单相抑郁症患者自杀行为遗传效应及其遗传方式的研究

背景：遗传因素在抑郁症自杀行为的发生中占有一定的地位，以往的关注的重点主要为双相抑郁自杀的遗传效应，单相抑郁症自杀行为的遗传方式和遗传效应有何特征？目的：探讨单相抑郁症自杀行为的遗传效应及遗传方式。设计：回顾性调查。单位：一所市级精神卫生中心。对象：单相抑郁症组（n=115）为1983—06—01／2002—05—3l无锡市精神卫生中心门诊和住院诊断为抑郁症的患者。诊断均符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版抑郁发作及美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版重性抑郁发作标准，且抑郁发作次数≥3次或发作一两次已缓解≥8年者。方法：以符合入组标准的单相抑郁症患者为先证者，由2名主治医师及其以上医师对每一家系进行调查，填写自行编制的精神病家系调查表，内容主要包括患者及一级亲属所有成员社会人口学资料、疾病发作特点及次数、以往治疗及自杀情况。由2名主治医师或以上医师对每一患者进行再诊断，并由1名主任医师核查，一致确诊的病例则予入组。对所有现存活的先症者（107例）及一级亲属中有自杀行为者（14例）进行面检；对无自杀行为的一级亲属（337名）进行面检和信函调查（380名）；死亡者（患者8例，一级亲属5例）的资料由一两名一级亲属提供有关情况填写调查表。对照组由2名研究者进行面检，同时询问一级亲属情况并填写家系调查表。对所得资料行单因素分析，用多基因阈值理论Falconer模式估算自杀行为的遗传率和标准误，用医学遗传数学方法中分离分析法和多基因阈值理论进行遗传方式的探讨。主要观察指标：单相抑郁症患者自杀行为的遗传效应和遗传方式。结果：单相抑郁症患者自杀危险性51．30％（59／115）较其一级亲属2．58％（19／736）高（x^2=283.16,P〈．01），单相抑郁症患者一级亲属自杀危险性2.58%（19／736）较对照组0．12％（3／2469）高（x^2=50．36，P〈0．01），有自杀行为患者的一级亲属自杀危险性3．8％（14／372）较无自杀行为患者的一级亲属自杀危险性1．4％（5／363）高（x^2=4．14，P〈0．05）。单相抑郁症自杀行为的加权平均遗传率及标准误为（70．16&;#177;0．79）％；多基因遗传方式验证显示，多基因遗传方式验证显示一级亲属自杀行为预期发病率为3．1％，实际发病率为2．7%,两者差异无显著性意义（u=0．766,P〉0．05）。结论：单相抑郁症自杀行为有明显的遗传效应，其遗传方式符合多基因遗传。     

有无自杀行为单相抑郁症患者父母生育年龄及胎次效应的比较

目的:比较有无自杀行为单相抑郁症患者间父母生育年龄及胎次效应有否差异。方法:调查标本来源于1983-06-01/2003-05-31在无锡市精神卫生中心门诊和住院诊断为抑郁症、无严重躯体疾病或脑器质性疾病及任何类型的躁狂发作的患者177例。以单相抑郁症患者为先证者,采用自行编制的精神病家系调查表(内容主要包括患者及一级亲属所有成员社会人口学资料、疾病发作特点及次数、自杀情况),由两名主治医师或以上的研究人员对每一家系进行调查。由两名研究人员在互不知情的情况下对每一患者进行再诊断。对所有先证者及一级亲属中有自杀行为者进行面检(面检率>95%);对无自杀行为的一级亲属则进行信函调查(53%)及面检(47%)。已死亡及不能进行面检者的资料由一两名一级亲属提供有关情况填写调查表。观察有自杀行为单相抑郁症患者及无自杀行为单相抑郁症患者父母育龄及胎次的效应。结果:按实际处理分析,共收集到有自杀行为的单相抑郁症患者59例无自杀行为的单相抑郁症患者56例。有自杀行为的单相抑郁症患者之一级亲属自杀危险性3.8%(14/373)较无自杀行为患者的一级亲属自杀危险性1.4%(5/363)高(χ2=4.14,P<0.05),有自杀行为单相抑郁症患者与父母生育年龄及胎次的关系非常显著(C=2.4>2,P<0.01,6A>M;6A为各组每个家系的同     

双相抑郁症患者自杀行为的遗传方式

目的:对双相抑郁症患者自杀行为的遗传方式进行分析,以探讨抑郁症患者自杀行为的遗传实质。方法:来源于1983-07-01/2003-06-01无锡市精神卫生中心门诊和住院诊断为抑郁症,无严重躯体疾病或脑器质性疾病,既往至少有一次躁狂发作的患者235例。359名对照组为患者的朋友、同事及领居,与研究对象无血缘关系。以双相抑郁症患者为先证者,采用自行编制的精神病家系调查表(内容主要包括患者及一级亲属所有成员社会人口学资料、疾病发作特点及次数、自杀情况),由两名主治医师或以上的研究人员对每一家系进行调查。由两名研究人员在互不知情的情况下按照中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版(CCMD-3)抑郁发作及美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)双相抑郁标准对每一患者进行再诊断。对所有先证者及一级亲属中有自杀行为者进行面检(面检率>95%);对无自杀行为的一级亲属则进行信函调查(54%)及面检(46%)。已死亡及不能进行面检者的资料由一两名一级亲属提供有关情况填写调查表。观察双相抑郁症患者自杀行为的遗传方式。用医学遗传数学方法中分离分析和多基因阈值理论进行遗传方式的探讨。结果:完成家系调查的共209例,其中可纳入分析的共184例(男68例,女116例),对照组共359名(男134名,女225名)。经分离分析表明本组双相抑郁症自杀行为不符合单基因常染色体显性遗传,不符合单基因常染色体隐性遗传,亦不符合性连锁遗传;双相抑郁症自杀行为的加权平均遗传率及标准误为(50.15±9.7)%;一级亲属自杀行为预期发病率为1.38%,实际发病率为1.27%,两者差异无显著性意义(u=0.3056,P>0.05)。结论:双相抑郁症自杀行为遗传方式符合多基因遗传。根据多基因遗传因素所起的作用,应注意对有自杀行为的双相抑郁症患者及其亲属加以监测,以防止自杀的发生。     

有无自杀行为单相抑郁症患者父母生育年龄及胎次效应的比较

目的：比较有无自杀行为单相抑郁症患者间父母生育年龄及胎次效应有否差异。方法：调查标本来源于1983-06-01／2003-05-31在无锡市精神卫生中心门诊和住院诊断为抑郁症、无严重躯体疾病或脑器质性疾病及任何类型的躁狂发作的患者177例。以单相抑郁症患者为先证者，采用自行编制的精神病家系调查表(内容主要包括患学及一级亲属所有成员社会人口学资料、疾病发作特点及次数、自杀情况)，由两名主治医师或以上的研究人员对每一家系进行调查。由两名研究人员在互不知情的情况下对每一患者进行再诊断。对所有先证者及一级亲属中有自杀行为者进行面检(面检率&;gt;95%)；对无自杀行为的一级亲属则进行信函调查(53％)及面检(47％)。已死亡及不能进行面检者的资料由一两名一级亲属提供有关情况填写调查表。观察有自杀行为单相抑郁症患者及无自杀行为单相抑郁症患者父母育龄及胎次的效虚。结果：按实际处理分析，共收集到有自杀行为的单相抑郁症患者59例．无自杀行为的单相抑郁症患者56例。有自杀行为的单相抑郁症患者之一级亲属自杀危险性3．8％(14／373)较无自杀行为患者的一级亲属自杀危险性1．4％(5／363)高(x^2=4．14，P&;lt;0．05)，有自杀行为单相抑郁症患者与父母生育年龄及胎次的关系非常显著(C=2．4&;gt;2．P&;lt;0．01，6A&;gt;M；6A为各组每个家系的同胞组中患病同胞的胎次序列数A的总和与6的乘积；M为6A的预期平均值：C值为经显著性检验后得出的界值)；无自杀行为单相抑郁症患者与父母生育年龄及胎次的关系亦非常显著(C=4．45&;gt;2，P&;lt;0．001，6A&;lt;M)。结论：单相抑郁症患者父母生育年龄越大和胎次越高者易发生自杀行为，单相抑郁症患者父母生育年龄越小和胎次越低者不易发生自杀行为，有自杀行为单相抑郁症患者一级亲属存在可能发生自杀的危险性较高。     

双相抑郁症患者自杀行为的遗传方式

目的：对双相抑郁症患者自杀行为的遗传方式进行分析，以探讨抑郁症患者自杀行为的遗传实质。方法：来源于1983—07—01／2003-06—01无锡市精神卫生中心门诊和住院诊断为抑郁症，无严重躯体疾病或脑器质性疾病，既往至少有一次躁狂发作的患者235例。359名对照组为患者的朋友、同事及领居，与研究对象无血缘关系。以双相抑郁症患者为先证者，采用自行编制的精神病家系调查表（内容主要包括患者及一级亲属所有成员社会人口学资料、疾病发作特点及次数、自杀情况），由两名主治医师或以上的研究人员对每一家系进行调查。由两名研究人员在互不知情的情况下按照中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版（CCMD-3）抑郁发作及美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版（DSM-Ⅳ）双相抑郁标准对每一患者进行再诊断。对所有先证者及一级亲属中有自杀行为者进行面检（面检率〉95％）；对无自杀行为的一级亲属则进行信函调查（54％）及面检（46％）。已死亡及不能进行面检者的资料由一两名一级亲属提供有关情况填写调查表。观察双相抑郁症患者自杀行为的遗传方式。用医学遗传数学方法中分离分析和多基因阈值理论进行遗传方式的探讨。结果：完成家系调查的共209例，其中可纳入分析的共184例（男68例，女116例），对照组共359名（男134名，女225名）。经分离分析表明本组双相抑郁症自杀行为不符合单基因常染色体显性遗传，不符合单基因常染色体隐性遗传，亦不符合性连锁遗传；双相抑郁症自杀行为的加权平均遗传率及标准误为（50.15&;#177;9．7）％；一级亲属自杀行为预期发病率为1.38％，实际发病率为1.27％，两者差异无显著性意义（u=0.3056,P〉0.05）。结论：双相抑郁症自杀行为遗传方式符合多基因遗传。根据多基因遗传因素所起的作用，应注意对有自杀行为的双相抑郁症患者及其亲属加以监测，以防止自杀的发生。     

有自杀行为的单、双相抑郁症患者父母育龄及胎次效应比较

目的:比较有自杀行为的单、双相抑郁症患者间父母育龄及胎次效应的差异。方法:于1983-07/2003-06选择无锡市精神卫生中心门诊和住院符合中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准第3版及美国精神障碍诊断和统计手册第4版心境障碍中抑郁发作标准的、无严重躯体疾病或脑器质性疾病的抑郁患者。有自杀行为的单相抑郁症患者家系59例,双相抑郁症患者家系31例。采用自行编制的精神病家系调查表(内容主要包括患者及一级亲属所有成员社会人口学资料、疾病发作特点及次数、自杀情况),由两名主治医师或以上的研究人员对每一家系进行调查,然后再由两名研究人员在互不知情的情况下对每一患者进行再诊断。对所有先症者及一级亲属中有自杀行为者进行面检(面检率>95%);对无自杀行为的一级亲属则进行信函调查(53%)及面检(47%)。已死亡及不能进行面检者的资料由一两名一级亲属提供有关情况填写调查表。用Haldance和Smith法观察有自杀行为的单相抑郁症患者及双相抑郁症患者父母育龄及胎次的效应。结果:符合入组诊断标准者共151例,完成家系调查的共122例,其中纳入分析的单相抑郁症家系59例,双相抑郁症家系31例。①单相抑郁症患者胎次为1的13例,胎次为2的15例,胎次为3的13例,胎次为4的8例,胎次为5的8例,胎次为7的2例;双相抑郁症患者胎次为1的10例,胎次为2的11例,胎次为3的7例,胎次为4的1例,胎次为5的2例,胎次为7的0例。②有自杀行为单相抑郁症患者与父母育龄及胎次的关系非常显著(C=2.4>2,P<0.01,6A>X6A);有自杀行为双相抑郁症患者与父母育龄及胎次无显著关系(C=0.74<2,P>0.05)。结论:单相抑郁症患者父母育龄越大和胎次越高者易发生自杀行为,双相抑郁症患者父母育龄和胎次自杀行为的发生无明显关系。提示适龄婚育对防止单相抑郁症自杀行为的发生具有重要意义。     

开放式病房抑郁症患者自杀行为分析与对策

目的 探讨开放性心理病房抑郁症患者自杀行为的对策.方法 将195例抑郁症患者自杀风险进行回顾性分析.结果 自杀方式以割脉(33.3%)为多见,自杀多在春季(3-5月)(41.7%)、凌晨(50.0%)发生.有自杀史占16.4%,有抑郁家族史占10.8%.结论 抑郁症患者多在春季、凌晨以割脉方式自杀,有自杀史和抑郁家族史者占多数.认为应对开放式心理病房抑郁症患者进行全面的风险评估;并对病房加强管理,控制可获得的致命工具;掌握病情,针对性做好安全护理以便有效预防抑郁症的自杀行为.     

遗传因素与脑胶质细胞瘤的相关意义

背景脑肿瘤的危险因素已经有许多流行病学调查研究,同时从群体遗传学角度对其研究尚需探讨.目的揭示脑胶质细胞瘤是否与遗传因素有关及关联的程度和遗传的方式等.设计以诊断为依据的病例对照研究.地点与对象选择1989-09/2000-09在黑龙江省六大医院神经外科住院的80例患者为病例组,所有患者经外科摘除手术和病理诊断为原发、初发脑胶质细胞瘤,在上述医院其他外科病房选择同期住院、性别相同、年龄同一段(±2.5岁)、居住地相同或相近、排除肿瘤和头部疾病的其他患者(共160例)作为对照组.方法采用1∶2配比病例对照研究方法,按标准化调查表中项目当面采访.主要观察指标与对照组比较家族史、曾患率,与人群比较发病率,估算遗传率.结果在80例脑胶质细胞瘤患者中,有家族史者3例,而在160例对照中,无家族史存在(P=0.036);病例组一级亲属该病曾患率为4.73/10000,对照组一级亲属中无人患病(P=0.037);病例组一级亲属该病曾患率与人群发病率比较,差异有显著性意义(u=231.56,P＜0.000 5);病例组一级亲属该病遗传率为56%.结论脑胶质细胞瘤具有遗传倾向,且不符合单基因显性遗传的1/2或隐性遗传的1/4规律,可能与多基因遗传有关,环境因素的作用也不容忽视.     

抑郁症自杀未遂者的危险因素调查

目的探讨抑郁症患者自杀未遂的临床特征及危险因素。方法采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表与自编抑郁症自杀行为调查表,分别对149例抑郁症患者进行调查评分。结果65例(43.6%)患者出现过自杀未遂,自杀平均年龄为(39.2±15.1)岁,呈双峰分布;主要自杀方式依次为过量服药、割腕、自缢、溺水。单因素分析显示主要危险因素有年龄、病程、自杀家族史、负性生活事件以及绝望感、认识障碍、焦虑躯体化。结论抑郁症自杀未遂与生物心理社会因素有关,临床工作中应重视对其危险因素的评估和干预。     

抑郁症患者睡眠脑电图与自杀行为的关系

目的:探讨抑郁症的自杀行为与睡眠脑电图的关系。 方法:对6例有自杀行为的抑郁症、12例无自杀行为的抑郁症、10例正常对照者检测睡眠脑电图。分析睡眠进程、睡眠结构和快波睡眠的情况。 结果:①自杀组的醒起时间[(13.3±6.4)min]比对照组的[(3.1±2.8)min]明显延长(t=4.45,P<0.05),而非自杀组与对照组则差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。②非自杀组慢波睡眠l相百分率[(16.5±8.6)％]比自杀组[(8.4±1.7)％]和对照组[(10.0±1.9)％]显著为高(t=2.25,2.33,P均<0.05),而自杀组与对照组差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。 结论:①醒起时间延长是抑郁症易感自杀行为的生物学标记。②抑郁症常伴有慢波睡眠1相百分率增加,如果抑郁很重,而慢波睡眠1相百分率反而正常化,预示自杀危险性增加。     

Suicidal behavior in psychiatric emergency room patients

BACKGROUND: Psychiatric emergency room (ER) patients are thought to be at increased risk of suicide. The prevalence and characteristics of suicidal behavior in a recent sample of patients who came to the ER for psychiatric evaluation were examined. METHODS: Charts of 311 consecutive psychiatric ER patients were reviewed. Suicidal behavior was considered present if current suicidal ideation or attempts within 24 hours of or during the emergency evaluation were noted in the chart. RESULTS: Suicidal behavior was present in 38% of the psychiatric ER patients. Younger age, white race, affective disorders in female patients, and substance abuse disorders in male patients were features of the suicidal group. Sex of the patient was not associated with suicidal behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Suicidal behavior is prevalent in the psychiatric ER. Effective suicide prevention in this setting will hinge on finding more specific risk factors.     

Suicidal ideation in multiple sclerosis

OBJECTIVE: To examine risk factors for suicidal ideation among people with multiple sclerosis (MS). DESIGN: Cohort study linking computerized medical records with a mailed self-report survey. SETTING: Veteran's Health Administration (VHA) region covering the northwestern United States. PARTICIPANTS: VHA patients with MS (N=445) who returned mailed surveys. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Suicidal ideation is assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) suicide item with suicidal ideation more than half the days considered persistent. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-one (29.4%) of 445 respondents (95% confidence interval [CI], 25.4%-33.9%) endorsed suicidal ideation, and 35 (7.9%; 95% CI, 5.7%-10.8%) endorsed persistent suicidal ideation over the last 2 weeks. In bivariate analyses, suicidal ideation was associated with younger age, earlier disease course, progressive disease subtype, lower income, not being married, lower social support, not driving, higher levels of physical disability (mobility, bowel, bladder), and depression. Analyses on persistent suicidal ideation yielded similar results. In fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression, only depression severity and bowel disability were independently associated with suicidal ideation. Only depression severity was independently associated with persistent suicidal ideation. By using the 2-question depression screen (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force) consisting of the depression and anhedonia items from the PHQ-9, sensitivity and specificity were marginal for suicidal ideation (65.6% and 79.9%) but acceptable for persistent suicidal ideation (88.6% and 71.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Suicidal ideation is common among VHA patients with MS, and depression severity is the best risk marker. Brief screening for depression in MS should include the assessment of suicidal ideation.     

Suicidal ideation in outpatients with chronic musculoskeletal pain: an exploratory study of the role of sleep onset insomnia and pain intensity

OBJECTIVES: Sleep disturbance, depression, and heightened risk of suicide are among the most clinically significant sequelae of chronic pain. While sleep disturbance is associated with suicidality in patients with major depression and is a significant independent predictor of completed suicide in psychiatric patients, it is not known whether sleep disturbance is associated with suicidal behavior in chronic pain. This exploratory study evaluates the importance of insomnia in discriminating suicidal ideation in chronic pain relative to depression severity and other pain-related factors. METHODS: Fifty-one outpatients with non-cancer chronic pain were recruited. Subjects completed a pain and sleep survey, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Multidimensional Pain Inventory. Subjects were classified as "suicidal ideators" or "non-ideators" based on their responses to BDI-Item 9 (Suicide). Bivariate analyses and multivariate discriminant function analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Twenty-four percent reported suicidal ideation (without intent). Suicidal ideators endorsed higher levels of: sleep onset insomnia, pain intensity, medication usage, pain-related interference, affective distress, and depressive symptoms (P < 0.03). These 6 variables were entered into stepwise discriminant function analyses. Two variables predicted group membership: Sleep Onset Insomnia Severity and Pain Intensity, respectively. The discriminant function correctly classified 84.3% of the cases (P < 0.0001). DISCUSSION: Chronic pain patients who self-reported severe and frequent initial insomnia with concomitant daytime dysfunction and high pain intensity were more likely to report passive suicidal ideation, independent from the effects of depression severity. Future research aimed at determining whether sleep disturbance is a modifiable risk factor for suicidal ideation in chronic pain is warranted.     

Suicide ideation after the 1999 earthquake in Marmara, Turkey

This study aims to investigate the psychological effects of the earthquake. We investigated the psychological conditions of 3,609 students survived from the Marmara Earthquake, which occurred on 17 August 1999. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was employed to assess the levels of depression and other psycho-pathological states. The BDI was classified as mild depression if the score was < or = 13, moderate depression (14-24) and serious depression (> or = 25). Depression level was estimated as mild in 71.5% of the students, and serious depression in 9.6% of the students. The prevalence of suicidal tendency/thought was 16.7% in this study. The prospect of suicidal thought was 1.76-time (95% Confidence interval [CI]: 1.40-2.22) higher in the students who were injured or whose relatives were injured seriously enough to require medical treatment. Suicidal thought was higher by 1.57 times (95% CI: 1.28-1.92) in students who lost their relatives and by 1.35 times (95% CI: 1.13-1.63) in those who saw extensive damage or destruction occurred in their home or property. According to logistic regression analyses, the gender influenced the thought of suicide; suicide thought was 0.71 (95% CI: 0.60-0.85) time lower in females than males. The present study indicates that injury to the self or to the loved ones, damage to home or property, or the loss of family members as a result of the earthquake enhances the suicidal tendencies.     

Interpersonal problem solving and parasuicide

This study examined the relationship between interpersonal problem solving and suicidal behavior among psychiatric patients. Subjects were 123 psychiatric inpatients, admitted for current parasuicide, serious suicide ideation, or non-suicide-related complaints. A group of 16 orthopedic surgery patients was included to control for hospitalization trauma and current stress. All subjects completed a revised version of the Means-End Problem Solving Procedure, the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, and a suicide expectancy measure. Psychiatric patients scored lower than the medical control group on the assertive schedule, but no differences were noted as a function of suicidal behavior status. Psychiatric patients expected suicide to solve problems more than did controls. Suicidal patients had higher expectancies than did nonsuicidal patients. Active interpersonal problem solving did not distinguish suicidal and nonsuicidal psychiatric patients but did separate parasuicides from suicide ideators. Among patients without a parasuicide history, less active and greater passive problem solving discriminated first-time parasuicides from suicide ideators and nonsuicidals. Results suggest that assertion deficits may characterize the psychiatric population in general, but suicidal behavior within psychiatric patients may be related to lower active problem solving.This research was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grant NIMH No. 5 ROI MH34486-03 to Marsha M. Linehan.     

Posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and suicide in veterans

Suicidal behavior is a critical problem in war veterans. Combat veterans are not only more likely to have suicidal ideation, often associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, but they are more likely to act on a suicidal plan. Especially since veterans may be less likely to seek help from a mental health professional, non-mental-health physicians are in a key position to screen for PTSD, depression, and suicidal ideation in these patients. The authors discuss the association of PTSD, depression, and suicide in veterans, keys to assessment of suicide risk, and interventions.     

A concept analysis of suicidal behavior

Suicidal behavior is a significant global public health problem. Despite this, many health care professionals remain unaware of the distinction among suicidal behavior, self‐mutilation, and deliberate self‐harm. The aim of this study was to conduct a concept analysis of suicidal behavior. Method: Walker and Avant's 8‐step method of concept analysis was used to examine the concept of suicidal behavior. Sources for analysis were identified using a systematic search of Medline, CINAHL, ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source, and the reference lists of related journal articles. Results: Suicidal behavior was found to be associated with a constellation of external hazards and internal crises, lack of coping mechanisms and social support structures, and degree of suicidal intent, which, in the worst‐case scenario, results in successful suicide. The antecedents of suicidal behavior are vulnerability characteristics that make painful events seem unbearable, and the consequences are death or failed suicide. In cases of failure, the medical consequences may be serious and long lasting. Conclusions: Defining the concept of suicidal behavior provides a basis for public health nurses to better understand suicidal behavior, thus improving their ability to care for suicidal patients during home visits.     

主观睡眠质量与抑郁症患者自杀的关系

INTRODUCTIONPatientswithdepressionfrequentlyreportdisturbedsleep，includingdifficultieswithsleeponset，sleepmaintenance，andearlymorningawakening，sometimeshypersomnia．Itwassuggestedthatinsomniacouldbeanearlysymptomof，oramarkerofvulnerabilitytode－pression．Ithasbeenreportedthatdifferentkindsofdisturbedsleepmayaffectsuicidalityinbothdepressivepatientsandnormalpopu－lation犤１－２犦．Thepurposeofthisstudywastoexaminetheassociationbetweensleepqualityandsuicidalityinmajordepressivepatients…     

精神病患者自杀未遂临床分析及护理对策

目的:分析精神病患者自杀未遂的临床资料,探讨预防、护理措施。方法:对80例自杀未遂患者病历进行了回顾性分析,归纳了他们的疾病类型、自杀原因、自杀方式。结果:疾病类型:抑郁症自杀未遂者70例,占87.5%;精神分裂症、抑郁状态10例,占12.5%。自杀方式:服用过量药物32例,占40%;割腕19例,占23.8%;自伤11例,占13.8%;喝农药和自缢各7例,各占8.8%;放煤气4例,占5%。自杀原因:情感障碍72例,精神病性症状8例。结论:对有自杀未遂史、抑郁心境患者及早干预;增加家属和社会对患者的支持,激励患者提高生活信心;提高患者服药依从性;加强康复治疗与社会技能训炼,可预防和降低精神病自杀未遂者再次发生自杀行为。     

Depressive disorders in older medical inpatients

Symptoms of depression that are temporary or caused by physical illness can be difficult to differentiate from those that represent a depressive disorder. A diagnosis of depressive disorder depends on the underlying cause, and on the nature, severity and duration of symptoms. Management involves accurate diagnosis and treatment of medical illness, practical interventions to resolve concurrent family, social and economic stressors, and emotional support. Cognitive, behavioral and brief psychodynamic therapies may be helpful in selected cases. Antidepressants and electroconvulsive therapy have a role in the treatment of severe or persistent depression associated with suicidal behavior, marked psychomotor retardation, starvation or other life-threatening symptoms. Suicidal thoughts are frequent in older patients with concurrent major depression and chronic illness, and measures to ensure patient safety are a priority.