosp 0～2级57例,Knosp 3级19例,Knosp 4级15例.无功能腺瘤54例,功能性腺瘤37例.所有患者术中均使用神经导航辅助.术后行视力、神经影像及内分泌随访,随访时间3 ～21个月,平均10.2个月.结果 肿瘤大体全切74例(81％,74/91),大部切除13例,部分切除4例.Knosp 0～2级腺瘤大体全切54例(95％,54/57),Knosp 3级腺瘤大体全切17例(90％,17/19),Knosp 4级腺瘤大体全切3例(20％,3/15).术后视力改善32例(87％,32/37),内分泌治愈21例(57％,21/37).术后电解质紊乱4例,脑脊液漏3例,甲状腺功能低下3例,尿量增多2例,一过性视力障碍、肾上腺皮质功能低下、颅内感染、蝶窦炎性反应、术区出血各1例.结论 内镜下经鼻蝶窦垂体瘤切除术安全、有效,结合神经导航技术可进一步增加其安全性和有效性.     

神经内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦垂体腺瘤切除术

目的探讨神经内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦切除垂体腺瘤的技术方法和疗效。方法 2006年8月至2009年5月在神经内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦切除垂体腺瘤202例。结果肿瘤全切除171例(84.65%),次全切除22例(10.89%),部分切除9例(4.46%),术后临床症状改善196例(97.02%)。术后血清内分泌激素较术前有所改善173例(85.64%)。28例(13.86%)出现术后并发症,包括尿崩症、鼻腔出血和脑脊液漏。结论神经内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦垂体腺瘤切除术具有手术创伤小、术后并发症少等优点,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

经鼻蝶入路神经内镜手术鞍底重建方法的研究进展

随着神经内镜技术的发展,越来越多的腹侧颅底病变和脑深部病变能够通过神经内镜手术切除,例如,约90%的垂体腺瘤能通过经鼻蝶入路神经内镜手术完成[1]。神经内镜手术与显微手术相比具有创伤小、术式简洁、显露满意、视野清晰等优点。     

神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术切除鞍结节脑膜瘤

目的 探讨神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术切除鞍结节脑膜瘤的疗效。方法 回顾性分析9例鞍结节脑膜瘤的临床资料,均在神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术切除肿瘤。结果 肿瘤Simpson Ⅰ级切除6例,Ⅱ级切除3例;无手术死亡病例。术前视力下降9例中,术后视力好转7例,无变化1例,加重1例;术前视野缺损8例中,术后视野改善4例,无变化4例。术后出现尿崩1例、嗅觉减退3例、脑脊液漏3例。术后随访3个月~1年,均无迟发性脑脊液漏;复查MRI示肿瘤均无复发;6例临床症状消失,3例明显好转。结论 只要病例选择适当,神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术切除鞍结节脑膜瘤是一种安全、有效的手术方式。     

神经内镜经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤日间手术12例临床分析

目的 探讨神经内镜经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤日间手术的安全性及可行性。方法 回顾性分析2017年4月至2017年5月收治的12例垂体腺瘤日间手术的 临床资料。制定垂体腺瘤日间手术流程,所有病人均知情同意,经过严格的术前评估、微创手术、围手术期管理、出院标准、随访等环节,术后按照 日间手术模式治疗和护理。结果 12例,11例完成日间手术,1例脱落。11例日间手术平均手术时间80 min;住院时间30~34 h,平均32.5 h;术后住 院时间5~8 h,平均6 h。11例均密切随访至出院后第7 d,未出现发热、尿崩、脑脊液漏等并发症;无再入院、再手术病例。结论 通过规范神经内镜 经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤日间手术流程,进行垂体腺瘤日间手术安全可行,并能够达到加快床位周转、缩短住院时间的目的。     

内镜经鼻蝶入路手术治疗垂体瘤

目的 探索神经内镜在经蝶手术中的临床意义和应用前景。方法 2000年5月-2006年5月共治疗垂体瘤678例，术前均行影像学（CT和MRI）及血液内分泌激素检查。且均在内镜下经鼻蝶手术切除病变。420例获得6～24个月的随访。结果 肿瘤全切543例（80．1％），次全切除118例（17．4％），部分切除17例（2．50／0）。术后临床症状改善643例（98％）。术后复查内分泌激素均有所改善。21例术后出现并发症，包括蛛网膜下腔出血、鼻腔出血、鼻部黏膜局限性感染、外鼻孔缩窄和脑脊液漏。420例随访病人中，4例在术后2年内复发。结论 内镜经鼻蝶手术治疗垂体瘤，创伤小，显露清楚，切除肿瘤相对完全，操作简便、安全，术后病人反应轻。住院时间短。随着科学技术的进步，神经内镜经鼻蝶入路手术治疗垂体瘤必将得到不断发展和完善。     

神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术切除垂体腺瘤的临床观察

目的研究神经内镜结合磨钻切除垂体瘤的手术效果。方法应用神经内镜结合磨钻辅助下切除垂体瘤29例,回顾性分析病人的临床资料,总结手术疗效。结果肿瘤全切除19例(65.5%),近全切除8例(27.6%),部分切除2例(6.9%)。术后发生脑脊液漏4例,暂时性尿崩症25例,经积极处理后均治愈。术后3月随访,术后视力恢复正常15例(83.33%),视野缺损明显好转8例(80%),头痛缓解9例(81.82%)。术后3个月复查15例病人PRL水平由术前的(302.43±182.25)μg/L降至术后的(42.69±27.96)μg/L;6例病人GH水平由术前的(49.17±23.96)μg/L下降至术后的(14.53±6.09)μg/L,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论经鼻蝶神经内镜结合磨钻垂体瘤切除手术是一种安全、微创、有效的手术方式。     

神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤手术切除的临床疗效分析

目的：探讨神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤手术切除的临床治疗效果。方法回顾分析上海交通大学医学院附属苏州九龙医院神经外科2011年7月～2013年8月收治的神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤手术切除的98例患者,其病理结果均为垂体腺瘤。手术前后分别行内分泌学检查,术后随访3个月,复查垂体MRI。结果肿瘤全切除率78．6％（77例）,次全切除率16．3％（16例）,部分切除率5．1％（5例）。术后视力、视野较术前明显改善者18例,激素水平较术前下降或完全恢复至正常者35例;发生脑脊液漏6例,其中4例经腰大池置管后治愈,另外2例行脑脊液鼻漏修补手术治愈,暂时性尿崩5例,高热及电解质紊乱2例,无死亡病例。术后平均住院时间5．5 d。结论神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤是一种安全、微创、有效的治疗方式,术后并发症少,减轻患者痛苦,缩短患者的住院时间。     

活体动物单纯神经内镜模拟手术训练

目的 建立一种活体动物的单纯神经内镜手术训练方法. 方法 选择大鼠腹腔模拟脑室,采用脑室镜,建立一套训练计划,完成内镜下图像导引下的内镜操作、球囊造瘘术、电凝止血、冲洗和吸引、活检等单纯神经内镜手术的基本技巧. 结果 利用大鼠腹腔进行了单纯神经内镜的模拟手术,如在内镜图像导引下操作内镜的方法;熟悉了内镜系统、电凝系统、冲洗和吸引设备的使用;练习了各种内镜专用器械的使用,特别是熟悉了电凝在液体环境中的使用;重点练习了单纯神经内镜手术中常用的手术技术,如球囊造瘘、电凝、切断、钳夹活检、冲洗等. 结论 通过利用大鼠腹腔进行单纯神经内镜模拟手术训练,可以完成内镜图像导引下的内镜操作、球囊造瘘、电凝止血、冲洗和吸引、活检等单纯神经内镜手术的基本操作,本文使用的方法可作为神经内镜实验室训练的重要组成部分.     

神经内镜技术在高龄自发性脑出血的应用

目的 探讨神经内窥镜在治疗高龄自发性脑出血的作用.方法 回顾性分析神经内镜及同期常规开颅手术治疗高龄自发性脑出血共61例,内镜组28例,开颅组33例.结果 各组年龄、术前GCS评分、出血部位及出血量,并发症发生率,无统计学差异,随访3个月GOS评分差异有统计学意义.结论 神经内镜治疗高龄自发性脑出血省时,微创,止血彻底,病人恢复较快,可以获得较为满意的疗效.     

A parent training model for toilet training children with autism

Background Azrin & Foxx pioneered an intensive toilet training protocol for individuals with intellectual disability living in a residential setting. Since the development of the Rapid Toilet Training (RTT) protocol, many have replicated the efficacy, most notably in educational and outpatient treatment settings, but often training over longer periods of time. This study presents data from a parent training model that replicates Azrin and Foxx's results and training time. Method This multiple baseline across subjects design study employs an ABA design where two boys diagnosed with autism were toilet trained using a modified Azrin & Foxx intensive teaching protocol. The first subject, a 4‐year‐old boy, did not have a history of attempted toilet training. The second subject, a 6‐year‐old boy, demonstrated a history of failed toilet training attempts in both the home and school settings. The trainings were conducted in the home setting where a novel parent‐training approach was implemented. Results Participant 1 was continent at the end of the second day of training, and completely toilet trained (including initiation and communication) by day 10 of the intervention. Participant 2 was continent after day 1 and completely toilet trained by day 5 of the intervention. Conclusions Long‐term follow‐up demonstrates maintenance of skills 3 years post training. Social validity via parent satisfaction was assessed. Limitations to the current study and recommendations for future research were discussed.     

神经内镜手术并发症分析

目的 对神经内镜手术并发症进行分析探讨.方法 对49例病人的术后反应及并发症的发生原因、预防及治疗方法进行分析。结果 49例术后反应及并发症病人经治疗后均恢复。结论 神经内镜手术属微创治疗方法，并发症多不严重，且不多是可以预防的。     

The maternal deprivation animal model revisited

Early life stress, in the form of MD (24 h at pnd 9), interferes with brain developmental trajectories modifying both behavioral and neurobiochemical parameters. MD has been reported to enhance neuroendocrine responses to stress, to affect emotional behavior and to impair cognitive function. More recently, changes in body weight gain, metabolic parameters and immunological responding have also been described. Present data give support to the fact that neuronal degeneration and/or astrocyte proliferation are present in specific brain regions, mainly hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus, which are particularly vulnerable to the effects of neonatal stress. The MD animal model arises as a valuable tool for the investigation of the brain processes occurring at the narrow time window comprised between pnd 9 and 10 that are critical for the establishment of brain circuitries critical for the regulation of behavior, metabolism and energy homeostasis. In the present review we will discuss three possible mechanisms that might be crucial for the effects of MD, namely, the rapid increase in glucocorticoids, the lack of the neonatal leptin surge, and the enhanced endocannabinoid signaling during the specific critical period of MD. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the detrimental consequences of MD is a concern for public health and may provide new insights into mental health prevention strategies and into novel therapeutic approaches in neuropsychiatry.     

Allodynia in rats infected with varicella zoster virus—a small animal model for post-herpetic neuralgia

The most common complication of herpes zoster is post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN), which has been defined as severe pain occurring 1 month after rash onset or persisting for greater than 3 months. PHN is classed as a neuropathic pain that is associated with mechanical allodynia where normally innocuous tactile stimuli are perceived as painful. The development of therapies to treat PHN has been hampered by the lack of animal models, which mimic the clinical situation. We have previously reported that varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection in the rat results in mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Here, we report that following VZV infection of the left footpad rats develop a chronic mechanical allodynia, which is present for longer than 60 days post-infection and which resolves by 100 days PI. The model is robust and reproducible with animals consistently developing allodynia by 3 days PI and continuing to present with symptoms for at least 30 days. The reproducible nature of the induction and course of the allodynia allows the use of this model to determine the effect of various compounds on, and to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the development of VZV-induced allodynia. Comparative studies using HSV-1 show that the induction of the chronic allodynia is VZV-specific and is not a result is of virus replication-induced tissue damage or accompanying inflammation.Therefore, we propose that the rat VZV infection model could prove useful in studying the mechanisms underlying post-herpetic neuralgia.     

An animal model of nociceptive peripheral neuropathy following repeated cisplatin injections

We report the assessment of motor and sensory behaviors using an electrophysiologic and an histologic approach, in a rat model of cisplatin peripheral neuropathy. Cisplatin was injected intraperitoneally one (3 mg/ kg), two (2 mg/kg), or three (1 mg/kg) times a week up to a cumulative dose of 15 or 20 mg/kg. With regard to nociceptive signs, we observed mechanical and thermal (cold stimuli) hyperalgesia and allodynia associated with minor motor disorders for the 3 mg/kg dose. Peripheral nerve conduction velocities were decreased in the cisplatin-(3 mg/kg) treated group. In addition, the histologic approach revealed that large axons were more frequently affected than the small ones, and nonmyelinated axons were unaffected. However, even in the most severe cases, myelin sheaths remained within normal limits. This animal model of nociceptive neuropathy would be suitable to study the pathophysiologic mechanisms of neuropathic pain and to test potential neuroprotective agents.     

An animal model of generalized nonconvulsive status epilepticus: immediate characteristics and long-term effects

Absence seizures are traditionally believed to have no significant long-term neurological consequences, but few basic scientific studies have examined the effects of absence seizures on neuronal function, especially regarding absence status epilepticus. We developed a model of generalized nonconvulsive status epilepticus (GNCSE) in rats to study behavioral, functional, and histological effects of GNCSE. Using repetitive timed injections of low-dose pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), a state of prolonged behavioral arrest and immobility associated with frequent generalized spike-wave discharges on EEG could be induced for hours, consistent with GNCSE. GNCSE occurred reproducibly in adult rats, but surprisingly not in juvenile rats or adult mice. There was no evidence of pathological damage following GNCSE using Fluoro-Jade B and Cresyl Violet histological methods. Although a transient, subtle deficit in place learning occurred in PTZ-treated rats, there were no long-term behavioral effects of GNCSE on spatial learning or sensorimotor function. However, 1 week after a single episode of GNCSE, there was an increase in absence seizures in response to a repeat dose of PTZ compared to controls. These results indicate that an animal model of GNCSE can be generated and that even in the absence of overt neuronal damage, GNCSE may produce functional changes in neurons that alter electrical excitability of neural circuits.     

Brain laterality as a determinant of susceptibility to depression in an animal model

Rats exposed to stressors that cannot be controlled may develop a deficit in their ability to subsequently learn to control a new stressor. This phenomenon is known as ‘learned helplessness’ and is a well-accepted animal model of depression. Evidence is presented showing that rats having different directional biases of brain laterality, as indicated in tests of rotational behavior, differ greatly in their response to stressors and to the lack of stressor control. Differences in brain laterality appear to be an important source of variability within the animal model of depression. As with humans, only some rats are vulnerable to depression-like symptoms. These findings are relevant to biological theories of depression that are based upon lateralized specialization of the human brain for affect.     

An animal model of nonconvulsive status epilepticus: a contribution to clinical controversies

PURPOSE: To characterize electroencephalographic and behavioral effects as well as electrophysiologic and morphologic consequences of a subconvulsive dose of pilocarpine in lithium chloride-pretreated rats. METHODS: Pilocarpine (15 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to adult rats pretreated with lithium chloride (3 mEq/kg, i.p.). Behavior was observed for 2 h and videotaped in three consecutive sessions. At the same time, EEG was recorded from the sensorimotor cortex and the dorsal hippocampus. Threshold intensities of currents necessary to elicit hippocampal afterdischarges were determined 24 h and 1 week after the pilocarpine administration. The brains were histologically examined 1 week after pilocarpine administration using Nissl stain. RESULTS: Pilocarpine induced time-limited nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE). Epileptic EEG activity concurrent with prominent behavioral features was observed both in the neocortex and, predominantly, in the hippocampus. No changes in afterdischarge thresholds were observed in the dorsal hippocampus 24 h and 1 week after NCSE. One week after NCSE, seizure-related brain damage was found mainly in the motor neocortical fields. CONCLUSIONS: Pilocarpine-induced NCSE in rats strongly resembles a short-term human complex partial status epilepticus. Our animal model is suitable for studying the possible adverse effects of prolonged nonconvulsive seizures.