睡眠剥夺应激对大鼠心电图的影响

目的观察睡眠剥夺应激大鼠心电图的变化规律。方法以改良水环境多平台睡眠剥夺法（MMPM）建立睡眠剥夺模型,设大平台对照组,睡眠剥夺1、3、5、7d组,每组9只雄性Wistar大鼠。分别记录各组心电图,分析大鼠心率和心电图变化情况。结果与对照组比较,睡眠剥夺1d．后大鼠心率明显下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;睡眠剥夺3d后心电图PR间期、T波波幅均明显高于对照组,并随睡眠剥夺时间的延长而增加,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;而睡眠剥夺3d后大鼠心电图QRS间期较对照组明显缩短,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;睡眠剥夺3d后大鼠体重明显下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论睡眠剥夺导致以心动过缓为主要表现的心电图变化,并可导致心肌缺血样心电图改变。     

剥夺睡眠对大学生不同部位诱发电位的影响

目的：研究睡眠不足对大学生中枢神经系统功能造成的影响。方法：对不同程度剥夺睡眠的大学生进行了上肢短潜伏期躯体感觉诱发电位，脑干听觉诱发电位和视觉诱发电位的测量。结果：剖剥夺睡眠上肢短潜伏期躯体感觉诱发电位无显变化，脑干听觉诱发电位和视觉诱发电位各波潜伏期较对照组有延长趋势。彻夜剥夺睡眠显延长（P＜0．05）。结论：睡眠不足降低了中枢神经系统对外在刺激的反应能力。     

Dietary Tyrosine Protects Striatal Dopamine Receptors from the Adverse Effects of REM Sleep Deprivation

L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid that is produced as an intermediary metabolite in the conversion of phenylalanine to 3,4-dihyroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), and is a precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine. In previous studies, tyrosine pretreatment was shown to protect against the neurochemical and behavioral deficits of acute stress caused by tail shock or cold exposure in rodents. The present study addressed the hypothesis that tyrosine administration may be an effective counter-measure to dopamine-mediated behaviors induced by rapid eye-movement sleep deprivation (RSD). In order to test the hypothesis, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 9 treatment groups: RSD-treated rats on normal-protein diet (20% casein: 1% tyrosine, 1% valine); tank control (TC) rats on a normal diet; cage control (CC) rats on normal diet; RSD-treated rats on 4% tyrosine diet; TC rats on 4% tyrosine diet; CC rats on 4% tyrosine diet; RSD-treated rats on 4% valine diet; TC rats on 4% valine diet; CC rats on 4% valine diet. In the RSD group receiving tyrosine, there was no apparent change in B_max for binding of the dopamine D₂ receptor ligand [³H]YM-09151–2 in the striata as compared to the respective TC and CC groups; whereas RSD-treated rats maintained on the normal diet and valine supplementation demonstrated expected increases in B_max for ligand binding. The TC group on the tyrosine diet showed attenuated catalepsy compared to the corresponding CC group, while the RSD group consuming tyrosine showed a catalepsy that was significantly increased, and similar to that of cage control animais on a control diet. These data suggest that the tyrosine-supplemented diet significantly attenuated RSD-induced changes in striatal dopamine D₂ receptors, and the effect appeared sufficient to influence RSD-induced behaviors.     

睡眠剥夺对机体神经行为机能的损害

日益加快的生活节律、工作压力以及特殊职业,使得睡眠剥夺不可避免。睡眠剥夺可造成神经行为机能损伤,导致机体情绪与行为变化,记忆力与认知功能减退。该文回顾了睡眠剥夺对机体神经行为机能影响的研究进展与现状。     

锌对睡眠剥夺小鼠大脑皮层一氧化氮合酶的影响

目的观察锌对小鼠睡眠剥夺(sleep deprivation SD)后休息不同时间大脑皮层一氧化氮合酶(Nitric oxide synthase NOS)的影响。方法用小平台水环境法建立小鼠SD模型,用NADPH-d组化法显示NOS阳性结构的存在。并计数大脑皮层的全部阳性神经元。结果SD后休息0 h组(R 0 h组)、4h组(R4 h组)与对照组(CC组)相比,NOS阳性神经元数显著升高(P<0.01),SD后休息8 h组(R 8 h组)显著下降(P<0.01),其它组差异无统计学意义。SD后休息0h补锌组(R 0 h Zn组)较R 0 h组、SD后休息4 h补锌组(R 4 h Zn组)较R 4 h组NOS阳性神经元数显著降低(P<0.01),SD后休息8 h补锌组(R 8 h Zn组)较R8h组NOS阳性神经元数显著升高(P<0.01),SD后休息12 h补锌组(R 12 h Zn组)与R 12 h组相比NOS阳性神经元数升高不明显。结论锌可对抗SD引起的NOS活力改变,促进学习记忆的恢复。     

Sleep Deprivation: Effects on Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance

This narrative review presents the findings from intervention studies on the effects of sleep deprivation on eating habits, metabolic rate, and the hormones regulating metabolism, and discusses their relevance to weight loss efforts. Disturbed sleeping patterns lead to increased energy intake, partly from excessive snacking, mainly on foods high in fat and carbohydrates. The studies focused mainly on the effects of sleep duration, but also of sleep quality, on dietary intake during weight loss trials, and on weight loss maintenance. It is important to explore sleep routines that could enhance the efforts of obese and overweight people to lose weight, maintain their weight loss, and improve their overall health.     

包头市大学生睡眠卫生知信行对睡眠质量的影响

目的了解大学生睡眠卫生知识、信念、行为与睡眠质量的关系。方法采用整群随机抽样选取773名在校大学生为测试对象,以中文版匹兹堡睡眠质量指数问卷(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,PSQI)和大学生睡眠卫生知识、信念、行为问卷为工具,调查大学生的睡眠卫生知、信、行与睡眠质量的关系。结果大学生睡眠卫生知识、信念、行为得分依次为(16.30±2.79)、(40.61±7.46)、(49.65±8.61);不同性别在睡眠卫生信念得分上的差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);睡眠卫生信念及行为与PSQI总分呈负相关(P<0.01);睡眠卫生信念和行为与PSQI总分的标准回归系数分别为-0.164和-0.177(P<0.01)。结论睡眠卫生信念和行为对睡眠质量有预测作用。睡眠卫生信念与睡眠卫生行为是影响大学生睡眠质量的主要因素之一,开展大学生睡眠卫生健康教育是非常必要的。     

Cognitive Performance and Mood Following Ingestion of a Theacrine-Containing Dietary Supplement,Caffeine, or Placebo by Young Men and Women

Theacrine is a purine alkaloid found primarily in the leaves of the Camellia Kucha plant and is now included within dietary supplements. To compare the effects of a theacrine-containing dietary supplement with caffeine and placebo on energy and mood, as well as objective measures of cognitive performance, heart rate, and blood pressure, 10 healthy men (20.8 ± 0.7 years) and 10 healthy women (22.2 ± 1.1 years) ingested the dietary supplement TheaTrim (Purus Labs; containing a branded form of theacrine (Teacrine™) and caffeine (150 mg)), caffeine only (150 mg), or a placebo on three different days, separated by approximately one week. Before, and for up to 4 h following, ingestion of the assigned condition, subjects completed a subjective assessment of energy and mood, as well as tests of cognitive performance (trail making test (TMT), digit symbol substitution test (DSST)), and reaction time. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured. No condition or interaction effects were noted for TMT, DSST, or reaction time, despite a trend for improvement in selected variables with both TheaTrim and caffeine treatment. Condition effects or trends were noted for subjective feelings, with values for attentive, alert, focused, and energetic higher for TheaTrim than for placebo and caffeine, while values for lethargic and groggy were lower for TheaTrim than for placebo and caffeine. Heart rate and blood pressure were largely unaffected by treatment. These data indicate that TheaTrim treatment does not result in a statistically significant improvement in cognitive performance but may favorably impact multiple subjective feelings related to energy and mood.     

Mood and Cognitive Performance Effects of "Energy" Drink Constituents: Caffeine,Glucose and Carbonation

Abstract

Three studies using healthy volunteers ( n =271) investigated the effects of caffeine, carbohydrates and carbonation in functional "energy" drinks (EDs) with the aim of determining their benefit in every-day life. The results showed caffeine to be the main ED constituent responsible for the effects found, with possible minor, relatively weak effects of carbohydrates. EDs were found to improve and/or maintain mood and performance during fatiguing and cognitively demanding tasks relative to placebo. In terms of absolute values, EDs maintained levels of arousal compared to a deterioration in arousal where placebo was consumed. These effects were found in caffeine-deprived participants, and so may be largely due to "withdrawal reversal". There were only minor differences in the effects of water vs. "sensory-matched" placebo, supporting previous findings indicating that the type of placebo does not alter the conclusions drawn about the effects of the full ED. Finally, carbonation had various effects on mood, some of which were present immediately following consumption, others were consistent with slower absorption of caffeine (and possibly carbohydrates) from carbonated drinks.     

2010年厦门市城区一般人群睡眠质量调查

[目的]了解厦门市一般人群睡眠状况及影响因素,为改善睡眠质量、促进人群健康提出对策。[方法]2010年3月,在厦门市城区采用以匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（PSQI）评定497名一般人群的睡眠质量。[结果]调查497人,PSOI总分为6.36±3.67分,其中睡眠质量好的占35.21%,质量一般的占35.41%,质量差的占29.38%。睡眠质量差的所占比例,男性为32.08%,女性为27.74%（P〉0.05）;有随着年龄的增长逐渐增高的趋势,不同年龄的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;未婚者为24.59%,已婚者为33.99%（P〈0.05）。睡眠质量差的人群PSQI得分,男性、女性分别为11.05±2.75分、11.08±2.84分（P〉0.05）;已婚者与未婚者分别为11.74±2.81分、10.10±2.47分（P〈0.01）。其中,入睡时间得分女性高于男性,睡眠时间得分男性高于女性（P〈0.01）;睡眠时间、睡眠效率紊乱、催眠药物得分均为已婚者高于未婚者（P〈0.01或〈0.05）。[结论]一般人群中存在睡眠问题者所占比例较高,这一比例年龄大者、已婚者较高。     

Effects of diurnal and seasonal sleep deficiency on work effort and fatigue of shift workers

Summary This study was designed to assess and compare the quantity and quality of sleep of morning, afternoon, and night shift workers during the winter and summer seasons, and to evaluate the effects of sleep deficiency on the work effort and fatigue of the workers. The subjects studied consisted of a sample of 150 textile workers, working on a monthly rotating 3-shift system: morning shift (06.00–11.00 and 14.00–17.00) afternoon shift (11.00–14.00 and 17.00–22.00), and night shift (22.00–06.00). Information concerning quantity and quality of sleep were registered daily over a week for every subject. The Ratings of Perceived Effort scale and the Feeling and Symptoms of Fatigue scale were used to collect information about feeling of effort and fatigue of the subjects. The results showed that the duration of sleep length is longest in the afternoon and shortest in the night shift both during summer and winter. The amount of sleep is shorter during summer during all three shifts. The workers spent more effort and felt more fatigued during summer than winter. The shift workers, particularly of the tropical region, like Bangladesh, seem to be worst affected in terms of quantity and quality of sleep, health and well-being due to extremely high temperature (30–45° Celsius) during summer than winter (5–25° Celsius). The workers think that the problems of shift work could be minimized by improving the quality of working and living conditions, reducing cycle of rotation, shortening working day and closing night shift during peak summer.     

景观疗养护理用于离退休干部睡眠质量改善效果探讨

目的：探讨景观疗养护理用于离退休干部睡眠质量改善临床效果。方法选取近年来于我院行景观疗养护理离退休干部130例,设为试验组,以同期行常规护理离退休干部130例设为对照组,比较两组患者临床护理满意度,干预前后睡眠质量评分等。结果对照组和观察组患者临床护理满意度分别为83.08%（54/65）,100.00%（65/65）;试验组患者临床护理满意度显著优于对照组（P〈0.05）;两组患者干预后睡眠效果、睡眠可持续性、睡眠潜伏期及总均分等睡眠质量评分较干预前显著提高,且试验组患者干预后评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论景观疗养护理用于离退休干部可有效改善睡眠质量,延长睡眠时间,并提高临床护理满意程度。     

Trait Energy and Fatigue Modify the Effects of Caffeine on Mood,Cognitive and Fine-Motor Task Performance: A Post-Hoc Study

Multiple studies suggest that genetic polymorphisms influence the neurocognitive effects of caffeine. Using data collected from a double-blinded, within-participants, randomized, cross-over design, this study examined the effects of trait (long-standing pre-disposition) mental and physical energy and fatigue to changes in moods (Profile of Mood Survey-Short Form (POMS-SF), state mental and physical energy and fatigue survey), cognitive (serial subtractions of 3 (SS3) and 7 (SS7)), and fine-motor task (nine-hole peg test) performance after consuming a caffeinated beverage and a non-caffeinated placebo. Results indicate that trait mental and physical fatigue and mental energy modified the effects of caffeine on vigor, tension-anxiety, physical, and mental fatigue. Additionally, we report that those who were high trait physical and mental fatigue and low-trait mental energy reported the greatest benefit of caffeine on the SS3 and SS7, while those who were high trait mental and physical fatigue reported the greatest benefit of consuming caffeine on fine-motor task performance. The results of our study suggest that trait mental and physical fatigue and mental energy modify the acute effects of caffeine among a group of healthy, young adults and should be measured and controlled for by researchers who choose to study the effects of caffeine on acute moods and cognitive and fine-motor task performance.     

Management of Sleep Problems in Pre-School Children: Effects of a Behavioural Programme on Sleep Routines, Maternal Depression and Perceived Control.

The sleep patterns of 31 children aged between 9 months and 3 1/2 years were studied over a period of 3 months during which time a behavioural programme was initiated and evaluated. Measures of the mothers' mental state and of the relative behavioural control the child was perceived to have were also taken. The childrens' sleep showed rapid improvement following the intervention and similar changes were observed in the other measures.     

Effects of Different Doses of Caffeinated Coffee on Muscular Endurance,Cognitive Performance,and Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Caffeine Naive Female Athletes

Caffeine is widely consumed among elite athletes for its well-known ergogenic properties, and its ability to increase exercise performance. However, studies to date have predominantly focused on the anhydrous form of caffeine in male participants. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of caffeinated coffee ingestion on lower-upper body muscular endurance, cognitive performance, and heart rate variability (HRV) in female athletes. A total of 17 participants (mean ± standard deviation (SD): age = 23 ± 2 years, body mass = 64 ± 4 kg, height = 168 ± 3 cm) in a randomized cross-over design completed three testing sessions, following the ingestion of 3 mg/kg/bm of caffeine (3COF), 6 mg/kg/bm of caffeine (6COF) provided from coffee or decaffeinated coffee (PLA) in 600 mL of hot water. The testing results included: (1) repetition number for muscular endurance performance; (2): reaction time and response accuracy for cognitive performance; (3): HRV parameters, such as standard deviation of normal-to-normal (NN) intervals (SDNN), standard deviation of successive differences (SDSD), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), total power (TP), the ratio of low- and high-frequency powers (LF/HF), high-frequency power (HF), normalized HF (HFnu), low-frequency power (LF), and normalized LF (LFnu). A one-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed that 3COF (p = 0.024) and 6COF (p = 0.036) improved lower body muscular endurance in the first set as well as cognitive performance (p = 0.025, p = 0.035 in the post-test, respectively) compared to PLA. However, no differences were detected between trials for upper body muscular endurance (p = 0.07). Lastly, all HRV parameters did not change between trials (p > 0.05). In conclusion, ingesting caffeinated coffee improved lower body muscular endurance and cognitive performance, while not adversely affecting cardiac autonomic function.     

舒适护理对乳腺癌根治术后化疗患者睡眠质量和生活质量的影响

目的 探讨舒适护理对乳腺癌根治术后化疗患者睡眠质量和生活质量的影响.方法 选择80例乳腺癌术后化疗患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组40例.对照组采用常规护理,观察组实施舒适护理,观察2组患者护理前后睡眠质量,采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)和生活质量核心量表(EORTCQLQ-C30)进行评价.结果 护理前,2组患者的PSQI各因子评分和QLQ-C30各因子评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);护理后,观察组PSQI各因子评分明显比对照组降低(P＜0.05),观察组QLQ-C30各因子评分比对照组升高显著(P＜0.05).结论 舒适护理明显改善乳腺癌根治术后化疗患者的睡眠质量和提高生活质量.     

Management of Sleep Problems in Pre‐School Children: Effects of a Behavioural Programme on Sleep Routines,Maternal Depression and Perceived Control.

The sleep patterns of 31 children aged between 9 months and 3 1/2 years were studied over a period of 3 months during which time a behavioural programme was initiated and evaluated. Measures of the mothers’ mental state and of the relative behavioural control the child was perceived to have were also taken. The childrens’ sleep showed rapid improvement following the intervention and similar changes were observed in the other measures.     

The Role of Cognitive Impairment,Physical Disability,and Chronic Conditions in the Association of Sleep Duration With All-Cause Mortality Among Very Old Adults

ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the relationship between sleep duration and all-cause mortality, and to assess the role of cognitive impairment, physical disability, and chronic conditions on this association among very old adults.DesignA prospective cohort study.Setting and ParticipantsWithin the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Surveys, 17,637 oldest-old aged 80-105 years were followed up to 10 years (2005- 2014).MeasuresData on sleep duration at baseline were based on self-report and were categorized as short (<7 hour), moderate (7-9 hours), and long sleep (>9 hours). Information on cognitive function using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), physical disability using Activities of Daily Living (ADL), and chronic conditions including diabetes, heart disease, stroke, asthma, and cancer were collected at baseline based on a structured questionnaire. Information about vital status was ascertained and confirmed by a close family member or village doctor of the participant during the follow-up. Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models, with adjustment for potential confounders.ResultsDuring the follow-up of 10 years, 11,067 (62.7%) participants died. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for mortality were 1.03 (0.98-1.09) for short sleep and 1.13 (1.08-1.18) for long sleep compared with moderate sleep duration. In stratified analysis by cognitive impairment, physical disability, and chronic conditions, the risk of morality was present only among people with MMSE scores ≤24 but did not differ much when stratified by physical disability and chronic conditions. There was a statistically significant interaction between long sleep and cognitive impairment on mortality (P for interaction = .002).Conclusions and ImplicationsLong sleep duration is associated with higher risk of mortality in very old adults independently of health conditions. Cognitive impairment may enhance this association. These findings suggest that health practitioners and families should be aware of the potential adverse prognosis associated with long sleep.     

Work at sea: a study of sleep,and of circadian rhythms in physiological and psychological functions,in watchkeepers on merchant vessels

Summary Sleep length and sleep quality scores were collected on board ships over periods of up to two weeks from 38 watchkeepers working a 4-on/8-off routine and 29 dayworkers. All watchkeepers exhibited fragmented sleeping patterns, which indicated a lack of adaptation of the sleep/wakefulness cycle to the hours of work. There were only slight differences in total sleep length between watchkeepers and dayworkers, however, both groups did not obtain an adequate amount of sleep. Within the watchkeeping crews the 3rd Officers had by far the shortest sleep length. Concerning sleep quality, daytime sleep was generally given the lowest ratings, whereas sleep starting before midnight was on average evaluated as the best, both by watchkeepers and dayworkers. Watchkeeping personnel do not normally have any days off during a voyage so that missed sleep might even amount to a sleep deficit. A solution for this problem could perhaps be a new, stabilized system that allows a single uninterrupted sleep, which is required for full recuperation, to be taken each day.Dedicated to Professor J. Aschoff on the occasion of his 75th birthdayPartly supported by a grant from the Ministry for Technology and Research, Federal Republic of Germany, Project Schiff der Zukunft, Part ET83b     

The Influence of Break Timing on the Sleep Quantity and Quality of Fly-in, Fly-out Shiftworkers

Although shift and break timing is known to affect the sleep of shiftworkers, this has not been demonstrated in Fly-in, Fly-out (FIFO) settings which, compared to residential based settings, may be favourable for sleep. This study investigated the sleep quantity and quality of shiftworkers working a FIFO operation comprising of shifts, and therefore breaks, across the 24-h day. The sleep of 24 males (50.43 ± 8.57 yr) was measured using actigraphy and sleep diaries. Morning breaks were associated with less sleep (09:00–12:00 h; 4.4 ± 1.3 h) and a poorer sleep quality (06:00–09:00 h; 3.1 ± 1.0, “average”) compared to breaks beginning between 00:00 h and 03:00 h (6.8 ± 1.7 h; 2.2 ± 0.9, “good”). Sleep efficiency remained constant regardless of break timing (85.9 ± 5.0% to 89.9 ± 3.5%). Results indicate that even in operations such as FIFO where sleeping conditions are near-optimal and the break duration is held constant, the influence of the endogenous circadian pacemaker on sleep duration is evident.