Atypical apoptosis in L929 cells induced by evodiamine isolated from Evodia rutaecarpa

Two alkaloids, evodiamine and rutaecarpine, isolated from the dried fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham were evaluated in vitro for antiproliferation activity on tumor cells versus human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Evodiamine had more potent cytotoxic effects on five tumor cell lines (human malignant melanoma A375-S2, human cervical cancer HeLa, human breast adenocarcinoma MCF7, human acute monocytic leukemia THP-1, murine fibrosarcoma L929) than rutaecarpine. Moreover, evodiamine did not affect PBMC viability for a 36 h culture period. Although apoptotic bodies were observed in evodiamine-treated L929 cells stained with Hoechst 33258, DNA fragmentation as a hallmark of apoptosis was not found. Caspases were involved in the protection of L929 cells against cell death. Evodiamine initiated atypical apoptosis in L929 cells by cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase.     

吴茱萸化学成分研究

目的 研究吴茱萸的活性成分。方法用硅胶色谱技术和重结晶等方法分离化学成分，用IR、NMR和MS等波谱方法确定其结构。结果获得4个化合物，分别鉴定为吴茱萸碱(Ⅰ)、吴茱萸次碱(Ⅱ)、吴茱萸内酯(Ⅲ)和羟基吴茱萸碱(Ⅳ)。结论 首次系统归属吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱的波谱数据。     

吴茱萸生物碱类抑制大鼠心肌细胞肥大作用的比较

目的 比较吴茱萸碱(Evo)、吴茱萸次碱(Rut)和吴茱萸总碱(Eta)对血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)诱导大鼠心肌细胞肥大的抑制作用.方法 将培养3d后的新生SD大鼠原代心肌细胞随机均分为对照组、模型组、Evo组、Rut组和Eta组;采用Image-Pro Plus 6.0图像分析系统测量单个心肌细胞的表面积,BCA法测定细胞的蛋白含量,实时荧光定量PCR检测心肌细胞肥大的标志性基因心房利钠因子(ANF)的表达.结果 AngⅡ能明显增加心肌细胞的表面积、细胞蛋白的含量和ANF的表达;Evo、Rut和Eta能明显抑制AngⅡ诱导的心肌细胞表面积的增加、细胞蛋白质含量的增多和ANF mRNA的表达,且抑制作用呈量效关系;但相同浓度的抑制效应无明显差别.结论 Evo、Rut和Eta可明显抑制AngⅡ诱导的心肌细胞肥大,但抑制效应无明显差异.     

DADAG诱导白血病L1210细胞凋亡

目的 以小鼠白血病细胞系L1210为对象,探讨半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶（Caspases）家族成员在二乙酰二脱水卫矛醇（diacetyldianhydrogalactitol,DADAG）诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡过程中的作用。方法 MTT法测定DADAG对L1210细胞的杀伤作用;透射电镜和流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;Western blot和Caspase-3试剂盒测定Caspase-3活性。结果 与对照组相比,L1210细胞经不同浓度的DADAG（12．0、17．2、24．5、35．0或50．0mg／L）处理72h后,其存活率,分别降至72％、63％、46％、35％和20％。DADAG50．0mg／L处理组的凋亡率、Caspase-3活性和PARP裂解片段较对照组明显升高。Caspase-3抑制剂可部分阻断此过程,而Caspases抑制剂可完全阻断此过程。结论 Caspases家族成员在DADAG诱导L1210细胞凋亡中发挥重要的作用。     

The nociceptive and anti-nociceptive effects of evodiamine from fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa in mice

Recently, the authors reported that evodiamine, a major alkaloidal principle of Evodia fruits (Evodia rutaecarpa, Rutaceae), had vanilloid receptor agonistic activity comparable to capsaicin. In spite of the similarities in the actions of evodiamine and capsaicin in vitro, the effects of evodiamine on sensory neurons in vivo had not been investigated. We demonstrate here that evodiamine sensitizes and desensitizes the capsaicin-sensitive sensory afferents in mice, resulting in nociceptive action and antinociceptive actions. The nociceptive action (paw licking behaviour) was dose dependently induced by intradermal injection (i.d.) of evodiamine to the hind paw and was suppressed by the co-treatment with capsazepine, a vanilloid receptor specific agonist, in a dose-dependent manner. The treatment with higher dosages of evodiamine showed sustained antinociceptive effects. The acetic acid-induced writhing was significantly suppressed by the intraperitoneal evodiamine administration 3 days before, without any observable effects on spontaneous motor activity. The response of the isolated ileum from the mice with or without high dosages of evodiamine administration indicated the sensory neuron specific desensitizing effect of evodiamine. The isolated ileum from vehicle-treated mice contracted in response to both the sensory nerve stimulation by 10 microM capsaicin and the mimicked vagal stimulation by 2 microM carbachol. However, the isolated ileum from evodiamine-treated mice lost its response to sensory nerve stimuli but retained its response to vagus nerve stimuli. The suppression of acetic acid-induced writhing and the desensitization of visceral sensory neurons strongly correlated [regression coefficient (r) = 0.955]. Thus, we demonstrate that evodiamine shows the analgesic action by desensitizing sensory nerves.     

新型氮芥衍生物XHH诱导K562细胞凋亡的研究

目的探讨新型氮芥衍生物N-[4-(二氯乙基)丁胺]-1,8-萘酰亚胺(XHH)对K562细胞的抗肿瘤作用及其机制。方法采用MTT法检测XHH对K562细胞增殖的影响;用Annexin V-FITC/Hoechst33342、PI/Hoechst33342和Rh123/Hoechst33342双染法高内涵观察细胞的形态学变化、凋亡率及线粒体膜电位;用分光光度法检测caspase-3、caspase-9的活性。结果在一定浓度范围内,XHH能抑制K562细胞的增殖且抗肿瘤活性优于美法仑,呈剂量和时间依赖性地诱导细胞凋亡、降低线粒体膜电位、活化caspase-3和caspase-9。结论 XHH具有较好的抗肿瘤活性,可通过线粒体/caspase-9/caspase-3途径诱导K562细胞凋亡。     

液质联用法测定吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱、去氢吴茱萸碱在大鼠脑脊液和脑组织中的分布

吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱、去氢吴茱萸碱是吴茱萸中主要的生物碱类成分.为研究吴茱萸主要生物碱成分在大鼠脑脊液中的代谢和在脑组织中的分布,吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱、去氢吴茱萸碱以1∶1∶1的质量比混合,以15 mg/kg的剂量灌胃给予大鼠.本文建立了同时测定大鼠脑脊液和脑组织中三个生物碱成分的液质联用方法,测定结果显示,三个生物碱...     

Anti-inflammatory principles from the fruits ofEvodia rutaecarpa and their cellular action mechanisms

The fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa Benth (Rutaceae) has long been used for inflammatory disorders and some anti-inflammatory actions of its constituents such as dehydroevodiamine, evodiamine and rutaecarpine were previously reported. Since the pharmacological data is not sufficient to clearly establish the scientific rationale of anti-inflammatory medicinal use of this plant material and the search for its active principles is limited so far, three major constituents (evodiamine, rutaecarpine, goshuyuamide II) were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory cellular action mechanisms in the present study. From the results, evodiamine and rutaecarpine were found to strongly inhibit prostaglandin E2 synthesis from lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells at 1-10 microM. Evodiamine inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 induction and NF-kappaB activation, while rutaecarpine did not. On the other hand, goshuyuamide II inhibited 5-lipoxygenase from RBL-1 cells (IC50 = 6.6 microM), resulting in the reduced synthesis of leukotrienes. However, these three compounds were not inhibitory against inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated nitric oxide production from RAW cells up to 50 micorM. These pharmacological properties may provide the additional scientific rationale for anti-inflammatory use of the fruits of E. rutaecarpa.     

大鼠灌胃不同纯度吴茱萸提取物后吴茱萸碱及吴茱萸次碱的药动学研究

目的:研究灌胃给予不同纯度吴茱萸提取物后大鼠体内吴茱萸次碱(Rut)和吴茱萸碱(Evo)的药动学特点。方法:以Rut、Evo分别为40、31mg·kg-1的剂量,灌胃给予雌性大鼠高、中、低不同纯度(Rut:45%、28%、9%,Evo:35%、21%、7%)的吴茱萸提取物混悬液(n=6),分别于灌胃后0·25、0·5、0·75、1·0、1·5、2·0、2·5、3·0、4·0h眼底静脉丛采血0·5mL,高效液相色谱法测定血样中Rut和Evo含量,并计算药动学参数cmax、tmax和AUC0～4h。结果:高、中、低纯度组中,cmax:Rut:(215·3±80·4)、(94·5±28·8)、(22·8±4·4)ng·mL-1,Evo:(164·8±65·1)、(78·8±23·5)、(43·4±17·2)ng·mL-1(两两比较P<0·01);tmax:Rut:(0·5±0·0)、(0·6±0·1)、(0·5±0·0)h,Evo:(0·5±0·2)、(0·7±0·2)、(0·5±0·0)h;AUC0～4h:Rut:(117·1±26·5)、(117·4±42·2)、(36·8±5·6)ng·h·mL-1,Evo:(148·9±39·1)、(122·2±23·3)、(80·4±14·3)ng·h·mL-1。3种纯度组中Rut和Evo的cmax具有统计学差异,AUC0～4h随纯度的升高而增加(P<0·01)。结论:吴茱萸提取物的纯度与Rut和Evo的吸收明显有关,在纯度为16%～80%(以二者总含量计)范围内,随着纯度的提高,二者生物利用度均明显增加。     

The bronchoconstrictive action of evodiamine, an indoloquinazoline alkaloid isolated from the fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa, on guinea-pig isolated bronchus: possible involvement on vanilloid receptors

Evodiamine, a constituent of Evodiae Fructus (Evodia rutaecarpa Benth., Rutaceae), produced a bronchial contraction that is resistant to atropine and abolished by pretreatment with a mixture of the NK1 and NK2 receptor antagonists. Contractile responses to evodiamine were examined in guinea-pig isolated bronchus and compared with those to capsaicin. Both compounds evoked bronchial contraction in a concentration-dependent manner. Maximal contractions for evodiamine and capsaicin were observed at concentrations of 3 microM and 1 microM, respectively. Capsazepine (10 microM), an established antagonist of vanilloid receptor (capsaicin receptor), competitively inhibited the bronchial contraction evoked by evodiamine, suggesting that evodiamine activated vanilloid receptors. Evodiamine (3 microM) and capsaicin (1 microM) produced complete crossed tachyphylaxis. Both compounds desensitized tissues to subsequent additions of either evodiamine or capsaicin. These results suggest that the evodiamine-induced contractile response of the bronchus could be attributed to the resultant tachykinin release from sensory neurons by binding of evodiamine to vanilloid receptors. Rutaecarpine, which belongs to the same indoloquinazoline-type alkaloid as evodiamine, showed neither bronchoconstrictive, desensitizing effects nor vanilloid antagonistic effects at all the concentrations examined (up to 200 microM).     

Aspartame-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells

Aspartame is an artificial sweetner added to many low-calorie foods. The safety of aspartame remains controversial even though there are many studies on its risks. In this study, to understand the physiological effects of trace amounts of artificial sweetners on cells, the effects of aspartame on apoptosis were investigated using a PC12 cell system. In addition, the mechanism of apoptosis induced by aspartame in PC12 cells and effects on apoptotic factors such as cytochrome c, apoptosis-inducing factor, and caspase family proteins were studied by Western blotting and RT-PCR.Aspartame-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, aspartame exposure increased the expressions of caspases 8 and 9, and cytochrome c. These results indicate that aspartame induces apoptosis mainly via mitochondrial pathway involved in apoptosis due to oxigen toxicity.     

Mechanisms of clofibrate-induced apoptosis in Yoshida AH-130 hepatoma cells

Peroxisome proliferators (PPs) are a class of compounds that exert their nominal effects through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. PPs, among which clofibrate (CF), have been extensively studied for their hepatocarcinogenic properties in rodents, generally ascribed to their antiapoptotic action. However, previous results demonstrated that various PPs may also have apoptogenic properties. CF, in particular, promptly induces a massive apoptotic death in cell lines established from murine or human hepatomas and from breast or lung cancers as well.The present study was aimed at elucidating the apoptotic pathway(s) triggered by CF in AH-130 cells. The results show that CF-induced cell death is completely blocked by the poly-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk and that caspases 3, 8, and 9 are early activated. Consistently, cytochrome c is released from mitochondria, and CF cytotoxicity is inhibited by cyclosporine A, partially at least. In addition, the occurrence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is suggested by the observation that the levels of phosphorylated eIF2α and JNK increase in CF-treated cells, while the caspase 2 precursor protein levels are concurrently reduced. Finally, some degree of calpain activation also takes place, as suggested by the appearance of fodrin cleavage products.The present findings demonstrate that CF-induced apoptosis in the Yoshida AH-130 cells basically is a caspase-dependent process that involves more than a single mechanisms. Activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and ER stress both play a major and concurrent role, while calpain activation seems to have only a marginal part in the process.     

Induction of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by timosaponin A-III

Timosaponin A-III (TSA-III), a saponin isolated from the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides, exhibits potent cytotoxicity and has the potential to be developed as an anticancer agent. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the anticancer activity of TSA-III has not been fully elucidated. In this study, the apoptotic effects of TSA-III were investigated in HepG2 cells. Treatment with TSA-III significantly inhibited cell growth in a concentration- and time-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis in HepG2 cells. This induction was associated with increased fluorescence intensity of Annexin V-FITC, activation of caspases, and altered expression of inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family members. In addition, TSA-III mediated mitochondrial dysfunction with the release of HtrA2/Omi, Smac/Diablo, and cytochrome c. These findings suggest that TSA-III induces mitochondria-mediated and caspase-dependent apoptosis in HepG2 cells by altering expression of the IAP family. Thus, TSA-III could possibly be used to treat other types of cancer with similar pathologic mechanisms.     

Disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential during apoptosis induced by PSC 833 and CsA in multidrug-resistant lymphoid leukemia

Previous findings from our laboratory demonstrated that when used at low concentration (0.1 microg ml(-1)), CsA as well as its analog PSC 833 were able to revert the MDR phenotype, while at high concentration (1 microg ml(-1)) were able to induce apoptosis. CsA induced apoptosis in leukemia cell lines sensitive (LBR-) and resistant to vincristine (LBR-V160), and doxorubicin (LBR-D160), while PSC 833 only induced apoptosis in vincristine-resistant cell line (LBR-V160). In this work, we investigated mitochondrial-associated mechanisms during CsA- and PSC 833-induced apoptosis. Mitochondrial function was evaluated by recording changes in its transmembrane potential, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation cascade. Results showed that CsA- and PSC 833-induced apoptosis was associated with mitochondrial depolarization, through potentiometric measurements with JC-1 and DiOC(6) probes. Collapse of mitochondrial potential in these cell lines after CsA treatment was followed by cytochrome c release to the cytosol, reaching an increase of 2.61-fold in LBR-, 1.98-fold in LBR-V160, and 3.01-fold in the case of LBR-D160. However, in the case of PSC 833 treatment, induction of apoptosis in LBR-V160 was associated with mitochondrial depolarization followed by a lower cytochrome c release of 1.15-fold as compared with untreated cells. Caspase 3 activation was clearly observed in LBR-, LBR-V160, and LBR-D160 after CsA treatment, while in LBR-V160, PSC 833 was less effective inducing activation of this caspase. Neither caspase 6 nor 8 activity was observed in these three cell lines. Our results suggest that during CsA- and PSC 833-induced apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction occurs. This is mediated through mitochondrial events, associated with an evident decrease in DeltaPsi(m), cytochrome c release and caspase 3 activation.     

齿科合金活化线粒体途径诱导L929细胞凋亡的观察

目的：探讨齿科合金通过线粒体途径诱导L929细胞凋亡的作用机制。方法：选用临床常用齿科合金和中科院金属研究所研发的三种低镍合金的浸提液处理小鼠L929细胞,用MTT法检测细胞增殖：用荧光染料罗丹明123检测细胞线粒体跨膜电位;Western-Blot检测线粒体凋亡通路相关蛋白的表达。结果：齿科合金作用L929细胞48h后,细胞线粒体跨膜电位降低,伴有细胞色素C从线粒体到胞浆的释放。结论：齿科合金通过活化线粒体信号转导途径引起线粒体跨膜电位下降与细胞色素C的释放可能是合金诱导L929细胞凋亡途径之一。     

半边旗提取物5F诱发结直肠癌细胞生长抑制及细胞凋亡

目的：检测半边旗（PsL）提取物5F（ent -11α- hydroxy -15- oxo - kaur -16- en -19- oic - acid）对HCT -116结直肠癌（CRC）细胞的抗增殖及促细胞凋亡效果。方法采用噻唑蓝（MTT）法检测细胞毒性。通过有代表性的细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达及 Annexin V/ PI 染色确定细胞凋亡。采用标准实验方案测量活性氧（ROS）水平。结果5F 以剂量依赖及时间依赖方式抑制 HCT -116细胞增殖。免疫印迹分析表明5F 提高了 HCT -116细胞中的 Bax/ Bcl -2比值。5F 能既够增强顺铂（cisplatin）对 HCT -116细胞生长的抑制效果又能够提高顺铂诱导的 HCT-116细胞凋亡水平。5F 不仅没有提高活性氧水平,反而降低了顺铂诱导的活性氧生成。结论5F 能够诱导结直肠癌细胞凋亡并因此表现出癌症治疗潜力。     

HPLC法同时测定吴茱萸中吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱与吴茱萸内酯的含量

目的:建立同时测定吴茱萸中吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱与吴茱萸内酯含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为迪马C1(8200mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.04%庚烷磺酸钠溶液(48:52,V/V),流速为1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为225nm,柱温为35℃。结果:吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱、吴茱萸内酯的进样浓度分别在5.38～53.80、5.02～50.20、10.30～103.00μg·mL-(1r均为0.9999)范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系;三者平均加样回收率分别为99.75%、97.66%、85.68%,RSD分别为0.67%、1.16%、1.54%(n=6)。结论:本方法简便、可行、重复性好,可用于吴茱萸中吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱的含量测定;但吴茱萸内酯的回收率较低,需进一步改进其测定方法。     

The positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of evodiamine and rutaecarpine, indoloquinazoline alkaloids isolated from the fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa, on the guinea-pig isolated right atria: possible involvement of vanilloid receptors

Cardiotonic effects of evodiamine and rutaecarpine, constituents of the fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham Rutaceae, were evaluated on guinea pig isolated atria. Comparison with capsaicin, a vanilloid receptor agonist, revealed similar positive inotropic and chronotropic activity, as judged from antagonistic effects of the competitive vanilloid receptor (capsaicin receptor) antagonist capsazepine, the non-competitive vanilloid receptor antagonist ruthenium red, the calcitonin gene related peptide antagonist CGRP(8-37), the P2X purinoceptor antagonist PPADS, and various desensitization studies. Evodiamine and rutaecarpine produced transient positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the guinea-pig isolated atria, followed by a desensitizing effect to additional administration. Dose-response relationships for evodiamine, rutaecarpine and capsaicin were obtained. All the compounds evoked positive inotropic and chronotropic effects in a concentration-dependent manner. Maximal contractions for evodiamine, rutaecarpine and capsaicin were observed at concentrations of 1 microM, 3 microM and 0.3 microM, respectively. The cardiotonic responses evoked by both evodiamine and rutaecarpine were shifted to the right by capsazepine, an established antagonist of vanilloid receptor (capsaicin-receptor). The effects of both evodiamine (1 microM) and rutaecarpine (3 microM) were abolished by pretreatment with a desensitizing dosage of capsaicin (1 microM), developing cross-tachyphylaxis between these compounds. The effects of evodiamine (1 microM), rutaecarpine (3 microM) and capsaicin (0.3 microM) were also significantly reduced by pretreatment with ruthenium red (10 microM) and CGRP (8-37) (10 microM). The effects of evodiamine, rutaecarpine and capsaicin were not affected by pretreatment with PPADS (100 microM), a highly selective P2X purinoceptor antagonist, and the possibility of the involvement of the P2X purinoceptor was excluded. These results suggest that the positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the guinea-pig isolated right atria induced by both evodiamine and rutaecarpine could be attributed to their interaction with vanilloid receptors and the resultant release of CGRP, a cardiotonic neurotransmitter, from capsaicin-sensitive nerves as with capsaicin.     

Epothilone B induces extrinsic pathway of apoptosis in human SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells

The molecular mechanisms underlying epothilone B (EpoB) induced apoptosis were investigated in SKOV-3 human ovarian cancer cells. The aim of this research was to compare EpoB’s, which belongs to the new class of anticancer drugs, with paclitaxel’s (PTX) ability to induce apoptosis. The mode of cell death was assessed colorimetrically, fluorimetrically and by immunoblot analyses through measuring DNA fragmentation, the level of intracellular calcium, the level of cytochrome c, TRAIL, the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and the activation of caspase-9, -8 and -3.EpoB leads to an increase of the cytosolic level of cytochrome c after 4 h of cell treatment. After 24 and 48 h of cell treatment the level of intracellular calcium also increased by about 21% and 24% respectively. Moreover, EpoB, similarly to PTX, promoted the expression of TRAIL in lymphocytes, although high TRAIL expression on tumor cells was detected only after adding EpoB to SKOV-3 cells. EpoB mediates caspases-8 and -3 activation, which is independent of the reduction in the amount of caspase-9. Epitope-specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies revealed characteristic apoptotic changes that included cleavage of the 116 kDa PARP polypeptide to 25 kDa fragments. The results of our study show that EpoB induces mainly the extrinsic pathway.