直肠充气MSCT检查对直肠癌术前分期的诊断价值

目的 探讨直肠内充气MSCT检查在直肠癌术前肠系膜浸润及淋巴结转移分期中的临床诊断价值.方法 选择2010年1月至2010年7月期间辽宁医学院附属第一医院68例经手术病理证实的直肠癌患者,术前行直肠内充气MSCT检查,以术后病理结果作为金标准,比较直肠内充气MSCT在诊断肠系膜浸润及淋巴结转移方面的准确性、敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值.结果 直肠内充气MSCT扫描患者的直肠及乙状结肠充分扩张,直肠周围脂肪间隙与相对较高密度的肠壁及极低密度肠腔对比清晰.直肠内充气MSCT对直肠癌肠系膜浸润Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ度的准确性分别为92.6(63/68)、91.1%(62/68)及95.6%(65/68),敏感度分别为91.2%(31/34)、85.0%(17/20)及92.9%(13/14),特异度分别为94.1%(32/34)、93.8%(45/48)及96.3%(52/54),阳性预测值分别为93.9%(31/33)、85.0%(17/20)及86.7%(13/15),阴性预测值分别为91.4%(32/35)、93.8%(45/48)及98.1%(52/53);直肠癌肠系膜淋巴结转移N0、N1、N2分期的准确性分别为92.6%(63/68)、85.3%(58/68)及92.6%(63/68),敏感度分别为86.2%(25/29)、90.0%(27/30)及66.7%(6/9),特异度分别为97.4%(38/39)、81.6%(31/38)及96.6%(57/59),阳性预测值分别为96.2%(25/26)、79.4%(27/34)及75.0%(6/8),阴性预测值分别为90.5%(38/42)、92.1%(35/38)及95.0%(57/60).结论 直肠内充气MSCT扫描能够清晰显示直肠癌直肠系膜浸润深度,对肠系膜淋巴结转移术前N分期诊断与病理N分期具有较高的敏感度和特异度,在直肠癌术前分期中有重要的应用价值,可作为术前影像学评估的常规手段,为制定个体化的治疗方案提供指导.     

螺旋CT评估直肠系膜侵润程度及环周切缘状态与直肠癌预后的关系

目的利用术前螺旋CT检查研究直肠癌直肠系膜侵润程度及环周切缘(CRM)状态与患者预后的关系。方法选取恩施州中心医院2010年2月至2014年2月120例被确诊为直肠癌的患者,对拟行手术治疗的患者行术前螺旋CT检查,术后随访直肠系膜侵润程度与CRM状态,Kaplan-Meier曲线计算生存率,Pearson相关检验与患者预后关系。结果 120例直肠系膜侵润程度Ⅰ度、Ⅱ度、Ⅲ度的患者各51、32、37例,其中局部复发率分别为3.9%、6.2%、45.9%,远处转移发生率分别为13.7%、28.1%、59.5%,3年生存率分别为86.3%、65.6%、32.4%。120例患者CRM状态呈阳性21例,阴性99例,阳性患者的局部复发率、远处转移发生率、死亡率均高于阴性患者(38.1%vs 13.1%,χ2=6.358,P=0.016;66.7%vs 24.2%,χ~2=11.236,P=0.001;76.2%vs 27.3%,χ~2=16.359,P=0.000)。生存曲线及相关性分析显示直肠系膜侵润程度越低,患者3年生存率越高(P=0.012),直肠系膜侵润程度与术后生存时间呈负相关(r=-0.52);CRM状态为阴性患者死亡率明显低于阳性患者(P=0.005),CRM状态与术后生存时间呈负相关(r=-0.71);Cox回归模型显示是否远处转移、直肠系膜侵润程度、CRM状态3个因素是影响患者生存的独立预后影响因素。结论直肠系膜侵润程度、环周切缘状态与患者生存时间呈负相关,直肠系膜侵润程度、环周切缘状态、是否远处转移是影响直肠癌患者预后重要因素,直肠癌患者术前CT检查值得临床关注。     

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目的探讨中下段直肠癌根治性切除术后局部复发的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2001年12月至2003年7月广东省人民医院收治的行直肠系膜全切除的中下段直肠癌56例临床资料,采用病理大切片技术检测直肠系膜转移及环周切缘情况,分析其与局部复发的相关性,同时分析局部复发与临床病理特征的关系。结果中下段直肠癌根治性切除术后局部复发率为12.5%(7/56)。局部复发与肿瘤家族史(P=0.047)、血CEA水平(P=0.026)、癌性穿孔(P=0.004)、肿瘤分化程度(P=0.009)及脉管侵袭(P=0.001)密切相关。中下段直肠癌直肠系膜环周切缘阳性率为21.4%(12/56);环周切缘阳性的中下段直肠癌局部复发率为33.3%(4/12),明显高于环周切缘阴性的6.8%(3/44),两组差异有统计学意义(P=0.014)。中下段直肠癌直肠系膜转移率为64.3%(36/56);系膜转移阳性的中下段直肠癌局部复发率为16.7%(6/36),高于系膜转移阴性的5.0%(1/20),但两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.206)。结论肿瘤家族史、血CEA水平、癌性穿孔、肿瘤分化程度、脉管侵袭和环周切缘是中下段直肠癌根治性切除术后局部复发的重要因素。     

中低位直肠癌环周切缘状态与预后的关系研究

目的 探讨中低位直肠癌环周切缘状态与预后的关系,并分析与临床病理特征的关系.方法 采用大组织切片技术,对49例行全直肠系膜切除术的中低位直肠癌标本环周切缘状态进行检查.采用Kaplan-Meier法分析术后局部复发率、远处转移率和5年生存率与环周切缘的关系,并对临床病理特征进行单因素分析. 结果 中低位直肠癌环周切缘阳性率为24%(12/49),术后局部复发率为12%(6/49),远处转移率为27%(13/49).环周切缘阳性的中低位直肠癌局部复发率为33%(4/12),明显高于环周切缘阴性的5%(2/37)(X2=6.577,P=0.010);环周切缘阳性的远处转移率为50%(6/12),切缘阴性者为19%(7/37)(X2=4.491,P=0.034);环周切缘阳性的5年生存率为33%,明显低于环周切缘阴性的78%,Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,环周切缘与生存时间密切相关(log-rank,P=0.009).环周切缘状态与肿瘤直径(X2=4.451,P=0.035)、T分期(X2=20.283,P=0.000)、N分期(X2=7.773,P=0.018)、肿瘤距齿状线距离(X2=6.502,P=0.04)、肿瘤位置(X2=4.421,P=0.035)及手术方式(X2=5.754,P=0.016)有关.结论 环周切缘状态是影响中低位直肠癌预后的重要因素,中低位直肠癌环周切缘状态与肿瘤直径、T分期、N分期、肿瘤距齿状线距离、肿瘤位置及手术方式存在相关.     

中下段直肠癌系膜环周切缘的临床研究

目的探讨中下段直肠癌系膜环周切缘与直肠癌预后的相关性,分析环周切缘与临床病理特征的关系。方法采用病理大切片技术,前瞻性研究56例中下段直肠癌直肠系膜环周切缘侵犯情况。结果中下段直肠癌根治性切除术后局部复发率为13%（7/56）,远处复发率为25% （14/56）;中下段直肠癌直肠系膜环周切缘阳性率为21%（12/56）;环周切缘阳性的中下段直肠癌局部复发率为33%（4/12）,明显高于环周切缘阴性的7%（3/44）（χ^2=6.061,P=0.014）;前者远处复发率为50%（6/12）,后者为18%（8/44）（χ^2=5.091,P=0.024）。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,环周切缘与生存时间密切相关（log-rank,P=0.011）;环周切缘阳性的中下段直肠癌患者3年生存率为41.7%,明显低于环周切缘阴性者的70.4%。T3直肠癌环周切缘阳性率为37%（10/27）,明显高于T1和T2的0/6和9%（2/23）（χ^2=7.758,P=0.021）。肿瘤直径≥5 cm直肠癌环周切缘阳性率为39%（7/18）,明显高于肿瘤直径〈5 cm的13%（5/38）（χ^2=4.803,P=0.028）。结论环周切缘侵犯与浸润深度和肿瘤直径密切相关,是影响中下段直肠癌预后的重要因素。     

直肠癌根治术后局部复发的因素和预防要点

直肠癌根治术后局部复发已引起临床广泛关注并成为研究难点.影响直肠癌术后局部复发因素较多,但主要有肿瘤远切缘、环周切缘肿瘤浸润程度、直肠系膜切除范围,肿瘤组织分化程度,临床肿瘤TNM分期,手术方式选择等.重视手术操作规范,合理选择手术方式,术中确保远近切缘及环周切缘阴性,坚持全直肠系膜切除(TME)原则,给予新辅助放化疗...     

低位直肠癌直肠系膜淋巴结转移规律的临床探讨

目的探讨低位直肠癌直肠系膜淋巴结转移与临床病理特点的关系。方法对62例行直肠系膜全切除（total mesorectal excision,TME）的低位直肠癌采用大组织切片技术检测直肠系膜淋巴结转移情况,分析其转移规律。结果低位直肠癌系膜转移率为72.6%（45/62）（其中系膜淋巴结阳性29例,系膜癌巢阳性16例）。①不同临床病理类型的系膜转移率为：肿瘤直径≥5 cm者为90.5%（19/21）,明显高于肿瘤直径〈5 cm的63.4%（26/41）（P〈0.05）。②T1、T2和T3期者分别为22.2%（2/9）、68.0%（17/25）和92.9%（26/28）,组内两两比较具有显著性差异（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。③高、中、低分化者为14.3%（1/7）7、9.5%（31/39）和81.3%（13/16）,高分化者明显低于中、低分化者（P〈0.05）。④Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期者分别为11.1%（1/9）、63.6%（14/22）和96.8%（30/31）,Ⅰ期者明显低于Ⅱ、Ⅲ期者（P〈0.05）。⑤环周切缘阳性者为93.3%（14/15）,明显高于环周切缘阴性者66.0%（31/47）（P〈0.05）。直肠系膜转移率与患者性别、年龄、肿瘤侵袭肠壁周径、Ming分型无关（P〉0.05）。结论低位直肠癌直肠系膜淋巴结转移与肿瘤直径、浸润深度、分化程度和肿瘤分期密切相关;环周切缘阳性者,其直肠系膜淋巴结转移的可能性越高。因此,低位直肠癌应遵循彻底TME原则。     

直肠癌系膜环周切缘癌浸润规律研究

目的 研究直肠癌直肠系膜环周切缘(circumferential resection margin,CRM)状况及其预后价值.方法 采用大组织切片,对62例全直肠系膜切除(total mesorectal excision,TME)手术标本进行研究,并对62例患者随访4～60个月.对环周切缘癌浸润(circumferential resection margin involvement,CRMI)的影响因素采用Logistic回归分析,对术后复发情况、累积生存率采用KaplanMeier分析及Log rank检验.结果 12例标本存在CRMI,4例标本观察到直肠系膜阳性切缘;CRMI与直肠癌分化程度[P=0.015,Exp(B)=0.131]、淋巴结转移状况[P=0.013,Exp(B)=7.488]相关,与肿瘤位置无关(P=0.246);CRMI病例术后局部复发率、总体复发率均高于环周切缘无癌病例(P值分别为0.002,0.000),其无病生存率、总体生存率均低于环周切缘无癌病例(P值分别为0.000,0.003).结论 CRM应该作为直肠癌术后病理学检查的常规指标,CRMI多提示进展期、高度恶性肿瘤,按照TME原则手术可望减少CRMI发生率,CRMI病例预后较差.     

直肠癌直肠系膜播散的临床病理观察

目的探讨直肠癌根治术直肠系膜的合理切除范围。方法采用连续病理切片方法观察40例直肠癌的手术标本。结果40例直肠癌中发现直肠系膜有癌播散6例(15%),播散方式有肿瘤直接浸润、在系膜中形成孤立癌灶、血管和(或)淋巴管的转移。播散范围均在肿瘤下缘4cm之内。直肠癌直肠系膜播散与肿瘤分型、分化程度、肠壁浸润深度相关,与肿瘤大小及癌胚抗原(CEA)水平无相关。结论直肠癌根治术中直肠系膜的远端切缘应超过肿瘤下缘4cm。     

直肠癌大组织切片系膜九分区法病理学研究

目的　探索直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术 (TME)的必要性和选择性全直肠系膜切除术(STME)的最佳切除范围。方法　以 31例直肠癌TME手术标本为对象 ,纵向由远及近以 5mm的间距连续取材 ,常规固定包埋 ,大组织切片机以 2 .5cm的间隔连续切片 ,HE染色 ,光学显微镜观察结果。将直肠系膜等分为内、中、外三个带 ,每带按左、右、后三个方向分为三个区 ,直肠癌在直肠系膜内的转移灶分别定位于上述九个区。结果　直肠系膜外带内癌转移 1 4例 (4 5 .2 % ) ,全部为低位直肠癌 ;远端直肠系膜 (DMR)内癌转移 2例 (6 .5 % ) ,均在原发灶下缘以远 3.0cm以内 ;环周切缘癌浸润 2例 (6 .5 % )。结论　低位直肠癌根治手术时 ,完整地切除直肠系膜非常必要 ;远端直肠系膜的切除应达到肿瘤下缘以远 4cm。     

直肠癌根治术后局部复发的因素和预防要点

直肠癌根治术后局部复发已引起临床广泛关注并成为研究难点。影响直肠癌术后局部复发因素较多,但主要有肿瘤远切缘、环周切缘肿瘤浸润程度、直肠系膜切除范围,肿瘤组织分化程度,临床肿瘤TNM分期,手术方式选择等。重视手术操作规范,合理选择手术方式,术中确保远近切缘及环周切缘阴性,坚持全直肠系膜切除（TME）原则,给予新辅助放化疗等综合治疗是预防直肠癌术后复发的关键。     

中下段直肠癌远端壁内浸润和系膜转移的研究

目的 探讨中下段直肠癌远端壁内浸润和系膜转移的频率、类型,确定合适的远端切除长度.方法 对中山大学肿瘤医院2004年8月至2005年12月中下段直肠癌标本34例和山东省立医院2006年10月至2007年10月中下段直肠癌标本28例做病理学检查.用Logistic回归分析筛选与中下段直肠癌发生远端壁内浸润和系膜转移的临床病理因素.结果 直肠癌远端肠壁浸润形式为:黏膜下或肌肉间浸润,发生率为16%(10/62),浸润距离为0.5～1.0 cm.直肠癌远端系膜转移形式为:淋巴结转移、脉管转移、围神经转移、孤立癌灶,转移率为19%(12/62),浸润距离为0.5-4.0cm.Logistic单因素分析:血癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)水平、淋巴结转移、环周切缘癌浸润和Dukes分期与中下段直肠癌远端肠壁浸润和系膜转移有关.多因素分析:Dukes分期是独立影响因素.结论 Dukes分期是影响中下段直肠癌远端壁内浸润和系膜转移的独立因素(Wald=8.386,P=0.004).直肠癌手术切除远端肠管的长度最少为1.5 cm,但必须保证切除远端系膜的长度＞5.0 cm.     

Factors Influencing Pathologic Results after Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer: Analysis of Consecutive 100 Cases

Background The aim of this study was to analyze clinical and anatomical factors affecting the pathologic quality of the resected specimen after total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer. Methods A total of 100 patients who underwent TME for mid or low rectal cancer were evaluated prospectively. MRI pelvimetry data (transverse diameter, obstetric conjugate, interspinous distance, sacrum length, and sacrum depth) were analyzed as anatomically affecting factors to postoperative specimen quality. Sex, body mass index (BMI), type of surgery, tumor size, and tumor distance from the anal verge were analyzed as clinically affecting factors. The gross judgment of resected specimen, circumferential resection margin and the number of harvested lymph nodes were used to access postoperative specimen quality. Results The univariate and multivariate analysis showed that narrow obstetric conjugate and shorter interspinous distance were related to the inadequate quality of the mesorectum in the specimen (P = 0.022, P = 0.030). Interspinous distance was a predicting factor of a positive circumferential resection margin (P = 0.007). There were no clinical factors affecting the inadequate quality of the mesorectum or positive circumferential resection margin. Moreover, there were no clinico-anatomical factors affecting the number of harvested lymph nodes after TME. Conclusion Narrow obstetric conjugate and shorter interspinous distance were factors leading to poor postoperative specimen quality. Rectal cancer patients with narrow obstetric conjugate or shorter interspinous distance should be considered as high-risk patients with regard to specimen quality, which is in turn related to oncological outcome.     

Prediction of lateral pelvic node involvement in low rectal cancer by conventional computed tomography

BACKGROUND: The clinical significance of lateral pelvic lymphatic spread in rectal cancer remains unknown. The present study aimed to assess the accuracy of preoperative computed tomography (CT) for prediction of lateral node involvement in patients with low rectal cancer and to determine the prognostic significance of extended lateral node dissection. METHODS: A total of 109 patients with primary low rectal cancer were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. The preoperative CT findings were compared with the histopathological results and with follow-up data. RESULTS: CT diagnosed lateral lymph node status with high accuracy (sensitivity 95 per cent, specificity 94 per cent), in marked contrast to mesorectal node status. Of 68 patients who had R0 resection without lateral node dissection, only two developed pelvic wall recurrence during median follow-up of 4.1 years. Metastatic nodes in the lateral pelvic region were significantly larger than those in the mesorectum (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: CT accurately predicted lateral lymph node status in low rectal cancer, allowing preoperative identification of patients who might benefit from extended lateral node dissection.     

Can Rectal Cancers With Pathologic T0 After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation (ypT0) Be Treated by Transanal Excision Alone?

Background Patients with rectal cancer who have complete rectal wall tumor regression after neoadjuvant chemoradiation probably have eradication of tumor cells in the mesorectum as well, thus raising the possibility of transanal excision. Methods All pathology reports of all patients with locally advanced low and mid rectal cancer who underwent preoperative chemoradiation followed by radical resection from May 2000 to June 2004 were reviewed to evaluate the correlation between complete tumor response (ypT0) and nodal response. Results One hundred one consecutive patients had neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by definitive operation. Four were excluded, leaving 64 men and 33 women (median age, 62 years). Fifty-three patients (55%) had mid rectal cancer, and 44 (45%) had low rectal cancer. Fifty-eight patients (60%) underwent low anterior resection, and 36 (37%) underwent abdominoperineal resection. In 17 patients (18%), no residual tumor cells were present within the rectal wall. One patient (6%) with ypT0 disease had positive lymph nodes. Conclusions No residual tumor in the rectal wall correlates with the absence of viable cancer cells in the mesorectal tissue (94%). Approximately 10% of T1 tumors have involved lymph nodes, and local excision is an accepted option. Transanal excision could probably be considered in a highly selected group of patients with a mural pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant therapy. This approach should be prospectively investigated, and strict selection guidelines should be used.     

Total mesorectal excision of initially unresectable locally advanced rectal cancer infiltrating the pelvic wall after treatment with FOLFOX4 plus bevacizumab and preoperative chemoradiation: report of a case

A 60-year-old man underwent sigmoid loop colostomy for obstructive rectal cancer. Computed tomography (CT) showed a circumferential thickening of the lower rectal wall caused by a tumor invading the posterior and side pelvic wall. As we considered R0 resection too difficult, we gave the patient bevacizumab plus FOLFOX4 (oxaliplatin, leucovorin, and 5-fluorouracil). After eight courses, CT showed improvement in the rectal wall thickening but linear thickening of the mesorectal fascia remained. We therefore gave the patient chemoradiotherapy (CRT), and then 10 weeks later performed Hartmann's operation laparoscopically. Microscopic examination revealed that the tumor had been almost replaced by fibrous tissue, with only a few cancer cells left in the subserosa. The circumferential resection margin was free of cancer cells. The patient is doing well after 27 months of follow-up. This case suggests that systemic chemotherapy with FOLFOX4 plus bevacizumab prior to conventional preoperative CRT is a promising strategy for patients with initially unresectable locally advanced rectal cancer.     

Perihepatic lymph node assessment in patients undergoing partial hepatectomy for malignancy

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of preoperative imaging studies and the intraoperative assessment of perihepatic lymph nodes in patients undergoing partial hepatectomy for malignancy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Perihepatic lymph node status is an important prognostic factor for patients undergoing hepatic resection for 1(o) and metastatic cancer. The value of preoperative imaging studies and intraoperative assessment of perihepatic nodes is unknown. METHODS: Perihepatic lymph nodes were sampled in 100 patients undergoing resection for 1(o) and metastatic hepatic malignancy. At the time of sampling, participating surgeons assigned a clinical suspicion score (scale, 1-5: 1 = clinically negative, 5 = clinically positive). Preoperative CT scans and PET scans were reviewed in a blinded fashion by 2 radiologists. Clinical assessment, CT, and PET scan results were analyzed in the context of the pathologic status of the lymph nodes. RESULTS: A mean of 3.2 +/- 0.2 nodes were sampled per patient. Fifteen patients had metastatic disease in perihepatic lymph nodes; 13 had suggestive findings on preoperative CT or PET, and 2 were clinically positive at exploration. Clinical assessment had a high negative predictive value (NPV) = 99% but a low positive predictive value (PPV) = 39%. Similarly, CT scans had a high NPV = 95% and a low PPV = 30%. PET scans had a NPV = 88% and a PPV of 100%. Of the 48 patients with both negative preoperative CT and PET scans, only 1 (2.1%) had metastatic nodal disease, and this was suspected based on the clinical assessment. Of the patients with negative CT and PET scans and a negative clinical assessment (n = 39), none had involved perihepatic nodes. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with 1(o) and metastatic liver cancer, the incidence of truly occult metastatic disease to perihepatic lymph nodes is low. Routine sampling of perihepatic lymph nodes will therefore have a low yield in patients without some evidence of disease on preoperative CT or PET scans or at the time of exploration.