三条染色体结构畸变致流产的细胞遗传学分析

本文作者对自然流产夫妇进行细胞遗传学检查时，发现女方为1号染色体臂间倒位并与8号染色体相互易位和3号染色体臂间倒位的携带者，这种涉及三条染色体结构畸变的类型十分罕见。确定其核型为；46，XX，inv(1)(p31．2 q32．1)，t(1：8)(q32．1 q22．1)．inv(3)(p25 q21)。讨论了平衡易位和倒位对携带者在减数分裂配子形成过程中的影响，以及携带者的来源问题．     

产前诊断平衡易位携带者对子代的影响

我院遗传咨询及优生门诊发现的染色体平衡易位携带者中，有7例再次妊娠时，遵医嘱作羊水细胞培养产前诊断。该病例中3例为相互易位，另4例为罗伯逊易位(RT)，并对其子女影响作分析讨论。在总计妊娠24次中，流产、死胎计13次，先天型儿5例、正常儿2例、平衡易位携带者4例。本文报道的4例罗伯进易位携带者的核型集中为t（14／21)，对照文献分析比较此型发生率较高的机理。在家系调查中，4例RT携带者均为其父系遗传而来，还发现并证实一连续三代RT携带者的家系遗传。     

46，XX，t（1；16）一例

患者　女,2 7岁,结婚3年,妊娠两次。第1次妊娠至8个月,无任何原因,B超检查胎儿死亡,行引产术。第2次妊娠至3个月自然流产。细胞遗传学检查:患者外周血染色体核型为46,XX ,t( 1;16) ( 1qter→1p3 6∷16q11→16qter ;16pter→16q11∷1p3 6→1pter)。患者丈夫核型正常,其弟妹已正常生育,家系中其他成员未做染色体检查。讨论　平衡易位是造成流产、死胎或生育染色体异常儿的主要原因。平衡易位携带者本人由于无遗传物质的丢失或增多,一般表型正常。由于其父母拒绝做染色体检查,因而不能确定其异常核型来源。46,XX,t(1;16)一例@叶峻杰!650021昆…     

石家庄地区60例染色体易位携带者的产前诊断和妊娠结局

目的探讨染色体平衡易位携带者的妊娠风险。方法统计60例易位携带者生育情况,并对孕妇进行羊水染色体分析,随访妊娠结果。结果60例为染色体易位携带者,女性41侧,男性19侧,其中平衡易位携带者40侧,罗伯逊易位18例。60例孕妇既往妊娠134例次（不包括人工流产和本次妊娠）,其中自然流产101例次（75．37％）、B超诊断胎儿畸形、死胎终止妊娠10例次（7．46％）,活产缺陷儿14例次（10．45％）,未经产前诊断出生的正常表现儿9例次（6．72％）。60次产前诊断,检出正常细胞核型19例（31．67％）,平衡易位30例（50％）,不平衡易位11例（18．33％）,染色体异常栓出率为（平衡易住和不平衡易位）68．33％。结论染色体平衡易位是造成流产、死胎、生育畸形的主要原因,男性和女性携带者的生育能力有所不同,羊水细胞染色体分析能有效预防患儿出生。     

120例染色体平衡易位携带者的遗传学分析

目的 探讨临沂地区染色体平衡易位与异常孕产的关系.方法 外周血淋巴细胞染色体培养技术、G显带进行核型分析,对异常核型进行家系调查和遗传学分析.结果 在6661例被检者中检出染色体平衡易位(不包括罗伯逊易位)核型120例,男49例,女71例;120例平衡易位携带者(或其妻)共发生早期自然流产110次,早期胚胎停止发育103次,妊娠畸胎8次,死胎2次,死产5次,新生儿死亡7次,生育智障儿5次,生育部分单体患儿1次,共计发生不良妊娠241次;生育表型正常者(包括平衡易位携带者)89次.结论 临沂地区异常孕产患者中染色体平衡易位的发生率较高,异常妊娠与正常妊娠(包括易位妊娠)的比例为2.7∶1(241/89).     

46,XX,t(11;20)易位一例

患者　女 ,30岁 ,结婚两年 ,妊娠两次 ,第 1次自然流产 ,第2次妊娠 5 0～ 70天 B超检查提示胚胎停止发育。行刮宫术 ,术中刮出绒毛组织送检 ,绒毛染色体分析核型为 4 7,XY,+2 1。细胞遗传学检查 :患者染色体核型为 4 6 ,XX,t(11;2 0 ) (11qter→11p15∷ 2 0 p11→ 2 0 pter;2 0 qter→ 2 0 p11∷ 11p15→ 11pter)。丈夫染色体核型正常 ,患者兄妹已正常生育 ,家系中其他成员未作讨论　平衡易位是造成流产、死胎或生育染色体异常儿的主要原因。平衡易位携带者本人由于无遗传物质的丢失或增多 ,一般表型正常 ,但在生殖细胞减数分裂中可产生染…     

罕见四条染色体复杂易位携带者及其家系研究

染色体异常是习惯性流产的重要原因之一。在习惯性流产患者中 ,平衡易位最为常见。易位携带者在婚后易引起流产 ,死产、新生儿畸形或智力低下儿等生育疾患 ,有的类型分娩畸形儿和智力低下的机率很高 ,可达 10 0 % [1] 。防止染色体病患儿的出生 ,检出携带者和进行宫内诊断在我国具有重要的意义。本文报道一罕见涉及 4条染色体复杂易位染色体 ,经鉴定为世界首报 ,患者婚后习惯性流产 5次 ,孕 6经宫内诊断为复杂易位携带 ,家系调查三代 8人中 ,出现 3种类型染色体易位核型 ,即复杂易位 ,相互易位 ,罗伯逊易位。现报告如下。病例与家系先证者　…     

46,XY,t(5;13)(p10;q10)伴生育畸形儿一例

患者　男,2 7岁。其妻曾分娩一个“摇椅足”男孩,该孩子出生后哭声微弱,仅存活8小时。患者父母非近亲婚配,他们共有图1　患者染色体核型　箭头示t(5;1 3)4个子女,其中一子一女为“摇椅足”儿,出生后不久即死亡。分别取患者及其父母、姐姐、外甥外周血进行常规培养、制片显带,每例计数10 0个细胞,分析6个核型。患者核型为4 6 ,XY,t( 5 ;13) ( 5 pter→5 p10∷13q10→13qter;13pter→13p10∷5 q10→5 qter) ,其母核型为4 6 ,XX,t( 5 p13q;5 q13p) ,其他家系成员核型正常。　　讨论　表型正常的平衡易位携带者,婚后生育正常或表型正常的平衡…     

平衡易位携带者15例的检出与遗传咨询

目的探讨育龄夫妇中平衡易位携带者的细胞遗传学效应。方法采用常规外周血淋巴细胞培养，常规G显带技术进行核型分析。结果271对受检者中，检出平衡易位携带者15例（占受检人数2．8％），其中相互易位9例（占异常之60％），非同源罗伯逊易位5例（占异常之33％），同源罗伯逊易位1例（占异常之7％）。检出平衡易位携带者中，男性为8例（占异常之53％），女性为7例（占异常之47％）。结论本室检出育龄夫妇中男、女性平衡易位携带者人数大约相等；应加强平衡易位携带者的检出，做好患者本人及其亲属的遗传咨询。     

46,XX，t（11；20）易位一例

患者女 ,3 0岁 ,结婚两年 ,妊娠两次 ,第 1次自然流产 ,第2次妊娠 50～ 70天 B超检查提示胚胎停止发育。行刮宫术 ,术中刮出绒毛组织送检 ,绒毛染色体分析核型为 47,XY,+ 2 1。细胞遗传学检查 :患者染色体核型为 46,XX,t(11;2 0 ) (11qter→11p15∷ 2 0 p11→ 2 0 pter;2 0 qter→ 2 0 p11∷ 11p15→ 11pter)。丈夫染色体核型正常 ,患者兄妹已正常生育 ,家系中其他成员未作染色体检查讨论　平衡易位是造成流产、死胎或生育染色体异常儿的主要原因。平衡易位携带者本人由于无遗传物质的丢失或增多 ,一般表型正常 ,但在生殖细胞减数分裂中可…     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.