TORCH与优生：Ⅲ用聚合酶链反应结合地高辛分子杂交产前诊断弓形虫感染

根据本实验室筛选出的弓形虫(ZS2株)特异DNA克隆片段的部分顺序分析的数据，设计并合成特异的寡核苷酸引物对，建立多聚酶链反应(PCR)诊断弓形虫感染的方法。不同来源弓形虫株和阳性标本DNA的PCR产物经电泳检测，均出现特异的扩增片段。以地高辛标记的该PCR产物中弓形虫特异顺序的寡核苷酸为探针，对扩增产物进行斑点杂交分析，该探针能与阳性病例的扩增产物杂交，而不与阴性病例的扩增产物杂交。用PCR结合地高辛分子杂交方法对不良生育史孕妇进行产前诊断，34例外周血白细胞DNA检测，2例阳性，分别为出生水肿胎儿和死胎；76例羊水细胞DNA检测，3例阳性，其中2例出生为无脑儿；30例绒毛DNA检测，4例阳性，均为难免流产。PCR产物结合地高辛分子杂交方法可测出少至10fg（10^-1g)的弓形虫DNA，本方法更加特异敏感。     

套叠式（Nested） PCR检测乳汁中HBV—DNA

本文应用Nested—PCR技术．检测752例血清HBV—DNA阳性(PCR检测)产妇和15例血清HBV-DNA阴性(PCR检测)产妇乳汁中的HBV—DNA。结果表明：52例阳性产妇乳汁中HBV-DNA经第一次扩增后．12例HBV—DNA阳性。经第二次扩增后，40例阳性(阳性率76．9％)；15例阴性产妇乳汁中HBV-DNA经两次扩增后均为阴性。作者认为，Nested—PCR技术是检测血清HBV-DNA阳性产妇乳汁是否排泌HBv的简便、灵敏、特异的方法。乳汁中含有HBV应停止哺乳。     

应用多聚酶链反应技术检测疟原虫的初步研究

根据编码恶性疟原虫(P．f)红细胞结合抗原(EBA-175)的部分DNA片段和间日疟原虫(P．v．)小亚基核糖体RNA基因序列设计合成恶性疟原虫和间日疟原虫的特异性引物各一对并进行多聚酶链反应(PCR)检测恶性疟和间日疟病人标本。扩增产物经琼脂糖电泳分析，可见在P．f.样本中扩增出特异的492bp大小的DNA片段，P．v．样本中扩增出特异的714bp大小的DNA片段。而在健康人血的白细胞、伯氏疟原虫样本和食触猴疟原虫样本中均不能扩增出以上片段。其结果与镜检符合率分别达95％和93.3％以上，表明该方法是一种特异、敏感的检测方法。     

用巢式PCR检测育龄妇女人群人细小病毒B19感染的研究

目的 调查人类细小病毒B19在武汉地区普通人群,尤其是育龄妇女中的感染状况.方法 采集武汉地区2家医院的血液样本1 700份,分为两组.以血清中提取的DNA为模板,进行巢式PCR扩增.结果 第Ⅰ组(普通组,包括男性和女性)阳性检测率为4.50%,第Ⅱ组(妇女组)阳性检测率为8.33%.结论 武汉地区育龄妇女的B19感染率高于普通人群,很有必要对孕妇进行诊断从而预防新生儿感染B19病毒.另外,由于巢式PCR具有灵敏、特异、简便等优点,适合于用来检测血液样本中的人细小病毒B19.     

用套式PCR检测孕妇及胎儿B19病毒感染

目的：研究人微小病毒B19病毒感染对胎儿的影响。方法：运用套式PCR检测孕妇外周血及脐血,胎盘及死肥和畸形胎儿的各种组织（脑,肝、肾、脾、肺,骨髓等）B19病毒的感染情况,阳性标本用第三对引物扩增进行证实,部分阳性标本扩增产物进行序列分析。结果：孕妇外周血中B19-DNA的阳性率为9.62%(10/104）（疾病组=7/54,对照组=3/50）,脐血为4.8%(5/104)(5/54、0/50）,胎盘为23.08%(24/104)(22/54,2/50),各种异常胎儿组织的平均阳性率为18.52%。扩增产物的DNA序列与GenBank中的B19病毒DNA序列同源性为98%。结论：B19病毒感染是引起死胎和畸形的主要因素之一。孕期应加强监测和预防感染。     

用聚合酶链反应（FCR）技术检测尖锐湿疣组织中人乳头瘤病毒DNA

用聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaclion,PCR)技术对40例女性下生殖道尖锐湿疣组织中人乳头瘤病毒(human papilloma virus，HPV)6B／11DNA进行了检测，其中33例阳性(82．5%)。结果表明，PCR技术是当前检测尖锐湿疣中HPV感染快速、特异、灵敏的检测方法。     

用逆转录PCR-核酸探针杂交法对柯萨奇B组病毒分型诊断

目的 建立一种逆转录PCR-核酸探针杂交法对柯萨奇B组病毒(CVB1～6)进行分型诊断。方法 一对通用PCR引物，它能有效扩增所有CVB1-6型的特异性DNA片段；另选取6条各型特异性寡核苷酸探针，将它们分别共价结合在不同的微孔板上。经过一次PCR扩增，扩增后的产物分别与包被有不同探针的微孔板进行杂交检测，从而有效鉴别CVB各型。结果 本法与ELISA法的分型比较显示它们具有很好的一致性，无错误分型。对152例IgM抗体阳性标本的检测，该方法阳性率为71．7％。结论 本法可准确对CVB进行分型，为CVB的临床诊断及流行病学调查提供了一种有效的方法。     

PCR结合寡核苷酸探针杂交检测临床常见真菌的实验研究

目的 建立PCR结合生物标记的寡核甘酸探针斑点杂交技术,鉴定临床常见的真菌。方法 首先用真菌通用引物扩增白念球菌、热带念球菌、假热带念球菌、近平滑念球菌、光滑念球菌、解脂念球菌、克鲁斯念球菌、季也蒙念球菌、黄曲 霉、烟曲霉的核糖体大亚单位基因的保守区序列,然后用生物素标记的种特异性寡核苷酸探针与扩增产物杂交,并将此方法用于临床标本和临床分离菌株的检测。结果 通用引物可以扩增上述11种临床常见真菌的DNA,扩增片段长度在260bp左右。9种特异性探针分别与11种真菌标准菌株的PCR扩增产物杂交,结果表明每种探针都具有高度特异性。斑点杂交法和Southerm杂交法检测敏感性相同,为100fg;琼脂糖凝胶电泳法检测敏感性为1pg。通过69例临床标本和31例临床分析菌株的检测,PCR－杂交法的结果和真菌培养法的结果基本一致。结论 PCR结合生物素标记的寡核苷酸探针杂交技术可将9种临床常见真菌鉴定到种,方法快速、敏感、特异。     

DNA Ladder的制备

背景：目前,制备DNA分子量标准的方法主要有2种,一种是用限制性内切酶消化某种DNA,另一种是利用PCR扩增,2种方法各有优缺点。在前期采用PCR技术在前期扩增100~500 bp片段的基础上,实验室又成功扩增出600~1 000 bp片段,PCR产物经过纯化,混匀,制备的DNA Ladder,结果制备DNA Ladder的条带清晰,易于识别,可完全与公司商品化的DNA Ladder 相比,完全可用于分子生物学实验。 目的：利用PCR扩增技术制备DNA分子量标准参照物。 方法：自行构建了一种特殊适宜扩增的质粒pUC-DNA,根据pUC-DNA的基因序列,利用primer5.0设计能特异扩增100~ 1 000 bp 的PCR引物。PCR扩增出100~1 000 bp大小的DNA片段,在2%琼脂糖凝胶中电泳观察结果。用凝胶回收试剂盒回收目的PCR 产物,测序结果与pUC-DNA上基因序列进行序列比对,Blast进行同源性分析。将PCR产物用酚/氯仿抽提,乙醇沉淀,按比例混匀,即可使用。 结果与结论：利用PCR技术能够成功扩增出100~1 000 bp 条带,片段大小与预期结果相符,片段序列与GenBank序列完全一致,利用回收片段制备的DNA Ladder 条带清晰,可与同类产品相比。     

荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测乙型肝炎病毒DNA

目的 建立检测HBV病毒DNA的荧光定量PCR法（FQ-PCR），并与运用常规凝胶电泳技术观察特异扩增带检测的结果加以比较。方法 合成扩增HBV DNA314bp特异保守序列的1对引物及1条带2个荧光基团的寡核苷酸探针。用PE-5700型定量PCR仪完成PCR反应及产物的荧光定量检测。同是PCR产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳，EB染色，UVP（凝胶成像仪）检出有314bp带者为阳性或弱阳性。结果 建立了检测HBVDNA的荧光定量PCR技术，用已知HBV阳性模板不同拷贝数的标准溶液测得标准曲线Ct，原始拷贝数在10^5/ml以上者为阳性，用定量及定性PCR2种方法检测698例血清标本的结果表明：用FQ-PCR技术共检测出204例为阳性，阳性率29.2%；用定量及定性PCR2种方法检测698例血清标本的结果表明：用FQ-PCR技术共检测出204例为阳性，阳性率29.2%；用定性PCR观察到193例有阳性特异带，阳性检出率为27.65%。没有发现用定性PCR检测为阳性而用FQ-PCR检测为阴性者。结论 FQ-PCR检测HBVDNA较普通定性PCR技术具有操作简便，灵敏度更高、减少发生污染可导致假阳性结果的可能性及自动化程度高等优点，值得在临床检验中推广应用。     

Detection of human parvovirus B19 DNA by using the polymerase chain reaction.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was investigated for detecting human parvovirus B19 (B19) DNA in sera. Three pairs of oligonucleotides were evaluated as primers. The best oligonucleotide pair spanned 699 nucleotides, including the region common to VP1 and VP2. After PCR amplification of B19 DNA in serum, a 699-nucleotide DNA fragment was detected on agarose gels. This DNA fragment was B19 DNA, because after Southern transfer it hybridized to a 19-nucleotide internal probe and contained a single PstI cleavage site. Dot blot hybridization with a radiolabeled cloned portion of the B19 genome as a probe was compared with PCR. PCR was 10(4) times more sensitive than dot blot hybridization and, with an internal radiolabeled probe, 10(7) times more sensitive than dot blot hybridization. Of 29 serum specimens from 18 patients with proven B19 infections, 24 were PCR positive. None of 20 serum samples from uninfected controls were positive. Of 22 serum samples positive for immunoglobulin M to B19, PCR detected B19 DNA in 17. Seven serum samples lacking immunoglobulin M were PCR positive. PCR detected B19 DNA in urine, amniotic fluid, pleural fluid, ascites, and leukocyte extracts. PCR is a rapid and simple method for diagnosing infections with human parvovirus B19 but must be combined with serologic tests for immunoglobulin M to B19, especially when testing only a single serum sample.     

Development of a hypersensitive detection method for human parvovirus B19 DNA

A new detection method for human parvovirus B19 DNA was established using PCR coupled with a hybridization protection assay. The amplified product was detected using acridinium ester-labeled DNA probes. By this method, a few copies of B19 DNA were detected in human serum albumin.     

建立人微小病毒B19的PCR检测方法

人微小病毒Ｂ１９是微小病毒科中唯一能感染人的病毒。能够提供Ｂ１９抗原的病毒体外培养系统尚未建成，因此限制了血清学实验的开发和普及。为此作者建立起Ｂ１９病毒的ＰＣＲ检测方法。设计引物在表达外壳蛋白ＶＰ１基因区，扩增长度为４００ｂｐ。     

Nested polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of B19 parvovirus DNA in human immunodeficiency virus patients

Persistent B19 parvovirus infection has been recognized in immunocompromised patients, often occurring with a low-titer viremia. In this study, nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of B19 parvovirus DNA was carried out on the sera of 49 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-seropositive patients, negative for the detection of B19 DNA at dot blot hybridization assay and with different values of serum anti- B19 IgM (27 patients proved positive and 22 negative). Of the 49 HIV-seropositive samples tested by nested PCR, seven were positive for the detection of B19 DNA. All seven belonged to the group of subjects seropositive for specific anti-B19 IgM. The study shows that, in the presence of specific B19 IgM, circulating virus may still be present but can be detected only by PCR. In that B19 infection can occur with low-titer viremia in immunocompromised patients, PCR may be the only method for virus detection. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Investigation on the Maternal-Infantile Infection with Human Parvovirus B19

With the investigations on pregnant women and newbornsinfected withToxoplasma, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus,herpes simplex virus (TORCH), it was found that humanparvovirus B19 (B19 virus), which belongs to the familyParvoviridae and the genus Erythrovir…     

Presence and significance of human parvovirus B19 DNA in synovial membranes and bone marrow from patients with arthritis of unknown origin

Acute rheumatologic symptoms are frequently associated with human parvovirus B19 (B19) infections. A nested PCR (nPCR) assay was used to test for the presence of parvovirus B19 DNA in synovial fluid and/or synovial membrane specimens obtained from a total of 90 patients with arthritis of unknown origin. Whereas only one out of 73 synovial fluid samples were found positive, 15 (16.7%) out of 90 patients had parvovirus B19 DNA in the synovium. B19 virus DNA was detected in nine bone marrow aspirates subsequently obtained from these 15 patients (60%). Whereas each one of the 15 corresponding blood samples contained anti-B19 IgG antibody, none contained anti-B19 IgM antibody and only one was positive for B19 virus DNA. The blood and synovial fluid samples that contained B19 virus DNA were obtained from the same patient, who also had B19 DNA in synovium and bone marrow. For one patient, two distinct synovial membrane specimens collected 10 months apart tested positive for B19 virus DNA. Parvovirus B19 DNA was also detected in synovial tissue of one out of nine nonarthritic patients serving as control group, who also had anti-B19 IgG circulating antibody. These data illustrate that human parvovirus B19 may persist in bone marrow and synovial tissues of patients with arthritis of unknown origin. In contrast, persistence of B19 virus DNA in synovial fluid is rare. The significance of parvovirus B19 DNA in synovium of healthy patients has to be established. J. Med. Virol. 56:199–204, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Presence of parvovirus B19 DNA in chronic urticaric and healthy human skin.

BACKGROUND: The etiology of chronic urticaria is undefined, but the potential role of infectious agents as one triggering factor has been suggested. The appearance of chronic urticaria in a 16-year old male after a history of a recent parvovirus B19 (B19) infection led us to investigate the association between B19 and chronic urticaria. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether parvovirus B19 (B19) has a role in chronic urticaria. STUDY DESIGN: We amplified B19 DNA from skin biopsy samples of 36 adult chronic urticaria patients as well as of 22 healthy controls using two sets of separate primers and probe. Circulating IgG and IgM antibodies to B19 were measured from 27 patients and from all controls. RESULTS: B19 DNA was detected in 18 (50%) skin biopsy samples of 36 patients with chronic urticaria. Unexpectedly, also 14 (64%) skin biopsy samples from 22 healthy controls harbored B19 DNA. All 32 persons with positive B19 PCR findings had circulating IgG-class antibodies to B19 major structural protein VP2, but no IgM antibodies. CONCLUSION: Our results show that B19 DNA commonly exists in human skin. Therefore, the association between B19 infection and chronic urticaria remains uncertain. However, these findings raise the question whether the skin may constitute a reservoir for B19.     

No detection of parvovirus B19 or herpesvirus DNA in giant cell arteritis.

BACKGROUND: Compelling arguments exist for a role of infectious agent in giant cell arteritis (GCA). Parvovirus B19 and several herpesviruses have focussed the attention in recent years, but the few studies to date have yielded inconsistent results. OBJECTIVES: To study the relationship between the presence of parvovirus B19 DNA or major known herpesviruses and the histopathological features of GCA. STUDY DESIGN: Between January 1997 and March 2002, 147 consecutive temporal artery biopsies were performed in our center because of a clinical suspicion of GCA. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedures validated by the World Health Organization and employed routinely by our laboratory, we examined the paraffin-embedded specimens for DNA from parvovirus B19, herpes simplex viruses (HSV) 1 and 2, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). We investigated positive results further with immunohistochemistry studies. RESULTS: Fifty of the 147 temporal artery biopsies (34%) showed histological features of GCA. Three biopsies (2.5%) were initially PCR positive for parvovirus B19. None of the herpesvirus PCR assays were positive. Upon repeat testing by both PCR and immunohistochemistry, none of the three initially positive parvovirus B19 assays were confirmed. The results of both positive and negative control assays in these studies validated these findings. We confirmed the presence of amplifiable DNA in the temporal artery biopsy specimens using PCR primers for beta-globin and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study do not support a role in the etiopathogenesis of GCA for either parvovirus B19 or any of these six herpesviruses.     

Concurrent detection of human herpesvirus type 6 and measles-specific IgMs during acute exanthematic human parvovirus B19 infection

A familial outbreak of human parvovirus B19 infection is described in which serological tests carried out routinely for determining the causal agent of febrile rashes of viral etiology failed to yield a definitive diagnosis. Concurrent detection of serum IgMs to parvovirus B19 and to heterologous viruses such as human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) and measles virus complicated interpretation of the data. IgG avidity tests and investigation and testing for the presence of viral DNA in sera by PCR were required to confirm parvovirus B19. The study stresses the importance of avidity and PCR tests to obtain a firm diagnosis of febrile exanthematic viral diseases.     

Recurrent high level parvovirus B19/genotype 2 viremia in a renal transplant recipient analyzed by real-time PCR for simultaneous detection of genotypes 1 to 3

Organ transplant recipients infected with parvovirus B19 frequently develop persistent viremia associated with chronic anemia and pure red cell aplasia. In this study, a male renal transplant recipient who had been infected with parvovirus B19/genotype 2 after renal transplantation at the age of 34 years is described. The patient was repeatedly treated with high dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) that resulted in the resolvement of symptoms but not in virus eradication. During an observation period of 33 months after transplantation three phases associated with high parvovirus B19 viremia were observed. Both the first and the second viremic phases were combined with severe anemia. Parvovirus B19 specific IgM-antibodies were initially detected at the beginning of the second phase in continually rising concentrations. Initially eradication of the virus by immunoglobulin therapy was reported after the first viremic phase [Liefeldt et al. (2002): Nephrol Dial Transplant 17:1840-1842]. Retrospectively this statement has to be corrected. It was based on the use of a qualitative PCR assay specific for parvovirus B19 genotype 1 associated with reduced sensitivity for detection of genotype 2. After sequence analysis of the viral DNA and adjustment of a real-time PCR assay (TaqMan) for quantitative detection of all three B19 virus genotypes analysis of consecutive serum samples allowed the demonstration of long lasting phases with reduced viral loads following IVIG-treatment. These results demonstrate that IVIG treatment of parvovirus B19-triggered anemia in transplant recipients offers an opportunity to resolve symptoms, but does not guarantee eradication of the virus. Since reactivation of parvovirus B19 infection can result in high virus load associated with the recurrence of symptoms repeated screening for viral DNA is recommended using the TaqMan system established for quantitative detection of all three genotypes of parvovirus B19.