Total vertebrectomy (Th2) and dissection of the subclavian artery for a superior sulcus tumor invading the spine: A case report

IntroductionSurgery for primary lung cancer invading the spine remains challenging. Here, we present a case of superior sulcus tumor (SST) with vertebral invasion, successfully resected with total vertebrectomy (Th2) and dissection of involved apical chest wall and the subclavian artery (SCA).Presentation of caseA 62-year-old man was referred with the diagnosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma originating from left upper lobe (clinical stage IIIA/T4N0M0) involving the thoracic vertebrae (Th2) as well as the apical chest wall including three ribs (1st, 2nd and 3rd) and SCA. After induction concurrent chemo-radiotherapy, we achieved complete resection by three-step surgical procedures as follows: first, the anterior portion of involved chest wall including SCA was dissected through the trans-manubrial approach (TMA); next, the posterior portion of involved chest wall including ribs was dissected and left upper lobectomy with nodal dissection was performed through posterolateral thoracotomy; finally, total vertebrectomy (Th2) was performed through posterior mid-line approach.DiscussionThis tumor was existence of anterior and posterior position in pulmonary apex region. So that, it is very important for complete resecting this complicated tumor to work out operation’s strategy.ConclusionSurgery may be indicated for SST invading the spine, when complete resection is expected.     

Surgical Treatment of Superior Sulcus Tumors

Purpose To access the clinical outcome of patients with superior sulcus tumor.Methods We reviewed the records of 16 patients who underwent surgery for a superior sulcus tumor between 1988 and 2003, focusing on the type of surgery.Results All 16 patients underwent en bloc lung and chest wall resection, which was done as pneumonectomy in 1 patient and lobectomy in 15. Complete resection was achieved in 11 patients, but incomplete resection was done in 5 patients because microscopic examination revealed positive surgical margins. Eight patients underwent partial vertebrectomy and 1 patient had combined resection of the subclavian artery. There was no postoperative mortality. All patients received pre- or postoperative adjuvant therapy, or both. The overall 5-year survival rate was 31.0%. The 5-year survival rate was higher after complete resection than after incomplete resection (59.3% vs 0%, P = 0.08). Patients who underwent complete resection for vertebral invasion and those who did not had 5-year survival rates of 66.7% and 0%, respectively (P = 0.17). Patients who underwent preoperative induction therapy followed by complete resection and those who did not had 5-year survival rates of 80% and 0%, respectively (P = 0.009).Conclusion Although superior sulcus tumors are still complex, preoperative induction therapy followed by complete resection seemed effective for prolonging survival.     

An Atypical Lung Carcinoid Tumor Resected After Induction Therapy with Involvement of the Superior Sulcus Region: Report of a Case

This report presents a case of lung carcinoid tumor that showed a growth pattern similar to that of a superior sulcus tumor (SST). A 63-year-old man was referred to our hospital and was diagnosed to have a stage IV (T3N2M1) SST on his right side. After three cycles of induction therapy with MVP (methotrexate/vinblastine/prednisolone) and a total dose of 45 Gy radiation given to the chest lesion, the clinical stage was restaged down to IIB (T3N0M0). A salvage operation was performed (upper lobectomy plus chest wall combined resection including the first to fourth ribs) followed by targeting adjuvant brachytherapy. The results of a histologic examination of the resected specimen revealed the tumor to be an atypical carcinoid tumor. Received: July 23, 2001 / Accepted: January 8, 2002     

Induction chemoradiation therapy followed by surgical resection for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) invading the thoracic inlet

OBJECTIVE: The role of induction therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) invading the thoracic inlet is unclear. We reviewed our experience with induction chemoradiation followed by surgical resection for NSCLC invading the thoracic inlet. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 44 consecutive patients with NSCLC invading the thoracic inlet, treated with induction chemoradiation (two cycles of cisplatin and etoposide concurrently with 45Gy of radiation) followed by surgical resection between 1996 and 2007. RESULTS: All patients underwent chest wall resection (1-5 ribs, mean 3) with resection of the first rib through an anterior (n=15), a posterior (n=18), or a combined approach (n=11). Lobectomy was performed in 40 cases (90%), pneumonectomy in two (5%), and wedge resection in two (5%). Resection of subclavian vessels or portions of vertebrae was performed in five (11%) and 15 (34%) patients, respectively. Hospital mortality was 5% (n=2). R0-resection was achieved in 39 patients (89%). On pathologic examination, 13 patients (30%) showed complete response (pCR) to induction therapy, and 15 (34%) showed minimal microscopic residual disease (90-99% tumor necrosis). The median follow-up was 2 years (range, 2 month-10 years) with an overall cumulative 5-year survival of 59%. Sixteen patients (36%) developed recurrence, which was local in five cases and distant in 11 patients. The 5-year survival in patients with pCR was 90%; 69% in those with minimal residual disease, and 12% in patients with no relevant response (p=0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: Resection of NSCLC invading the thoracic inlet can be performed safely after induction chemoradiation therapy. The response rate after induction therapy is a strong predictor of survival.     

Chest wall invasive non-small cell lung cancer: Patterns of failure and implications for a revised staging system

Background: To assess outcomes and patterns of failure for chest wall invasive non-small cell lung cancer (T₃ or IIIA NSCLC), data were acquired prospectively on 47 consecutive patients at a single institution over 6 years. Methods: Preresectional stagings included bone scan, head and chest/abdominal computed tomography, and mediastinoscopy. There were 25 superior sulcus tumors (radiation and/or chemotherapy followed by resection) and 22 other chest wall invasive NSCLCs (resection alone). Results: There were no perioperative deaths. Seventeen patients (36%) had an operative complication (median length of stay increased from 7 to 12 days; p<0.05). A complete pathologic resection was achieved for 44 of 47 patients (94%). The median survival was 38 months (actuarial 2- and 5-year survival rates of 62% and 50%, respectively). Median lengths of survival for superior sulcus and other chest wall tumors were 36 and >60 months, respectively. Significant univariate predictors of decreased overall and cancer-free survival were poor performance status, positive margins, and positive lymph nodes. Recurrence was observed in 22 of 47 patients (46%) at a median of 8 months (range 2–24); patterns of failure were in the ipsilateral chest (n=2; 4%) and at a distant site (n=15; 32%) or both (n=5; 11%). Conclusions: The operative risk for chest wall invasive NSCLC is acceptable, even after neoadjuvant therapy, allowing for a 94% complete resection rate. The survival of this subset of stage IIIA patients may warrant a reappraisal of the international staging system. Presented at the 48th Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, March 23–26, 1995.     

Targeting Adjuvant Brachytherapy for a Superior Sulcus Tumor: Report of Two Cases

We report herein the cases of two patients who underwent complete resection of a superior sulcus tumor (SST) plus adjuvant brachytherapy, with the area to be irradiated determined by a computer program system designed to minimize unnecessary irradiation to the normal components and to optimize the effect on the targeted area. Although the efficacy of brachytherapy on the inhibition of local relapse needs to be observed over a long period, the selective and alternative use of delivering adjuvant brachytherapy by this method appears to enhance the quality of life of patients with a SST. Received: March 22, 2000 / Accepted: July 25, 2000     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的诊断和治疗（附28例报告）

目的 总结分析胰腺实性假乳头状瘤（SPTP）的临床特点和治疗效果,提高对该病的认识.方法 回顾性总结2000年10月至2013年3月间经手术和病理证实的28例SPTP病人的临床资料,并对其进行随访.结果 28例中,体检中无意发现肿物者12例,外伤后腹痛检出肿物者6例（均为未成年病人）,腹痛为首发症状者7例,复查意外发现者2例,肠梗阻为首发症状者1例.手术方式：肿物核除术5例;胰十二指肠切除术4例;胰尾切除术5例;胰体尾切除术3例;胰尾切除加脾脏切除术3例;病理活检2例;转移瘤切除1例;胰体切除、胰肠吻合术3例.位于胰头：8例,胰体：4例,胰尾：15例;其他腹壁转移：1例.表现为囊实混合性者22例.所有病人术后均未辅助放化疗治疗.28例病人中2例失访,26例获随访,随访时间为3个月至10年,平均15个月.4例复发,其中1例复发后3个月因合并心肺功能衰竭死亡,另3例经再次手术后治愈.余22例预后良好.本组5年生存率为96.4％.结论 SPTP无特异性临床表现,起病隐匿,CT及彩超对SPTP有诊断意义,手术切除肿瘤为SPTP的主要治疗方式,不经术前术后放疗和化疗,预后良好.     

Complete resection of unicentric Castleman disease in the superior mediastinum: A case report

IntroductionCastleman disease (CD) is a rare benign lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by benign lymph node hyperplasia in a single site (unicentric CD [UCD]) or in multiple sites (multicentric CD [MCD]). Patients with UCD are usually asymptomatic; however, those with MCD usually develop fever, weight loss, and peripheral lymphadenopathy.Case presentationWe describe a case of surgically resected UCD in the superior mediastinum in which the involved lymph node was surrounded by important vessels and trachea, necessitating a median sternotomy for complete resection of the tumor.DiscussionPreoperative diagnosis of UCD in the thorax is very difficult, and surgical resection or excision is necessary. Complete resection is recommended for UCD because it is curative and has a 5-year survival rate of 100%.ConcludionUCD should be included in the differential diagnosis of asymptomatic mediastinal tumors. Surgical resection or excision is preferred to ensure an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment if malignant disease cannot otherwise be ruled out.     

Central Giant cell tumor of jaw bone in child: A case report

IntroductionCentral giant cell tumors (CGCTs) bones are uncommon benign bone tumors in the jaw.Presentation of caseThe authors report a pediatric patient who was diagnosed with an aggressive central giant cell cyst of the mandible and its management. The CGCT usually occurs in adolescents patients from 5 to 10 years of age. An 8-year-old female patient presented with progressive non-pulsatile swelling of the mandible. Intraoral examination revealed mobility of teeth, associated with gingival swelling.DiscussionCommon sites of giant cell tumors are the epiphysis of the long bones. Giant cell tumors accounted for 4–7% of all primary bone tumors. The mandible localization is exceptional, the main treatment for giant cell tumors is surgical excision and different surgical approaches had been reported in the literature thus depending on the size of the cyst, localization, and experience of the surgeon.ConclusionGiant cyst tumor of the jaw is rare and less common in childhood. The clinical behavior is very diverse. The main treatment is surgical removal and follow-up to reveal recurrence.     

Bronchial carcinoid tumor in the era of covid-19 pandemic: A case report

IntroductionBronchial carcinoid tumors are rare, slow growing, malignant neuroendocrine tumors which arise from Enterochromaffin (Kulchitsky) cells. Early diagnosis is extremely important as the main stay of treatment is surgical excision.Presentation of caseWe present a rare case of bronchial typical carcinoid tumor in a 27-year-old male who presented with a complaint of intermittent dry cough of 2 weeks’ duration associated with shortness of breath and low grade fever. He was initially misdiagnosed as covid-19 pneumonia and was admitted to covid-19 treatment center. Right lung bi-lobectomy with regional lymph node resection was done and he was discharged home in good condition.DiscussionMajority of typical carcinoids are located in the central airways leading to bronchial obstruction with recurrent pneumonia, chest pain and wheezing. In the era of covid-19 pandemic, lung cancer patients are at higher risk of being affected by covid-19 and, early identification and differential diagnosis is extremely difficult in the absence of comprehensive evaluation and work up as the clinical and imaging findings of covid-19 may resemble lung cancer. Although hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes are the most common metastatic sites for typical carcinoids most lymphadenopathies are caused by a reactive inflammatory reaction.ConclusionBronchial carcinoids are rare, malignant neuroendocrine tumors with complete surgical resection being the only curative management. During the Covid-19 pandemic crisis, diagnosing rare lung diseases like carcinoid tumor is real challenge especially in resource limited set up and needs high index of suspicion with meticulous diagnostic work up. The outcome of typical carcinoids with lymph node metastasis is excellent with complete resection.     

The safe distance for the superior gluteal nerve in direct lateral approach to the hip and its relation with the femoral length: a cadaver study

INTRODUCTION: The most inferior branch (MIB) of the superior gluteal nerve (SGN) is vulnerable during direct lateral approach to the hip. A safe distance proximal to the tip of the greater trochanter varying from 3 to 5 cm has been reported in different studies. Anatomical studies defining safe zones and clinical studies reporting the results use various reference points, and the oblique course of the MIB contributes to the confusion. Numerous efforts have been made to standardize the safe zone using patient characteristics such as body height; however, contradictory results have been reported. The purpose of this study was to measure the safe distance in line to the gluteal split and also to determine the relationship of the safe distance with femoral length, as a stable component of body height. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen lower extremities of 12 formalin-fixed cadavers (M/F: 7/5) were dissected. The most prominent lateral palpable part of the trochanter major (TM) was determined and the dissection in the gluteus medius muscle (GMM) was performed starting from this point upwards in line of the muscle fibers. The distances between the MIB in the plane of dissection in the GMM to the TM and also to the trochanteric apex (TA) were measured. Femoral lengths were measured between the TM point and the lateral epicondyle. Spearman's correlation and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The SGN in 13 hips had spray pattern and neural trunk pattern in two. The plane of dissection was within the anterior third of the GMM in all hips. The average femoral length was 37.5 cm. Average distance between TM and MIB was 44 mm; in three hips, the distance was <30 mm. The average distance between TA and TM was 21 mm. There was no statistically significant correlation between femoral length and TM-MIB distance. CONCLUSION: The distance from the TM to the MIB is highly variable and independent from body height or femoral length. The so called "safe zone" in which damage of significant nerve damage is excluded can have a rather small dimension in some patients. Short patients are not at increased risk and tall patients are not risk free. Modern techniques in total hip replacement which try to minimize proximal interruption of the GMM are therefore justified.     

Villous tumor of the duodenum: report of a case and review of the literature

Villous tumors of the duodenum are rare tumors which have been infrequently reported in the literature. Surgical treatment options include wide local excision and radical pancreaticoduodenectomy. A case of duodenal villous adenoma presenting with bilious vomiting is presented here. Received: April 25, 2000 / Accepted: November 20, 2000     

Superior approach for the exclusion of hepatic veins in major liver resection: A safe and easy technique

We describe a technique for isolating and excluding the hepatic veins during liver resection. First, the bare area near the right and left wall of the suprahepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) is dissected, exposing the right, left, and superior walls of the right hepatic vein (RHV) and the left-middle hepatic vein (LMHV). Two Satinsky clamps are used to clamp the roots of the right and common trunk of the LMHV, parallel to the IVC. It is not necessary to dissect the posterior wall of the hepatic veins. We used this method during major liver resection in 65 patients. The mean dissecting time of each hepatic vein was 7.31 ± 3.6 min. No hepatic vein was lacerated during dissection and exclusion. The postoperative complication rate was 31.2%. Thus, the superior approach is a safe and easy maneuver when the posterior wall of the hepatic vein is difficult to dissect due to tumor invasion. Li Aijun and Pan Zeya contributed equally to this work.     

Colonoscopy-induced right superior rectal artery tear: A case report

IntroductionColonoscopy is a well-accepted procedure applied worldwide in diagnosis and management of colon lesions. The incidence of reported complications is not rare.PresentationA 79-year-old man with postcolonoscopy intraperitoneal bleeding secondary to superior rectal artery injury. He received computer tomogram and angiogram study to confirmed bleeder from right superior rectal artery and subsequently managed with embolization and operation.DiscussionThis is the second case report in the literatures of mesentery tear and the first case with massive hemoperitoneum.ConclusionIdentification and careful evaluation are crucial for successful diagnosis and treatment in cases such as this after colonoscopy.     

Multivisceral central pancreatectomy for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor: A case report on a novel surgical technique

IntroductionCentral pancreatectomy (CP) is considered a viable alternative to subtotal distal pancreatectomy, for lesions involving the neck or proximal pancreatic body. Multivisceral central pancreatectomy (MVCP) for locally advanced tumors of the pancreatic body remains unreported.Presentation of caseWe hereby report a case of locally advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (NET) with gastric involvement. The patient underwent successful central pancreatectomy with subtotal gastrectomy for locally advanced NET of the pancreas. In the follow up period, relevant complications like pancreatic insufficiency or pancreatic fistula were not encountered. The patient is doing well more than ten months after resection.DiscussionA MVCP can be considered in patients with limited pancreatic involvement, as long as sufficient pancreatic parenchyma can be preserved. Additional organ involvement mandating resection should not be considered a contra indication to this procedure. With careful surgical planning and meticulous technique, risk of post operative complications after MVCP can be minimized with added benefit of long term endocrine and exocrine integrity.ConclusionsCP is a viable alternative and can be performed with adjacent organ resection, with acceptable post operative outcomes.     

Intra-abdominal textiloma. A retained surgical sponge mimicking a gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor: Report of a case

We describe a unique case of intra-abdominal textiloma (granuloma due to a retained foreign body), which mimicked a gastric tumor on preoperative imaging studies. A 78-year-old asymptomatic patient with a past history of a gastrectomy was referred for evaluation of an intra-abdominal mass lesion, which was incidentally observed on a computed tomography (CT) scan. Repeated CT with a higher resolution demonstrated a 5-cm heterogeneously enhanced mass with a distinct feeding artery. These findings were all compatible with a tumorous lesion originating in the gastric remnant, most likely gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor. A diagnosis of textiloma was immediately made during surgery, and it was confirmed pathologically postoperatively. The feeding artery that appeared on CT images, which was a major reason for the false diagnosis, was considered to have resulted from a slow but continuous inflammation reaction around the retained surgical sponge. Surgeons should therefore always take the possibility of textilomas into consideration even with typical tumorous characteristics on preoperative imaging studies, especially in patients with a history of prior abdominal surgery.