有龋和无龋儿童四种唾液蛋白成分的比较

目的比较3～4岁有龋儿童和无龋儿童非刺激性和刺激性唾液中IgA、乳酸脱氢酶、溶菌酶和碱性磷酸酶含量的差异。方法分别采集98例有龋儿童和94名无龋儿童非刺激性和刺激性唾液，测定上述各成分含量。结果非刺激性和刺激性唾液中IgA、乳酸脱氢酶和溶菌酶含量有龋组均显著高于无龋组（P〈0．01），非刺激性唾液中碱性磷酸酶含量有龋组显著高于无龋组（P〈0．05）；但刺激性唾液中碱性磷酸酶含量两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论非刺激性和刺激性唾液中IgA、乳酸脱氢酶和溶菌酶升高可能与婴幼儿龋的发生、发展有关。     

Antimicrobial peptides in saliva of children with severe early childhood caries

ObjectiveControversies exist regarding the relationship between the concentrations of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and presence of dental caries in children. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine levels of AMPs in saliva of caries-free (CF), early childhood caries (ECC) and severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) children to determine if the levels of these salivary peptides individually or in combinations were related to caries severity and mutans streptococci levels.Design36 to 60 month-old children were selected to participate in this study. Children were grouped into CF group (n = 29), ECC group (n = 25) and S-ECC group (n = 29). Saliva was collected from children for microbiological analysis by culture. Salivary concentrations of cathelicidin LL-37, human β-defensin 2 (hBD-2), human β-defensin 3 (hBD-3) and histatin-5 (HTN-5) were determined by ELISA.ResultsSalivary concentrations of AMPs did not differ among CF, ECC and S-ECC groups. Data showed positive correlations between mutans streptococci levels and salivary hBD-2 or HTN-5. Positive correlations were found between hBD-2, hBD-3, LL-37 and HTN-5. Combinations among AMPs, mainly LL-37, were positively associated with caries levels.ConclusionsSalivary concentrations of AMPs individually were not associated with the severity of early childhood caries. The stimulus of caries appears to trigger a biological response, however, with a combination of these peptides.     

Increased oxidative stress biomarkers in the saliva of Down syndrome patients

Objective

The DNA oxidation byproduct 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is a well-known biomarker used to evaluate oxidative stress. We previously reported that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is increased in cultured gingival fibroblasts (GF) from patients with Down syndrome (DS). Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate 8-OHdG as a marker of oxidative stress in saliva of DS patients.

Materials and methods

The study group consisted of DS patients (66 patients; age range 1–62 years) and systemically healthy control subjects (71 subjects; age range 4–58 years). Periodontal status was judged based on standard measurements of probing depth (PD) and gingival index (GI). The salivary levels of 8-OHdG were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

The mean of PD and GI values were not significantly different between young (1–12 years) patients with DS (DS-1) and controls (C-1) or between adult (30–62 years) patients with DS (DS-2) and controls (C-2). There were statistically significant positive correlations between the salivary 8-OHdG levels and GI in the DS-1, DS-2 and C-2 groups, but not in the C-1. There were also statistically significant positive correlations between salivary 8-OHdG levels and PD in the DS-2 and C-2 groups, but not in the DS-1 or C-1 groups. The salivary levels of 8-OHdG of DS-1 and DS-2 groups were significantly higher than in the C-l and C-2 groups, respectively.

Conclusions

These results suggest that progressive oxidative stress occurred in DS patients. Oxidative stress may contribute to the clinical features of DS, particularly to the progressive periodontitis characteristic of early ageing.     

低龄儿童乳牙龋病流行病学及龋活跃性分析

目的:调查3～6岁儿童乳牙龋病的流行情况,研究龋活跃性与患龋严重程度的关系。方法:纳入南京市6所幼儿园1 375名3～6岁儿童进行口腔检查和龋活跃性试验。结果:3～6岁儿童平均患龋率和龋均分别为50.48%和2.13,龋齿充填率6.93%,其中5岁年龄组患龋率和龋均分别为61.42%和2.92。龋活跃性各分值之间的患龋率及龋均差异显著(P<0.01)。龋活跃性与患龋率及龋均呈高度正相关(P<0.01)。结论:3～6岁年龄段儿童的患龋情况严重,且治疗率十分低,应加强口腔健康教育,开展多种防龋措施。龋活跃性检测结果能够真实反映患龋现状,有助于筛选龋易感者。     

Association of free amino acids with caries experience and mutans streptococci levels in whole saliva of children with early childhood caries

Objective

The aim of the present study was to identify the free amino acid content in whole saliva of children with (CE) and without early childhood caries (CF) (ECC), correlating these findings with caries experience and mutans streptococci (MS) levels in saliva.

Design

Seventy-eight healthy children, both genders, 6-71 months age, were selected to participate in the study. Following examination for dmft scores calculation, unstimulated whole saliva was collected from all 78 participants, stored at −80 °C, and used for amino acid analysis, on a Biochem 20 plus amino acid analyzer. Stimulated whole saliva was collected from 52 children, transported, diluted and plated on MSB agar medium for detection of MS in cfu/mL.

Results

Forty different free amino acids were identified in whole saliva, with great variation in their concentration. A statistically significant relation was found between caries experience and the presence of free proline and glycine. While proline (p = 0.0182) was more frequently absent in the CF group, the absence of glycine (p = 0.0397) was more often observed in the CE group. In the presence of higher levels of MS, free glycine reduced the risk of experiencing dental caries (p = 0.0419). Conversely, the presence of proline was found to increase the risk of experiencing the disease (p = 0.0492).

Conclusions

The presence of free proline and absence of free glycine in children with ECC, highly contaminated with MS, increased the chances of experiencing dental caries in the present population. Further studies are needed to better understand this phenomenon.     

Evaluation of the relationship between severe early childhood caries and vitamin D

ObjectiveTo evaluate the relationship between the factors affecting the formation of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) in preschool children, dental caries and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and to contribute to the literature on this subject.MethodsASA I-II children aged <72 months and their volunteer parents who had no apparent learning disability were included in the study. 25(OH)D, calcium and albumin levels were measured from the serum samples taken from the children. Dft, dfs and plaque scores were calculated after the oral examination of the children. Parents were asked to fill out a questionnaire assessing the child's dietary habits and family demographics.ResultsTotal of 175 children (56% male) participating in the study (n = 98; ECC, n = 77; caries-free). S-ECC was present in 42.8% of children with adequate 25(OH)D levels and 63.4% of children with deficient or insufficient levels. Children with S-ECC had significantly lower mean 25(OH)D levels than those caries-free. A very weak negative correlation was detected between 25(OH)D level and dft score.ConclusionsIt was difficult to confirm the relationship between 25(OH)D levels and S-ECC. Again, there was a weak correlation between the dft score and 25(OH)D levels.     

儿童唾液富组蛋白含量与患龋状况的分析

目的:分析富组蛋白含量与患龋状况间的关系,为唾液蛋白的研究及龋病病因的探讨提供基础资料。方法:随机抽取42名3~5岁儿童,按患龋状况分为2组:龋病高危组23例(dft≥5且CSI≥10),无龋组19例(dft=0,CSI=0)。用高效液相色谱仪分离测定儿童刺激性、非刺激性全唾液中3种主要富组蛋白(histadine-rich proteins,HRPs)HRP-1、HRP-3、HRP-5的含量,计算总HRPs含量,并分析唾液中HRP-1、HRP-3、HRP-5、总HRPs的浓度与机体患龋状况的关系。结果:①非刺激性全唾液中HRP-1、HRP-3、HRP-5的含量及总HRPs含量分别是(8.56±3.42)、(13.91±6.59)、(7.35±3.23)、(29.65±8.69)μg/ml,刺激性全唾液中HRP-1、HRP-3、HRP-5和总HRPs含量分别为(10.85±3.71)、(15.92±5.94)、(7.68±3.28)、(34.69±9.41)μg/ml。刺激性全唾液中HRP-1、HRP-3和总HRPs含量高于非刺激性全唾液,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②不同性别间全唾液中HRP-1、HRP-3、HRP-5及总HRPs含量之差异无统计学意义。③龋病高危组和无龋组刺激性全唾液HRPs含量差别无统计学意义,而非刺激性全唾液总HRPs的含量在龋病高危组和无龋组之间的差别有统计学意义(P<0.05),但与患龋状况无相关关系。结论:①刺激性全唾液中HRPs的含量高于非刺激性全唾液中的含量。②龋病高危组非刺激性全唾液之HRPs含量明显低于无龋组,但与机体的患龋程度无密切相关关系。     

Examining the association between parenting stress and the development of early childhood caries

OBJECTIVES: Numerous studies have explored the effects of pediatric health on parenting stress, but very little work has been carried out to explore the opposite and equally as compelling relationship of how parenting stress might affect child health, especially as it relates to oral health. This study examined the association between parenting stress and early childhood caries (ECC) in 97, 4- to 5-year-old Australian children attending preschools in the North Brisbane Health Region, Australia. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional study design, clinical examinations were conducted to evaluate the caries status of each child. Two caregiver questionnaires were completed -- one soliciting demographic and oral health behavior information, and the other, information on parenting stress. RESULTS: This study demonstrated a significant bivariate association between parenting stress and ECC experience as measured by dmft; however, the association did not persist in the two-part forward-selection logistic and linear regression models. A negative association between social desirability (defensive responding) and extent of caries was also determined. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest the need to conduct longitudinal studies to give proper consideration to the temporal aspect of caries development and clarify the results obtained by on the relationship between parenting stress and oral health. Further study is also warranted to more clearly elucidate the association between social desirability (defensive responding) in parents and their children's ECC experience.     

Quantification and gene expression of Lactobacillus casei group species associated with dentinal lesions in early childhood caries

BackgroundConsidering that the Lactobacillus casei group is strongly associated with caries progression, the use of lactobacilli as probiotics must be balanced due to their possible involvement in dental caries.ObjectiveThis study aimed to detect and quantify L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus, and L. casei group species in the active and arrested dentinal lesions of preschoolers. It also aimed to determine the expression profiles of lactobacilli genes related to adhesion, extracellular polymeric substance regulation, and pyruvate oxidation.MethodsTotal ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from dentinal lesion samples (25 active, 13 arrested) of children between 2 and 5 years of age. The samples were converted to complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses were performed to quantify and determine the relative abundance (measured by percentage of total bacteria) of L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus, and L. casei group species. The expression profiles of L. paracasei/casei genes (spaC and spxB) and L. rhamnosus genes (spaE and wzb) were assessed. The Student t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used for comparisons.ResultsThe L. casei group species were found to be part of the viable microbial community in dentinal caries. L. paracasei (p = 0.001), L. rhamnosus (p = 0.022), and L. casei (p = 0.004) group species were abundant in the active dentinal lesions compared to the arrested dentinal lesions. Only the wzb gene (p = 0.006) exhibited a statistically significant difference between the active and arrested lesions in terms of its expression profile; it was expressed to a higher extent in the active dentinal lesions.ConclusionsThe L. casei group species presented in large numbers in the active dentinal caries lesions, indicating that these microorganisms are related to caries activity, and the wzb gene may play an important role in caries progression.     

牙菌斑液对牙釉质矿物的饱和程度与龋活动性的关系

为了解菌斑液对牙齿矿物饱和度随糖漱口的变化，以及与龋活动性的关系，作者选择２２例年龄相同的大学生，按龋齿情况，将其分为３组。第１组无龋（无龋组），第２组ＤＭＦＳ大于１０但无活动性龋（普通龋组），第３组ＤＭＦＳ大于１０且有活动性龋（活动性龋组），测定各受试者在静止时、用蔗糖液漱口后３ｍｉｎ和７ｍｉｎ时的菌斑液中有机酸、ｐＨ值、钙离子活度（有效离子浓度）和无机成分的含量，并计算对于釉质矿物的饱和度。结果表明，糖漱口之后菌斑液乳酸浓度升高、ｐＨ值降低、总钙和离子钙浓度增加。活动性龋组的菌斑液在糖漱口后ｐＨ值和饱和度降低的幅度明显大于无龋组和普通龋组。结论：牙菌斑液对牙齿矿物的饱和度是指示个体接受致龋食物后牙齿脱矿倾向的敏感指标。     

Free radicals related effects and antioxidants in saliva and serum of adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current study was to analyze both serum and salivary composition and oxidative stress markers in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. DESIGN: Twenty consenting patients with DM but otherwise healthy patients aged 13-19 years and 12 healthy controls, matching in age and gender (Group 1), participated in the study. The patients were divided according to those who had controlled diabetes mellitus (Group 2) or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (Group 3). All were analyzed for saliva composition and antioxidants. Saliva was also analyzed for its levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and amylase activity, total IgA and total IgG concentrations and potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and calcium electrolyte concentrations. RESULTS: A significant correlation was found between the severity of the DM/HbA1c values and the increase in both salivary and/or serum antioxidants (peroxidase, SOD and TAS), and the various TCL parameters (H1, H3, pre-incubation and oxygenation-potential). CONCLUSIONS: The two most important findings of the current study relate to the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes mellitus and to the involvement of salivary glands in the disease. The profound effects of DM on salivary antioxidant parameters may be also of great importance in respect to the diagnosis and evaluation of the disease. The correlation between altered salivary parameters and the severity of the disease may indicate that evaluation of the salivary status of DM patients as part of the assessment of their disease activity and severity is warranted.     

乳酸杆菌在儿童龋病中作用的研究进展

乳酸杆菌（LB）是一种产酸、耐酸性细菌,能高效代谢糖类产酸,使牙体组织脱矿,LB是龋病的主要致病菌,在龋病的发病中起到至关重要的作用,与龋病的发展密切相关,而儿童龋病又有其特点。本文对国内外儿童（年龄<12岁）龋病的流行病学、龋病的菌群分布、致病LB基因型及其与其他致病菌的相互作用在龋病发病中的作用等方面的研究进展作一综述。     

精氨酸牙膏对成都农村儿童龋病预防效果的研究

目的：研究精氨酸牙膏对成都农村儿童龋病的预防效果,以探索更好的龋病早期干预措施。方法随机抽取成都农村地区小学,按纳入和排除标准完成受试者筛选,将所有受试者随机分为2组,试验组使用含1.5%精氨酸及1450 ppm F-的牙膏,对照组使用含1450 ppm F-的牙膏,对2组受试者进行口腔龋病的全面检查并记录。检查结果均通过epidata软件进行数据录入,使用SPSS 13.0统计软件分析数据。结果1年后,试验组患龋率及龋均明显低于对照组。试验组乳牙新增龋失补牙数（t=1.58,P=0.001）、新增龋失补牙面数（t=1.16,P=0.001）低于对照组,恒牙新增龋失补牙数（t=1.02,P=0.005）、恒牙新增龋失补牙面数（t=1.03,P=0.002）均低于对照组,且差异具有统计学意义。结论含1.5%精氨酸及1450 ppm F-的牙膏较含1450 ppm F-的牙膏对儿童龋病预防效果更显著。     

Prevalence of dental fear and its relationship with primary dental caries in 7-year-old-children

BackgroundChild's dental fear has been reported as one of the reasons that increase, aggravate dental diseases and facilitate other oral diseases. This study is aimed to describe the type and prevalence of dental fear and to assess the relationship between cavities of primary teeth and dental fear in 7-year-old children at Phulam Primary School, Hanoi.MethodsThe sample comprised of 132 children aged 7 years. The questionnaire examined the profile of participants and assessed their dental fear using the Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS). Children have “dental fear” when the total CFSS-DS score is greater than or equal to 38. By contrast, those without dental fear gain the total point which is less than 38. After completing the questionnaire, a dental examination was undertaken according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS).ResultsThe prevalence of dental fear was 34.85%. Fear scores were highest for “Dentist drilling” (2.92 ± 1.47) and “Injections” (2.87 ± 1.53). In the univariate analysis, the odds of girls having dental fear were approximately equal to boys (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = ?0.75-0.70). The odds of only children having dental fear were 1.6 times higher than others, but there were not significant. Dental fear was found to be no associated to sex, birth order and primary dental caries (p > 0.05).ConclusionOur findings demonstrated the status of 7-year-old children's dental fear at Phulam primary school, and found that primary dental caries had no correlation with child dental fear score.     

龋蚀活跃性试验与龋蚀及牙龈状态的研究分析

目的 :研究龋蚀活跃度与龋蚀现状及龋蚀进展速度的关系 ,以及其与牙龈状态的关系。方法 :对 418名中学生从初中一年级起连续 2年进行龋蚀状态、牙龈状态的追踪检查 ,并在初中三年级时记录其龋蚀活跃度。结果 :各牙位龋均在 2年内均呈现上升趋势 ,其中上、下第一恒磨牙龋均明显高于其它牙位 ;龋蚀活跃度与龋均有极明显相关关系 ;龋蚀活跃度与 2年龋均增加值亦有极明显正相关关系 (P≤ 0 .0 5 ) ;龋蚀活跃度与菌斑指数、牙龈指数间无相关关系 ;龋均与菌斑指数、牙龈指数间无相关关系 ;菌斑指数与牙龈指数间有极明显相关关系。结论 :高龋蚀活跃度者龋蚀发生率高 ,龋蚀进展速度快 ,以该指标显示龋蚀现状并预测龋蚀进展的危险性是可靠的     

婴幼儿龋病相关因素的初步研究

目的 :了解我国婴幼儿龋病发病的相关因素。方法 :对沈阳市 1860名 8～ 3 6个月的儿童进行患龋情况检查。随机抽取婴幼儿龋组和无龋组各 12 0对母子进行问卷调查及口腔卫生检查。结果 :母亲的文化水平、DMFT及菌斑产酸能力对婴幼儿龋病有影响 (P <0 .0 1) ;婴幼儿期喂养方式与婴幼儿龋病无明显关系 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;断奶时间、含奶瓶或乳头睡觉习惯、甜食习惯与婴幼儿龋病的发生有关系 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;婴幼儿口腔卫生与婴幼儿龋病的发生有关系 (P <0 .0 0 1)。结论 :为了预防婴幼儿龋病应提高母亲素质、宣传正确的饮食方式及注意婴幼儿口腔卫生。     

Metabolic control and periodontal treatment decreases elevated oxidative stress in the early phases of type 1 diabetes onset

ObjectiveRecently, increasing concern has been focused on the contribution of oxidative stress in the pathology of periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus. Firstly, the present study aimed to analyze gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), salivary, and serum oxidative status in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) at diagnosis and systemically healthy children with and without gingivitis. Additionally, the diabetic patients were reevaluated after diabetes and periodontal treatment.DesignThe study groups were composed of 32 T1DM patients at diagnosis, and age- and gender-matched thirty-six systemically healthy children with (G) and without (H) gingivitis. The diabetic patients who took insulin therapy (1.5 units/kg/day totally) and periodontal treatment (oral hygiene education with professional scaling) were reevaluated after 3 months. The levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were recorded.ResultsGCF, salivary, and serum OSI were elevated in group T1DM compared to the other groups at baseline (p < 0.05), and decreased in group T1DM at reevaluation compared to baseline (p < 0.05). GCF OSI was positively correlated with periodontal clinical parameters (p < 0.05). Glycated hemoglobin was positively correlated with GCF TOS (r = 0.302, p = 0.007), GCF OSI (r = 0.346, p = 0.002), salivary TOS (r = 0.326, p = 0.046), and serum TOS (r = 0.239, p = 0.044).ConclusionThe instability in the oxidative status that accompanies diabetes may be considered a significant pathogenic factor of diabetes-related periodontal inflammation.     

南京市低龄儿童龋风险的影响因素研究

目的 分析低龄儿童龋风险的影响因素,完善低龄儿童龋风险评估模型,以便辅助诊断低龄儿童龋,提供有效的预防及治疗建议。方法 收集来自南京医科大学附属口腔医院儿童牙病预防科临床就诊患者的基线资料,使用CPI探针检查全口牙齿状况,对儿童家长进行问卷调查。所有儿童采集静脉血5 mL。采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归进行相关因素分析。结果 本研究纳入199例龋高风险儿童,多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,血液中总蛋白比值比（Odds ratio,OR）=1.092,95%可信区间（Confidence interval,CI)：1.034~1.155、血清钾（OR=2.175,95%CI：1.056~4.48）、二氧化碳（OR=1.32,95%CI：1.194~1.459）及磷酸肌酸激酶水平（OR=1.007,95%CI：1.001~1.014）与低龄儿童龋风险相关。结论 龋高风险儿童血检生化指标中总蛋白、血清钾、二氧化碳及磷酸肌酸激酶水平均高于无龋儿童,提示这些指标均可能是低龄儿童龋风险的影响因素。     

Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity in saliva of periodontitis patients: effect of smoking and periodontal treatment

The aim of this study was to measure lipid peroxidation (as an end product of oxidative stress) and corresponding antioxidant activity in patients with periodontitis and assess the influence of smoking and periodontal treatment on these parameters. Thirty healthy subjects (including 15 smokers) were compared to periodontitis patients (n = 30, including 15 smokers). Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and the total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) were recorded in saliva. The lowest level of lipid peroxidation (MDA) was measured in saliva in the non-smoking periodontally healthy subjects (0.065 ± 0.05 μmol/l). MDA levels were significantly higher in periodontitis patients who smoked (0.123 ± 0.08 μmol/l) compared to non-smoking controls (0.065 ± 0.05 μmol/l; p < 0.05). The periodontally healthy subjects demonstrated significantly lower levels of GSHPx (antioxidative parameter) than the periodontitis group (p < 0.05). The TAOC flow rate (delivered antioxidant components within saliva) was significantly lower in patients with periodontitis (0.34 ± 0.26 μmol/ml) in comparison to the controls (0.62 ± 0.24 μmol/ml; p < 0.05). Patients with periodontitis demonstrate more lipid peroxidation than healthy subjects, and this effect is enhanced by smoking. Imbalance between oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity may play a role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Non-surgical periodontal treatment leads to a reduction of MDA and GSHPx to levels comparable to healthy controls.     

东北地区5岁儿童乳牙患龋状况及影响因素的抽样调查分析

目的:研究东北地区5岁儿童乳牙龋病患病情况,探讨影响龋患的因素。方法:采用多阶段分层等容量随机抽样方法,对东北三省2353例5岁儿童进行患龋情况调查,并随机抽取1191例儿童家长问卷。应用SPSS12.0软件包对影响乳牙龋的相关因素进行χ2检验及Logistic回归分析。结果:东北地区5岁儿童乳牙患龋率为75.82%,高于全国的平均水平。吉林省儿童患龋率最高,黑龙江与辽宁省较低,后两者无显著性差异(P>0.05)。农村患龋高于城市。父(母)的文化程度(P<0.001)和孩子睡前进食甜点(P=0.006)对乳牙龋有显著影响。结论:加强对东北地区儿童家长的口腔健康教育和口腔卫生指导,控制儿童睡前甜食和饮料摄入,是防止乳牙龋发生的有效途径。