过氧化与胎儿窘迫

目的：探讨过氧化与胎儿窘迫的关系。方法 测定63例晚孕妇女静脉血及脐血中超氧化物歧化酶(SoD)及过氮化脂质(LPO)含量，其中40例为正常晚孕妇女(对照组)。23例为胎儿宫内窘迫孕妇(胎窘组)。结果 胎窘组孕妇血及脐血LPO值明显高于对照组，差异有显著性(P＜0．01)，而SOD显著低于对照组(P＜0．01)。LPo含量与脐血pH、PO2显著负相关(P＜0．05)，与POC2显著正相关(P＜0.01)。结论 机体过氮化与胎窘发生有密切的关系。     

肾阳虚证患者红细胞LPO、SOD和ATP酶活性的变化

目的 :探讨肾阳虚证患者红细胞LPO、SOD和ATP酶活性的特点及其意义。方法 :观察 19例肾阳虚证患者和 2 1例正常人红细胞LPO、SOD和红细胞膜Na+ K+ ATP酶、Mg2 + ATP酶、Ca2 + ATP酶、Ca2 + Mg2 + ATP酶活性的变化。结果 :与对照组比较 ,肾阳虚证患者红细胞LPO含量升高 (P <0 .0 1) ,红细胞SOD活性降低 (P <0 .0 1) ;红细胞膜Na+ K+ ATP酶活性显著升高 (P <0 .0 1) ,而Mg2 + ATP酶活性变化无显著性差异 ,Ca2 + ATP酶活性升高 (P <0 .0 1) ,Ca2 + Mg2 + ATP酶活性也显著升高 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :肾阳虚证患者红细胞内脂质过氧化反应增强 ,而抗氧化能力降低 ,红细胞膜Na+ K+ ATP酶、Ca2 + ATP酶和Ca2 + Mg2 + ATP酶活性升高 ;本研究为理解肾阳虚证的病理生理基础提供了初步实验依据     

体外循环转流期间红细胞膜流动性的变化

对25例心脏手术行体外循环患者转流期间红细胞膜流动性(fluidity, FLU)、血浆脂质过氧化物(LPO)和红细胞超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)动态变化进行观察,结果转流后期FLU显著降低,LPO显著升高,而SOD活性转流初期升高明显,至转流后24小时恢复到转流前水平,并且红细胞膜FLU降低血浆LPO改变呈负相关.提示:转流期间脂质过氧化增强,可能是红细胞膜流动性降低的原因之一.     

PDS对精索静脉曲张鼠血清与睾丸LPO含量以及睾丸ACE活性的影响

本文以Wistar大鼠复制精索静脉曲张模型,应用PDS进行治疗,观测术后3月鼠睾丸与血清LPO含量、睾丸ACE活性及SOD水平的变化。结果表明,精索静脉曲张人参二醇组皂甙组(VPG)血清及左右睾丸LPO含量均显著低于精索静脉曲张组(VG),差值有非常显著性意义(P<0.01),而与假手术对照组(SOG)相比差值无显著性意义(P>0.05);VPG、SOG左右睾丸ACE活性和SOD浓度分别显著高于VG。相关检验显示,睾丸LPO含量和睾丸ACE活性及SOD浓度均呈显著负相关(P<0.o1)。提示PDS能明显降低精索静脉曲张鼠睾丸、血清LPO含量,以减轻氧自由基与脂质过氧化对睾丸细胞的损害作用并可增强睾丸ACE活性,从而改善睾丸生精功能。     

母血浆及脐血内皮素-1与妊高征合并羊水过少、胎儿宫内发育迟缓的关系

目的　探讨内皮素 - 1(ET - 1)在妊高征合并羊水过少、胎儿宫内发育迟缓发病中的作用。方法　采用放射免疫法检测 30例妊高征患者 (妊高征组 )　 18例妊高征合并羊水过少组 (羊水过少组 )　 12例妊高征合并IUGR患者 (IUGR组 )及 30例正常妊娠妇女 (正常组 )的血浆ET - 1及新生儿脐静脉血ET - 1水平。结果　 (1)妊高征组、羊水过少组、IUGR组孕妇血液中ET - 1含量显著的高于正常组 ;妊高征组、羊水过少组、IUGR组婴儿脐静脉血ET - 1含量显著的高于正常组 ;妊高征组、羊水过少组、IUGR组间孕妇血液中ET - 1含量及婴儿脐静脉血间ET - 1含量无显著差异。 (2 )正常组婴儿脐静脉血ET - 1含量不随母血ET - 1值升高而显著升高 ,两者不存在显著相关 (r=0 .0 8) ;妊高征组 (r =0 .91)、羊水过少组 (r =0 .95 )、IUGR(r =0 .98)组婴儿脐静脉血ET - 1含量均随母血ET - 1值升高而极显著升高 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　ET - 1增高可能是妊高征患者易并发羊水过少、IUGR的原因之一。     

体外循环转流期间红细胞膜流动性的变化

对25例心脏手术行体外循环患者转流期间红细胞膜流动性（fluidity,FLU)、血浆脂质过氧化物（LPO）和红细胞超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）动态变化进行观察,结果转流后期FLU显著降低,LPO显著升高,而SOD活性转流初期升高明显,至转流后24小时恢复到转流前水平,并且红细胞膜FLU降低血浆LPO改变呈负相关。提示：转流期间脂质过氧化增强,可能是红细胞膜流动性降低的原因之一。     

支气管肺炎患儿治疗前后血清SOD、LPO、GSH-PX检测的临床意义

目的：探讨了支气管肺炎患儿治疗前后血清超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）、过氧化脂质（LPO）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）水平的变化及意义。方法：应用放射免疫分析和生化法对40例支气管肺炎患儿进行了血清SOD、LPO、GSH-PX的检测,并与35名正常健康儿作比较。结果：支气管肺炎患儿在治疗前血清SOD、GSH-PX水平非常显著地低于正常儿组（P〈0.01）,而LPO水平非常显著地高于正常儿组（P〈0.01）。结论：血清SOD、LPO、GSH-PX水平的变化与支气管肺炎患儿病情的发生和发展密切相关。     

硫酸镁治疗胎儿生长迟缓对脐血流及妊娠结局的影响

目的　探讨硫酸镁在胎儿生长迟缓 (IUGR)治疗中对脐血流及妊娠结局的影响。方法　将 5 2例IUGR孕妇分为治疗Ⅰ组 2 0例 ,治疗Ⅱ组 32例。治疗Ⅰ组予吸氧 ,能量合剂 ,复方氨基酸 ,治疗Ⅱ组在其基础上用 2 5 %硫酸镁 6 0ml分别加入 5 %葡萄糖液 5 0 0ml及低分子右旋糖酐 5 0 0ml中静脉点滴。对硫酸镁治疗前后及两组孕妇治疗后脐血流收缩期最大血流速度 /舒张期末血流速度的比值 (S/D)、阻力指数 (RI)、波动指数 (PI)变化情况进行比较 ,并观察两组母血及脐血镁离子含量 ,新生儿体重等指标。结果　治疗Ⅱ组硫酸镁治疗前后S/D ,RI明显下降 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1,P <0 .0 5 ) ,治疗Ⅱ组S/D较治疗Ⅰ组明显下降 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,两组母血及脐血镁离子含量比较 ,差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,两组新生儿体重比较 ,差异有极显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　硫酸镁可降低脐血流阻力 ,促进胎儿生长 ,是治疗IUGR积极有效的方法。     

高血压患者血清SOD、LPO、GSH-PX含量的变化及其临床意义

目的 :探讨了高血压患者血清中SOD、LPO、GSH -PX含量的变化。方法 :分别应用放射免疫分析和生化法对 5 5例高血压患者进行了SOD、LPO、GSH -PX水平的检测 ,并与 38名正常健康人作比较。结果 :高血压患者血清中SOD、GSH -PX水平明显低于正常人组 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,而LPO水平则明显高于正常人组 (P <0 .0 1 )。结论 :血清SOD、LPO、GSH -PX水平的变化与高血压病的发生和发展密切相关     

白血病患者化疗前后血清SOD、LPO、GSH-PX水平及其临床意义

目的 :探讨了白血病患者化疗前后血清SOD、LPO、GSH -PX含量的变化。方法 :分别应用放免法和生化法对 4 2例白血病患者进行了化疗前后血清SOD、LPO、GSH -PX含量检测 ,并与 30名正常健康人作对照。结果 :白血病患者化疗前血清SOD、GSH -PX水平明显低于正常组 (p <0 0 1) ,而LPO则明显高于正常 (p <0 0 1) ,化疗后 6个月复发者SOD、LPO、GSH -PX水平持续异常 ,未复发者SOD、LPO、GSH -PX水平接近正常。结论 :观察白血病患者血清SOD、LPO、GSH -PX含量的变化与患者的预后密切相关     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.