电视胸腔镜手术处理血胸的利弊分析

目的　探讨电视胸腔镜手术对血胸处理的适应证。　方法　对 4 5例血胸在电视胸腔镜下进行诊断和治疗。其中 18例为自发性血气胸 ,2 4例为创伤性血气胸 ,手术后血胸 2例。　结果　手术时间 (15～ 130 )分钟 ,平均 5 2分钟。手术中从胸内清除的血量 (40 0～ 340 0 )ml,平均 14 6 0ml。术后留置胸腔闭式引流管 (1～ 4 ) ,天平均 1 5天。全组无手术死亡。无中转剖胸手术 ,亦未发生术后并发症。术后随访中未见胸内积血机化征象。　结论　电视胸腔镜手术适应于自发性血胸、活动性血胸、凝固性或包裹性血胸以及并发化脓感染的血胸。     

急诊胸腔镜在自发性血气胸诊治中的应用

目的探讨急诊胸腔镜手术（video—assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS）在自发性血气胸诊治中的应用价值。方法2008年1月-2013年6月,急诊VATS治疗自发性血气胸37例,术中电凝或钛夹止血,同期切除肺大疱。结果全组手术顺利,无中转开胸,手术时间50～110min,平均70min。术后胸管留置时间1—5d,平均2．8d,住院时间3—9d,平均5．4d。全组治愈出院,无严重并发症及围术期死亡。32例随访12～24个月,平均17个月,无气胸或血气胸复发。结论急诊VATS治疗自发性血气胸安全有效,创伤小,恢复快,住院时间短,值得临床推广。     

电视胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸130例

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术(video assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)治疗自发性气胸的价值。方法 1999年3月～2009年12月,对130例自发性气胸行VATS下肺大疱切除及胸膜固定术。结果 130例手术均成功,无中转开胸。手术时间30～150min,平均45min;术中出血50ml。1例术后出现血胸,24h引流量700ml,二次VATS探查出血原因为胸壁粘连带钛夹脱落。10例漏气时间4d,均为合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者。术后住院3～10d,平均5d。130例随访1～84个月,平均48个月,无复发。结论 VAIS安全可靠、创伤小,是治疗自发性气胸的首选方法 。     

电视胸腔镜手术207例报告

目的总结电视胸腔镜手术(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)治疗胸部疾病的体会. 方法 1997年10月～2004年3月,开展VATS 207例,包括自发性气胸肺大疱结扎或切除155例,自发性或创伤性血气胸紧急探查止血30例,肺部良性疾病行肺楔形切除、活检14例,纵隔肿瘤摘除8例. 结果 190例经胸腔镜完成手术,12例附加胸部小切口,5例中转开胸手术.胸部手术时间20～180 min,平均56 min.术后住院5～52 d,平均9 d.术后并发症17例,占8.2%(17/207),其中肺泡漏9例,复张性肺水肿6例,胸腔感染2例.2例术后3～4个月自发性气胸复发. 结论 VATS治疗自发性气胸肺大疱、创伤性血气胸和某些胸部良性疾病较传统开胸手术具有更多优点,适时附加胸部小切口,积极防治并发症,可使VATS更安全.     

电视胸腔镜在胸部外伤中应用的研讨

目的探讨应用电视胸腔镜手术(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)诊断、治疗胸外伤的可行性和优越性.方法40例胸外伤使用VATS行胸腔内探查、肺裂口修补术、凝固性血胸清除术.结果40例全部治愈,单纯VATS31例,胸腔镜辅助小切口8例,中转开胸1例.手术时间(79.9±33.1)min,术中清除血凝块及不凝血(567.5±177.8)ml,术后24～48 h拔除胸腔闭式引流管,术后引流量(220±45.6)ml.住院时间4～13 d,平均8.7 d,切口甲级愈合,术后无并发症.35例随访6～12(8.6±2.6)个月,恢复良好,无与创伤有关的并发症发生.结论合理应用VATS进行胸外伤救治诊断明确,救治及时,较单纯剖胸探查手术具有创伤小、恢复快等优点.     

胸腔镜手术在胸部创伤治疗中的应用

目的探讨胸腔镜在胸部创伤手术中的应用价值。方法 2004年8月～2011年6月对225例胸部创伤施行电视胸腔镜手术(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)或胸腔镜辅助小切口手术进行血胸清除、止血、肺修补、心包开窗、膈疝修补、胸内异物取出等操作。结果 206例行VATS,19例行胸腔镜辅助小切口手术。手术时间25～125 min,平均58min。术后24 h胸腔引流液30～320 ml,平均179 ml。术后胸腔闭式引流管放置时间1～5 d(2例脓胸胸管放置时间分别为16、21 d,未计算在内),平均2.7 d。术后住院时间5～45 d,平均9.8 d。223例术后随访3个月,无中等量以上(>1000 ml)胸腔积液,无再次胸部手术者,恢复良好。结论胸腔镜诊断和治疗胸部创伤,创伤小,术后恢复好,疗效满意。     

胸腔镜治疗自发性气胸（附88例报道）

目的探讨电视胸腔镜（video—assisted thoracoscopic surgery，VATS）治疗自发性气胸的价值。方法1999年3月～2006年4月，对88例自发性气胸行VATS。做3个2cm切口（一个置入镜头，另两个操作孔），应用切割缝合器行肺大疱切除及胸膜固定术。结果88例手术均成功，无中转开胸。手术时间1．0～2．5h，平均1．5h。术中出血〈60ml。1例术后血胸，24小时引流量〉700ml，当天行剖胸止血，出血原因为胸壁粘连带钛夹脱落。2例漏气时间〉4天。术后住院时间4～10d，平均6d。88例随访1～84个月，平均48个月，无复发。结论胸腔镜是治疗自发性气胸的首选方法。     

早期电视胸腔镜手术治疗原发性自发性血气胸

目的探讨早期电视辅助胸腔镜手术（video—assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS）治疗原发性自发性血气胸（primary spontaneous hemopneumofhorax,PSHP）的价值。方法2000年6月～2009年3月行VATS治疗33例PSUP。活动性出血23例,出血由撕裂粘连带血管及迷走动脉分支引起,用吸引器和卵圆钳清除积血及血块;粘连创面渗血用电凝止血,粘连带血管出血用内镜下生物夹夹闭;肺大疱采用结扎或Endo—GIA切除。结果33例手术顺利,手术时间97—120min,平均105min。术中清除积血量717—1275ml,平均964ml。住院3—7d,平均5d。术后并发症1例,因肺不张二次手术。无中转开胸,无围手术期死亡。33例随访27～49个月,平均37个月,无气胸或血气胸复发。结论PSHP常可危及生命,应积极早期行VATS治疗PSHP。     

电视胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸150例

目的总结电视胸腔镜手术(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, VATS)治疗自发性气胸的经验. 方法 1998年1月～2002年8月对150例自发性气胸行VATS, 3个2 cm常规辅助切口(1个置入镜头,另2个为操作孔),手术包括切割缝合器切除肺大疱及胸膜固定术. 结果 20例(13.3%)中转开胸行肺大疱切除.3例气胸术后漏气时间>3 d.术后住院2～8 d,平均3 d.150例随访3～90个月,平均60个月,3例(2.0%)术后1年术侧肺复发气胸. 结论 VATS是自发性气胸首选的治疗方法.     

电视胸腔镜手术在胸外科疾病中的应用

目的　探讨电视胸腔镜手术 (Video -AssistedThoracoscopicSurgery -VATS)在胸外科疾病治疗中的应用及适应证 ,手术方法及技巧。　方法　 1994年 3月～ 2 0 0 1年 3月共行VATS 2 15例 ,其中自发性气胸肺大疱 132例次 ,肺部球形病灶 2 8例 ,纵隔肿瘤 2 1例 ,血气胸 8例 ,食管裂孔疝 6例 ,重症肌无力6例 ,包裹性脓胸 5例 ,胸膜肿瘤 5例 ,不明原因的胸腔积液 5例 ,其他疾病 9例。全麻双腔气管插管 ,患侧胸壁 (0 .5～ 1.5 )cm切口三个常规VATS操作。　结果　术中出血 (10ml～ 5 0 0 )ml,平均 70 .5ml。胸腔引流管拔除时间 (1～ 9)天 ,平均 2 .1天。术后住院天数 (2～ 34)天 ,平均 7.6天。围手术期并发症发生率4 .7% (10 / 2 15 )。自发性气胸肺大疱 2例术后复发 ,复发率 1.6 % (2 / 2 2 )。　结论　VATS在选择性胸外科疾病治疗中是安全有效的方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.