PD-1抑制剂治疗食管癌的临床研究新进展

食管癌（esophageal cancer,EC）是常见的消化系统恶性肿瘤,主要病理类型分为鳞癌（squamous cell carcinoma,SCC）和腺癌（adenocarcinoma,AC）。EC患者的传统治疗方式包括手术、化疗和放疗。然而,系统治疗仅在部分患者中疗效较好,多数患者在初始治疗后很快复发。免疫检查点抑制剂可以通过重新激活抗肿瘤免疫反应,强化对肿瘤细胞的杀伤效应来发挥作用,从而提高临床疗效。目前,程序性细胞死亡因子-1（programmed death-1,PD-1）抑制剂已成为肿瘤治疗的重要手段之一。PD-1抑制剂在EC中的研究不断增多,尽管临床试验KEYNOTE-181和ATTRACTION-03取得了较好的治疗效果,但是仍需要提高对EC免疫状况的认识,以助于制定更为有效的免疫治疗策略,从而精准选择受益患者。      

放疗联合免疫治疗癌症的研究进展

放疗不仅是肿瘤局部治疗的重要手段,同时也对免疫功能有重要的调节作用。放疗可通过产生新抗原、调节细胞因子释放、提高肿瘤对免疫细胞杀伤作用敏感性等方式调节机体抗肿瘤免疫应答。近年来部分研究和临床实践发现,放疗联合免疫治疗在部分病例中出现“远位效应”,照射野范围外的转移性病灶有部分或完全缓解,显示放疗联合免疫治疗的良好前景;但相关机制以及放疗剂量、分割方式等因素对免疫的影响仍有待进一步研究。本文综述了放疗影响免疫的机制以及放疗联合免疫治疗的研究进展。     

Peptide drugs: a new direction in cancer immunotherapy

<正>Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach in cancer treatment and is considered a major advancement after surgical interventions, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. The clinical use of immunotherapeutic drugs, particularly antibody-based drugs that target immune checkpoints, has notably increased¹.     

非小细胞肺癌的免疫治疗策略及研究进展

非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）是一种高发病率和死亡率的恶性肿瘤。近年来以手术、放疗、化疗和靶向治疗为主的综合治疗均取得了一定进展,但晚期NSCLC患者的远期生存率仍然较低。免疫治疗主要通过特异性地增强机体的抗肿瘤免疫应答来杀伤肿瘤细胞。以免疫检查点抑制剂、抗原特异性肿瘤疫苗等为代表的多种新型免疫治疗药物在近期临床试验中显示出较好的疗效,从而使得NSCLC的治疗取得突破性进展。免疫治疗将成为NSCLC重要的治疗新模式。     

胰腺癌免疫治疗的研究进展

胰腺癌是恶性程度最高的消化系统肿瘤,免疫治疗在胰腺癌领域的研究取得较大进展。目前对免疫检查点的研究主 要集中在细胞毒T淋巴细胞抗原4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4,CTLA-4)及程序性细胞死亡分子1 (programmed death-1,PD- 1)/程序性死亡蛋白配体1 (programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)等分子的研究。已有大量疫苗应用于胰腺癌：靶向KRas、MUC-1/ CEA、WT1 (Wilms tumor-1) 、热激蛋白、多肽疫苗以及VEGFR2 等,其中取得较好效果的有全肿瘤疫苗(如algenpantucel-L)、端粒 酶多肽疫苗(GV1001)、GVAX瘤苗和WT1疫苗等。T细胞也可以控制胰腺癌的进展,大多数免疫疗法在胰腺癌的临床前期实验 中依靠改进T细胞功能来提高疗效,但未来应用于临床还有待进一步深入研究。     

小细胞肺癌免疫治疗相关生物标志物研究进展

最近30年来小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)的治疗手段无明显突破,整体预后也无显著改善.随着免疫治疗时代的开启,免疫检查点抑制剂在SCLC治疗中取得了重大进展,但整体获益仍有限.如何筛选获益人群以进一步提高免疫治疗效果是当下SCLC研究的热点问题之一.通过概述SCLC现状,聚焦SCL...     

Glypican-3: a new target for cancer immunotherapy

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a common malignant cancer worldwide. There is an urgent need to identify new molecular targets for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Herein, we review the structure, function and biology of glypican-3 (GPC3) and its role in human cancer with a focus on its potential as a therapeutic target for immunotherapy. GPC3 is a cell-surface protein that is over-expressed in HCC. Loss-of-function mutations of GPC3 cause Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS), a rare X-linked overgrowth condition. GPC3 binds Wnt and Hedgehog (Hh) signalling proteins. GPC3 is also able to bind basic growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor 2 through its heparan sulphate glycan chains. GPC3 is a promising candidate for liver cancer therapy given that it shows high expression in HCC. An anti-GPC3 monoclonal antibody has shown anti-cancer activity in mice and its humanised IgG molecule is currently undergoing clinical evaluation in patients with HCC. There is also evidence that soluble GPC3 may be a useful serum biomarker for HCC.     

多发性骨髓瘤免疫治疗研究进展

多发性骨髓瘤(MM)是浆细胞异常增生的恶性肿瘤.目前已证实通过对肿瘤细胞独特型抗原的刺激能够产生有效抗肿瘤细胞免疫作用.针对肿瘤细胞其他特异抗原和肿瘤细胞表面整体抗原的疫苗亦能在体外产生抗肿瘤作用.现综述MM免疫治疗研究进展.     

髓源性抑制细胞——肿瘤免疫治疗的新靶点

髓源性抑制细胞(Myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSCs)是在病理情况下扩增的一种髓源性抑制细胞群,其特点是能负向调节机体的抗肿瘤免疫反应从而促进肿瘤的发生和发展.通过阻断MDSCs的免疫抑制通路来提高肿瘤免疫治疗的效果,是一个颇有前景的治疗策略.     

Exosomes: a new delivery system for tumor antigens in cancer immunotherapy

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles that are released into the extracellular environment during fusion of multivesicular bodies with plasma membrane. Exosomes are secreted by various cell types including hematopoietic cells, normal epithelial cells and even some tumor cells. They are known to carry MHC class I, various costimulatory molecules and some tetraspanins. Recent studies have shown the potential of using native exosomes as immunologic stimulants. Here, we demonstrate a novel means of using exosomes engineered to express a specific tumor antigen to generate an immune response against tumors. We expressed a target tumor antigen, human MUC1 (hMUC1), in 2 MHC type-distinct mouse cell lines, CT26 and TA3HA. Analysis of exosomes purified from these cells revealed that exosomes contained the target MUC1 antigen on their surfaces as well as other well-described exosomal proteins, including Hsc70 and MHC class I molecules. In addition, both autologous and allogenic exosomes were able to stimulate the activation of immune cells and suppress hMUC1-expressing tumor growth in a MUC1-specific and dose-related manner. Therefore, these data suggest that exosomes can be engineered from tumor cell lines to deliver a target immunogen capable of inducing an effective immune response and that they may represent a new cell-free tumor vaccine.     

A new era of cancer immunotherapy: converting theory to performance

The major impact of recent scientific advances, such as the discovery of genes and gene products, has been to facilitate development of immunotherapies based on the specific stimulation of immune reactions against characterized tumor antigens.     

NK细胞在肿瘤过继性免疫治疗中的临床应用与研究进展

目的 自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞是固有免疫细胞,是机体抗肿瘤的第一道防线.NK细胞无需预先致敏即可杀伤肿瘤细胞,具有良好的安全性和抗肿瘤作用.NK细胞作为抗肿瘤过继免疫细胞治疗制剂在世界范围内广泛应用.本文总结NK细胞在肿瘤过继性免疫治疗中的临床应用与研究进展.方法 应用PubMed、Elsevier、Springer、Wiley Online Library和CNKI文献检索系统,以“NK细胞,NK细胞与肿瘤生物治疗,NK细胞与肿瘤过继性免疫治疗”为关键词,检索1964-06-2015-12的有关文献.纳入标准:1)与NK细胞生物学相关的文献;2)与NK细胞体外扩增相关的文献;3)与NK细胞过继治疗血液性肿瘤及实体瘤的Ⅰ期及Ⅱ期临床研究相关的文献;4)与未来NK细胞临床应用研究方向相关的文献.根据纳入标准分析文献81篇.结果 NK细胞对肿瘤的杀伤活性主要取决于细胞表面活化性受体和抑制性受体间的动态平衡.目前,广泛认为基于NK细胞的过继性免疫治疗是具有良好潜力的肿瘤治疗方案.能否在GMP水平体外激活、扩增获得大量的NK细胞对肿瘤的过继治疗至关重要.用于体外扩增的NK细胞的来源包括外周血、脐带血以及干细胞.用于刺激NK细胞扩增的方法也不尽相同,包括可溶性细胞因子、抗体以及其他分子等.目前,自体或同种异体NK细过继疗法在血液或实体肿瘤治疗中广泛应用,但国外更倾向于应用同种异体NK细胞过继治疗.结论 NK细胞在肿瘤的过继性免疫治疗中具有重要临床意义和应用潜力,同时也面临诸多技术难题有待突破.