Atypical apoptosis in L929 cells induced by evodiamine isolated from Evodia rutaecarpa

Two alkaloids, evodiamine and rutaecarpine, isolated from the dried fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham were evaluated in vitro for antiproliferation activity on tumor cells versus human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Evodiamine had more potent cytotoxic effects on five tumor cell lines (human malignant melanoma A375-S2, human cervical cancer HeLa, human breast adenocarcinoma MCF7, human acute monocytic leukemia THP-1, murine fibrosarcoma L929) than rutaecarpine. Moreover, evodiamine did not affect PBMC viability for a 36 h culture period. Although apoptotic bodies were observed in evodiamine-treated L929 cells stained with Hoechst 33258, DNA fragmentation as a hallmark of apoptosis was not found. Caspases were involved in the protection of L929 cells against cell death. Evodiamine initiated atypical apoptosis in L929 cells by cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase.     

吴茱萸碱体外抗肿瘤作用

目的：研究吴茱萸碱（evodiamine,Evo）的体外抑瘤谱,并初步探讨其抗肿瘤的作用机制。方法：MTT法测定Evo对肿瘤细胞的生长抑制情况;采用光镜和电镜观察Evo对人肺腺癌细胞SPC-A1形态的影响;流式细胞术检测Evo对SPC-A1细胞的抑制作用和细胞周期的影响。结果：Evo对SPC-A1等10种肿瘤细胞有选择性的生长抑制作用,5μg/mL的Evo处理后,细胞变圆,体积变小,分泌颗粒增多,细胞折光性下降,大部分细胞脱壁。透射电镜下可见细胞表面微绒毛消失、核染色质浓集、边聚,核碎裂,并可见凋亡小体;流式细胞仪检测Evo作用后,G0/G1期和S期细胞减少,大量细胞停滞在G2/M期,凋亡细胞增多。结论：Evo选择性的抑制肿瘤细胞的生长,引起SPC-A1细胞典型的凋亡形态学改变并使细胞停滞于G2/M期,其机制可能与诱导细胞凋亡和周期阻滞有关。     

吴茱萸中4种单体成分致肾细胞毒性的初步研究

目的探讨吴茱萸中成分吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱、吴茱萸内酯和辛弗林在体外对人胚肾细胞(HEK-293)的影响。方法采用MTT法检测吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱、吴茱萸内酯和辛弗林对肾细胞活力的影响;给药后检测肾细胞培养上清液中的功能性指标乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量;采用倒置相差显微镜对给药后的细胞形态进行观察。结果 MTT法显示,8.3～33.2 g.mL-1的吴茱萸碱、5～40 g.mL-1的吴茱萸次碱和50～200 g.mL-1的吴茱萸内酯对HEK-293细胞活力有明显的抑制作用(P<0.01 or 0.05),辛弗林对肾细胞活力无明显影响。4.15～33.2 g.mL-1的吴茱萸碱、5～20 g.mL-1的吴茱萸次碱和50～200 g.mL-1的吴茱萸内酯能显著升高肾细胞上清液中的LDH(P<0.01),给予辛弗林后LDH无变化。给予4.15～33.2 g.mL-1的吴茱萸碱和100～200 g.mL-1的吴茱萸内酯后,肾细胞均不同程度的皱缩、减少、甚至死亡,吴茱萸次碱和辛弗林对肾细胞形态无明显影响。结论吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱和吴茱萸内酯对肾细胞均有毒性作用,而辛弗林对肾细胞无毒性作用。     

Evodiamine induces tumor cell death through different pathways： apoptosis and necrosis

AIM: To study the different death pathways in human cervical cancer HeLa and melanoma A375-S2 cells initiated by evodiamine. METHODS: Viability of evodiamine-induced HeLa and A375-S2 cells was measured by MTT assay. Apoptotic cells with condensed or fragmented nuclei were visualized by Hoechst 33258 staining. Nucleosomal DNA fragmentation was assayed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Proportion of cell death through apoptotic and necrotic pathways was determined by LDH activity-based cytotoxicity assays. Cell cycle distribution was observed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Evodiamine induced HeLa and A375-S2 cell death dose- and time-dependently.Caspase-3 and -8 were activated in apoptosis induced by evodiamine 15 μmol/L. However, over 24- h incubation of A375-S2 cells, evodiamine 15 μmol/L initiated necrosis related to p38 and ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinases)activities. Evodiamine-induced HeLa cell death was preceded by an accumulation of cells at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, but there was no significant effect of evodiamine on A375-S2 cell cycle. CONCLUSION: Evodiamineinduces caspase-3,8-dependent apoptosis in HeLa cells which is related to G2/M arrest of the cell cycle. On the other hand, in A375-S2 cells, evodiamine initiates caspase-3,8-mediated apoptosis at early stages and the induction of MAPK-mediated necrosis at later stages of cell culture.     

吴茱萸碱诱导人子宫颈癌HeLa细胞凋亡的机制研究

目的研究吴茱萸碱(evodiamine)诱导人子宫颈癌HeLa细胞凋亡的分子生物学机制。方法用结晶紫法和琼脂糖凝胶电泳法以及用两种caspase的蛋白酶抑制剂测定细胞凋亡过程中caspase的信号传导路径。结果吴茱萸碱可诱导HeLa细胞的细胞膜皱缩、细胞质浓集及凋亡小体的形式,并清晰可见以180 bp倍数裂解的DNA梯形电泳带的出现。抑制剂VAD-fmk(caspase家族总抑制剂)和DEVD-fmk(caspase-3抑制剂)能部分抑制HeLa细胞的凋亡。结论Evodiamine诱导人宫颈癌HeLa细胞凋亡;caspase cascade信号传导路径与凋亡密切相关。     

吴茱萸碱对人肝癌细胞HepG2的生长抑制及诱导凋亡作用

目的探讨吴茱萸碱对人肝癌细胞HepG2的生长抑制、诱导凋亡和对细胞周期的影响。方法体外试验MIT法测存活率,DAPI染色观察细胞凋亡形态,流式细胞术、彗星电泳技术分析药物对DNA作用。结果吴茱萸碱能抑制人肝癌细胞HepG2的生长。用64、16、4、1、0.25μmol.L-1浓度的吴茱萸碱处理HepG2细胞72 h的抑制率分别为74.0%、69.0%、60.5%、44.0%、16.4%。DAPI染色后吴茱萸碱组癌细胞均表现出较为典型的细胞凋亡特征。流式细胞仪检测1μmol.L-1吴茱萸碱作用24和36 h出现亚二倍体凋亡峰,细胞周期阻滞于G2/M期。凋亡率对照组为4%,1μmol.L-1吴茱萸碱作用12、24、36 h的凋亡率分别为4.4%、18.0%、30.3%。彗星电泳显示1μmol.L-1吴茱萸碱作用24和48 h后,细胞后面形成长的拖尾,平均光密度值较阴性对照组降低,彗星尾距较阴性对照组增加,且二者的改变与作用时间相关。结论吴茱萸碱能抑制人肝癌细胞HepG2的生长及诱导其凋亡。     

Anti-inflammatory principles from the fruits ofEvodia rutaecarpa and their cellular action mechanisms

The fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa Benth (Rutaceae) has long been used for inflammatory disorders and some anti-inflammatory actions of its constituents such as dehydroevodiamine, evodiamine and rutaecarpine were previously reported. Since the pharmacological data is not sufficient to clearly establish the scientific rationale of anti-inflammatory medicinal use of this plant material and the search for its active principles is limited so far, three major constituents (evodiamine, rutaecarpine, goshuyuamide II) were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory cellular action mechanisms in the present study. From the results, evodiamine and rutaecarpine were found to strongly inhibit prostaglandin E2 synthesis from lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells at 1-10 microM. Evodiamine inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 induction and NF-kappaB activation, while rutaecarpine did not. On the other hand, goshuyuamide II inhibited 5-lipoxygenase from RBL-1 cells (IC50 = 6.6 microM), resulting in the reduced synthesis of leukotrienes. However, these three compounds were not inhibitory against inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated nitric oxide production from RAW cells up to 50 micorM. These pharmacological properties may provide the additional scientific rationale for anti-inflammatory use of the fruits of E. rutaecarpa.     

吴茱萸碱诱导人黑色素瘤A375-S2细胞的两种死亡机制吴茱萸碱诱导人黑色素瘤A375-S2细胞的两种死亡机制

目的研究吴茱萸碱诱导A375-S2细胞死亡机制。方法MTT法测定吴茱萸碱对A375-S2的细胞毒作用。通过倒置光显微镜，荧光染色， DNA电泳观察细胞形态学变化。应用流式细胞分析技术研究药物对细胞周期的影响。结果吴茱萸碱明显抑制A375-S2生长，在24 h前可诱导A375-S2凋亡，亚二倍体峰出现，caspase蛋白酶被激活， 24 h后启动坏死途径，caspase蛋白酶抑制剂不能抑制细胞死亡。结论吴茱萸碱诱导A375-S2死亡时早期启动了caspase依赖性的非经典凋亡途径，后期则启动了坏死途径。     

34种吴茱萸中吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱的含量测定

建立了吴茱萸中吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱的反相高效液相色谱法 ,并用该法测定了 34种不同产地及不同炮制方法吴茱萸中吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱的含量 .采用峰面积内标法定量 .吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱在 0 5～ 2 0g/mL范围内均呈线性 ,相关系数分别为 0 9999、0 9998,平均回收率分别为 96 6 %、96 0 %     

In vitro and in vivo antiallergic effect of the fructus of Evodia rutaecarpa and its constituents

The unripe fruit of Evodia rutaecarpa (JUSS) BENTH (ER, Family Rutaceae) has been used frequently as a traditional medicine against inflammatory diseases in Korea, China and Japan. To evaluate antiallergic effect of ER, we isolated its main constituents, evodiamine and rutaecarpine, and evaluated in vivo their inhibitory effects against passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction induced by IgE-antigen complex and scratching behaviors by compound 48/80. ER and its constituents, evodiamine and rutaecarpine, potently inhibited PCA reaction and scratching behaviors in mice, although ER weakly inhibited scratching behaviors. Evodiamine and rutaecarpine inhibited TNF-alpha and IL-4 protein expression in RBL-2H3 cells induced by IgE-antigen complex, although these did not inhibit degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells induced by IgE-antigen complex and rat peritoneal mast cells induced by compound 48/80. These findings suggest that ER and its constituents, evodiamine and rutaecarpine, may be effective for IgE-induced allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis and rhinitis.     

吴茱萸碱诱导人宫颈癌HeLa细胞凋亡过程中非caspase调控因素

目的　研究吴茱萸碱 (evodiamine)诱导人宫颈癌HeLa细胞凋亡机制中非caspase调控因素。方法　MTT法 ,WesternBlot免疫印迹法 ,流式细胞术。结果　虽吴茱萸碱对HeLa细胞杀伤作用介于化疗药物放线菌素D (actino mycineD)、顺铂 (cisplatin)和 5 氟尿嘧啶 (5 fluorouracil,5 Fu)之间 ,但对细胞撤除药物后的继续增殖能力的影响相似。MAP激酶 (MAPK)抑制剂中ERK和p38的抑制剂不影响细胞死亡 ,而JNK抑制剂 (SP6 0 0 12 5 )可协同吴茱萸碱杀死细胞 ,但吴茱萸碱并未影响JNK及磷酸化JNK蛋白表达。吴茱萸碱可将HeLa细胞周期阻滞在G2 /M期 ,发生大量凋亡。结论　对JNK激酶的抑制可协同促进吴茱萸碱对HeLa细胞的杀伤作用 ,而且吴茱萸碱可将细胞周期阻滞在G2 /M期发生凋亡。     

Synthesis, physicochemical and pharmacological properties of pentacyclic alkaloid-analogues

Quinazolinocarboline rutaecarpine and evodiamine (Evodia rutaecarpa) are main alkaloid components of traditional Chinese folk-remedies. Evodiamine exhibited selective antitumor and antimetastatic effects on several cancer cell lines and became lead structure of anticancer agents. During our synthetic research we achieved to gain alkaloid hybrid derivatives by combining the structural elements of quinazolinocarbolines with analogous alkaloids or drug molecules having similar effects by bioisosteric replacements. 8-norrutaecarpine, a hybrid molecule of rutaecarpine and luotonin A containing the indolo-pyrroloquinazolinone ring system has been synthesized. The hybrids of rutaecarpine and piroxicam bearing the indolo-pyridobenzothiazine and the 12-azaindolo-pyridobenzothiazine structures were prepared on two alternative routes. Two new heterocondensed pentacyclic compounds, 5-sulfarutaecarpine and 5-sulfa-8-norrutaecarpine were reached via bioisosteric replacement on the structure of rutaecarpine and 8-norrutaecarpine. Two new tricyclic ring systems, pyrido-benzothiadiazine and pyrrolo-benzothiadiazine were produced as intermediaries of these pentacyclic molecules. Series of substituted derivatives were prepared for pharmacological studies by modification of the structures with various substituents and solubilizing groups. During our work alternative way for synthesis of nauclefine (Nauclea latifolia) was laboured, and we published the synthesis of indolylquinazolinone derivative bouchardatine (Bouchardata neurococca) for the first time. Some of the physicochemical attributes of the synthesized intermediaries were defined, such as the pKa constants of 2,3-poly-methylene-benzothiadiazines. Proton/deuteron exchange kinetic constants of active methylene-groups of five tricyclic compounds were measured by 1H NMR technique. Solvent-dependent ratio of the Z/E isomers of phenyhydrazone-derivatives in polar and apolar solvents were determined. In the case of 18 produced compounds our work was completed by in vitro pharmacological studies performed within co-operation with the Institute of Pharmacology. The viability of HeLa cells was inhibited by five of our compounds to similar extent as the effect of evodiamine. Eight of our compounds induced apoptosis on HeLa cells to similar extent as evodiamine.     

The positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of evodiamine and rutaecarpine, indoloquinazoline alkaloids isolated from the fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa, on the guinea-pig isolated right atria: possible involvement of vanilloid receptors

Cardiotonic effects of evodiamine and rutaecarpine, constituents of the fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham Rutaceae, were evaluated on guinea pig isolated atria. Comparison with capsaicin, a vanilloid receptor agonist, revealed similar positive inotropic and chronotropic activity, as judged from antagonistic effects of the competitive vanilloid receptor (capsaicin receptor) antagonist capsazepine, the non-competitive vanilloid receptor antagonist ruthenium red, the calcitonin gene related peptide antagonist CGRP(8-37), the P2X purinoceptor antagonist PPADS, and various desensitization studies. Evodiamine and rutaecarpine produced transient positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the guinea-pig isolated atria, followed by a desensitizing effect to additional administration. Dose-response relationships for evodiamine, rutaecarpine and capsaicin were obtained. All the compounds evoked positive inotropic and chronotropic effects in a concentration-dependent manner. Maximal contractions for evodiamine, rutaecarpine and capsaicin were observed at concentrations of 1 microM, 3 microM and 0.3 microM, respectively. The cardiotonic responses evoked by both evodiamine and rutaecarpine were shifted to the right by capsazepine, an established antagonist of vanilloid receptor (capsaicin-receptor). The effects of both evodiamine (1 microM) and rutaecarpine (3 microM) were abolished by pretreatment with a desensitizing dosage of capsaicin (1 microM), developing cross-tachyphylaxis between these compounds. The effects of evodiamine (1 microM), rutaecarpine (3 microM) and capsaicin (0.3 microM) were also significantly reduced by pretreatment with ruthenium red (10 microM) and CGRP (8-37) (10 microM). The effects of evodiamine, rutaecarpine and capsaicin were not affected by pretreatment with PPADS (100 microM), a highly selective P2X purinoceptor antagonist, and the possibility of the involvement of the P2X purinoceptor was excluded. These results suggest that the positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the guinea-pig isolated right atria induced by both evodiamine and rutaecarpine could be attributed to their interaction with vanilloid receptors and the resultant release of CGRP, a cardiotonic neurotransmitter, from capsaicin-sensitive nerves as with capsaicin.     

Anti-invasive and metastatic activities of evodiamine

We have recently reported that evodiamine can suppress in vitro invasion and lung metastasis by colon 26-L5 carcinoma cells. To extend our study, we examine here the anti-invasive and metastatic effects of evodiamine on Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and B16-F10 melanoma in addition to colon 26-L5 carcinoma. Critical structures of evodiamine for the activities were also evaluated by comparison with compounds possessing structures similar to that of evodiamine. Evodiamine concentration-dependently inhibited the invasion of B16-F10, LLC and colon 26-L5 cells with IC(50) values of 2.4 micro M, 4.8 micro M and 3.7 micro M, respectively. Pre-treatment of colon 26-L5 cells with evodiamine before inoculation into mice caused significant suppression of the liver metastasis as well as the lung metastasis. Lung metastasis by LLC is also inhibited significantly by pre-exposure to evodiamine. When the anti-migratory activity of evodiamine was compared with that of evodiamine-like compounds, rutaecarpine lacking a methyl group at N-14 and a hydrogen at C-13 b exhibited much less effect than evodiamine. In addition, reserpine, having beta-configurated hydrogen at C-13 b, inhibited tumor cell migration more potently than yohimbine, having alpha-configurated hydrogen at the same position. These results suggest that evodiamine may be useful as a leading compound for agents in tumor metastasis therapy. Also, the presence of a methyl group at N-14 and the configuration of hydrogen at C-13 b may be responsible for the inhibitory activities of evodiamine.     

Inhibitory effects of evodiamine on in vitro invasion and experimental lung metastasis of murine colon cancer cells

We have previously reported that evodiamine had a marked inhibitory activity on tumor cell migration in vitro. To extend our study, the effects of evodiamine on invasion, growth, and metastatic development of colon 26-L5 cells were examined here. Evodiamine inhibited the invasion of tumor cells into Matrigel in a concentration-dependent manner, and achieved 70% inhibition at 10 microg/ml. Treatment of tumor cells with evodiamine for 24 h showed little effect on tumor growth at concentrations of less than 10 microg/ml, whereas an over 48-h treatment resulted in a concentration- and time-dependent inhibition. Pretreatment of tumor cells with 10 microg/ml evodiamine before inoculation into mice caused 70% reduction in their lung metastasis formation. When evodiamine at 10 mg/kg was administered into mice from the 6th day after tumor inoculation, the number of tumor nodules in lungs was decreased by 48% as compared to control. The inhibition rate was equivalent to that produced by cisplatin, a potent anti-cancer drug. Evodiamine did not affect the body weight of mice in the experimental period, whereas cisplatin caused serious weight loss. These results suggest that evodiamine may be regarded as a promising agent in tumor metastasis therapy.     

Evodiamine-induced human melanoma A375-S2 cell death was mediated by PI3K/Akt/caspase and Fas-L/NF-κB signaling pathways and augmented by ubiquitin–proteasome inhibition

Evodiamine, a major alkaloidal component of Evodiae fructus exhibits anti-tumor activities. We have previously reported that evodiamine has a marked inhibitory effect on IL-1 sensitive human melanoma A375-S2 cells proliferation, and this action might be through inactivation of PI3K signaling. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of evodiamine-induced cell death remains poorly understood. In present study, we further confirmed that Akt is the main effector molecule involved in this pathway. Evodiamine also led to IκBα phosphorylation and degradation that reflect translocation of NF-κB. Pretreatment of A375-S2 cells with ubiquitin–proteasome inhibitor MG132 was shown to aggregate the evodiamine caused cell death at 24 h. In addition, MG132 reduced ERK phosphorylation, increased caspase-3 activation, Fas-L expression and Bcl-2 cleavage in evodiamine-treated A375-S2 cells. These results suggested the PI3K/Akt/caspase and Fas-L/NF-κB signaling pathways might account for the responses of A375-S2 cell death induced by evodiamine, and these signals could be augmented by ubiquitin–proteasome pathway.     

Inhibition by evodiamine of hepatocyte growth factor-induced invasion and migration of tumor cells

Tumor cell motility plays a crucial role in the establishment of tumor metastasis and is affected by a variety of host-derived factors during the event. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is one of these factors and stimulates tumor cell migration remarkably. We previously reported that evodiamine has a marked inhibitory activity on tumor cell invasion and migration in vitro. In this study, the effects of evodiamine on HGF-induced invasion and migration of tumor cell lines, colon 26-L5 carcinoma, B16-F10 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) were examined. HGF promoted invasive activity of tumor cell lines with maximal induction of 1.8 times at 30 ng/ml for colon 26-L5 and LLC cells, and 2.0 times at 10 ng/ml for B16-F10 cells. Evodiamine inhibited the HGF-stimulated tumor cell invasion and migration in a concentration-dependent manner, and achieved complete suppression at 30 microM in all of the cell lines tested. When tumor cells were seeded on fibronectin-coated plates with evodiamine, their spreading on the plate was obviously inhibited, while their adhesiveness to fibronectin was unaffected. Evodiamine showed a marginal effect on tumor cell growth in a 24-h incubation, although it exhibited a marked inhibition in an over 48-h incubation. These results suggest that evodiamine suppressed HGF-stimulated invasion and migration of tumor cells partly through inhibition of cell spreading.     

Evodiamine ameliorates liver fibrosis in rats via TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway

Liver fibrosis is considered to be a result of chronic liver pathological changes, and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play an important role during this process. Evodiamine, an indole alkaloid derived from Evodia rutaecarpa, exhibits pharmacological activities. This study focused on the effects of evodiamine on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced liver fibrosis in rats and HSCs in vitro via the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. A liver fibrosis rat model was established by the intraperitoneal injection of CCl₄ (3 ml/kg, 30% in olive oil). Evodiamine (15 and 25 mg/kg) was administered orally for 8 weeks. HSCs were treated with different evodiamine concentrations. The results indicated that evodiamine could improve the histopathological abnormalities in liver tissues and decrease the level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), hydroxyproline, and total bilirubin (TBIL). Concentrations of IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), collagen-I (COL-I), and collagen-III (COL-III) were reduced by evodiamine. Western blotting and real-time PCR showed that protein expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1), p-Smad 2/3 (phosphorylation of Smad 2/3), and smooth muscle alpha-actin (α-SMA) as well as mRNA expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA in liver tissues were downregulated by evodiamine. The cell proliferation, production of hydroxyproline, and the protein expression of TGF-β1, p-Smad 2/3, and α-SMA in HSCs were dose-dependently reduced by evodiamine. Collectively, evodiamine had an antifibrosis effect in CCl₄-induced liver fibrosis, and reduced HSCs proliferation and collagen metabolism in vitro. The major mechanism was downregulation of relative expression of TGF-β1, p-Smad 2/3, and α-SMA.     

A novel alkaloid from the fruits of Evodia officinalis

Studies on the fruits of Evodia officinalis yielded a new quinazolinedione alkaloid, wuchuyuamide III (1), together with known alkaloids, goshuyuamide II (2), evodiamine and rutaecarpine. Their structures were elucidated by means of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis. Wuchuyuamide III (1) and goshuyuamide II (2) showed modest cytotoxicity against HeLa and HT1080 cell lines.     

吴茱萸碱部分通过人白介素1所介导的途径诱导人黑色素瘤A375-S2细胞死亡

目的研究吴茱萸碱(evodiamine)诱导人黑色素瘤A375S2细胞死亡的作用机制及其与细胞因子人白介素1(interleukin1,IL1)信号转导途径之间的关系。方法MTT检测法,DNA凝胶电泳法及Westernblot法。结果IL1受体拮抗因子(IL1receptorantagonist,IL1ra)在24h时能够部分抑制吴茱萸碱诱导的A375S2细胞死亡。吴茱萸碱在诱导A375S2细胞死亡的过程中,Fas配体(Fasligand,FasL)的蛋白表达量升高,激活其下游的caspase8和caspase3,进而引起DNA的损伤并激活p53蛋白,同时Bax/Bcl2的蛋白表达比例被上调。在经过IL1ra预处理后,这些变化均被部分的抑制或逆转。结论吴茱萸碱诱导A375S2细胞死亡的作用是部分通过IL1介导的信号转导途径而实现的。