幽门螺杆菌相关性胃炎与淋巴组织增生关系的研究

目的:研究幽门螺杆菌(Hp)相关性胃炎病理改变与淋巴组织增生关系及Hp根治后淋巴滤泡消失情况。方法:光镜观察124例Hp阳性的慢性胃炎三联药物治疗前后和胃溃疡64例、十二指肠球部溃疡98例、残胃胃炎24例及Hp阴性正常胃粘膜25例的淋巴滤泡发生率和聚集强度。结果:Hp阳性胃病淋巴滤泡发生率为,胃溃疡90.6％,十二指肠球部溃疡84％,慢性胃炎72.5％,残胃胃炎54.2％,而正常胃粘膜为4％。抗菌治疗后,慢性胃炎的淋巴滤泡明显减少。淋巴滤泡发生率与炎症程度和活动性明显相关。结论:胃粘膜淋巴组织消长与Hp感染关系密切。     

铋剂治疗幽门螺杆菌感染的新进展

自从1982年Marshall和Warren从慢性活动性胃炎患的胃粘膜中分离出幽门螺杆菌(Hp)之后,Hp与上胃肠道疾病之间的关系成为研究的热点。现己证实Hp是慢性胃炎的主要致病因子,且与消化性溃疡、胃粘膜相关性淋巴样组织(MALT)恶性淋巴瘤及胃腺癌密切相关,因而Hp感染的治疗成为目前胃肠病工作最关注和最热门的研究课题。     

幽门螺杆菌感染与胃粘膜淋巴组织增生

应用６种方法检测２５６例胃粘膜活检标本的幽门螺杆菌（Ｈｐ），总检出率为７０．７０％，其顺序为活动性胃炎＞非活动性胃炎＞正常胃粘膜，慢性萎缩性胃炎＞浅表－萎缩性胃炎＞慢性浅表性胃炎＞正常胃粘膜。胃粘膜淋巴滤泡检出率为４３．３６％，其顺序与Ｈｐ检出率相同。有淋巴滤泡形成者Ｈｐ检出率显著高于无淋巴滤泡形成者（８１．４８％比６５．４９％，Ｐ＜０．００１）；淋巴滤泡形成与腺上皮萎缩和肠上皮化生关系密切。结果提示，Ｈｐ感染诱导的胃粘膜淋巴组织增生及其伴随的免疫反应可能是Ｈｐ相关性胃炎出现胃粘膜腺体萎缩的主要机制。     

原发性胃恶性淋巴瘤与幽门螺杆菌感染的相关性初探

为了探讨原发性胃恶性淋巴瘤(RGML)与幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染的相关性，本收集39例PGML以及22例巴性胃炎、32例Hp无关疾病的胃粘膜行对照研究。结果：PGML组Hp检出率87．18％，显高于对照的63.64、53.13%（P<0．005)。粘膜相关淋巴样组织(MALT)来源的淋巴留占92.31％，Hp检出率达86．11％，瘤周慢性活动性胃炎及淋巴滤泡检出率分别为84.62、56．41％，且炎症活动程度与Hp分布密度相关。组织学研究提示胃B细胞MALT淋巴瘤与Hp感染相关。     

CagA与幽门螺杆菌致病的相关性研究

本调查了114胃镜受检的Hp感染率，应用血清ELISA技术检测了Hp菌株中CagA闭性数，并对该蛋白与慢性胃病的关系进行了初步分析。结果发现54例中Hp阳性，CagA阳性25例，阳性率46.3%；胃炎、十二指肠溃疡和胃癌组织CagA阳性率分别为27.3%，71.4%和85.7%（P<0.01）。CagA阳性菌株感染胃粘膜的炎症程度、活动度及萎缩、肠化与淋巴滤泡形成数均高于阴性，证实了CagA在Hp致病中的重要作用。     

原发性胃恶性淋巴瘤与幽门螺杆菌感染的相关性初探

为了探讨原发性胃恶性淋巴瘤(RGML)与幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染的相关性,本文收集39例 PGML了以及22例淋巴性胃炎、32例 Hp 无关疾病的胃粘膜行对照研究。结果:PGML 组 Hp 检出率87.18%,显著高于对照的63.64、53.13%(P<0.005)。粘膜相关淋巴样组织(MALT)来源的淋巴瘤占92.31%。Hp 检出率达86.11%,瘤周慢性活动性胃炎及淋巴滤泡检出率分别为84.62、56.41%,且炎症活动程度与 Hp 分布密度相关。组织学研究提示胃 B 细胞 MALT 淋巴瘤与 Hp 感染相关。     

慢性胃炎伴良性结节状改变与幽门螺杆菌及淋巴滤泡的关系

目的研究慢性胃炎伴良性结节状改变与幽门螺杆菌（Hp）及胃黏膜淋巴滤泡的关系。方法从2004年7月1日-2005年6月30日行内镜检查患者中，筛选出胃窦黏膜有良性结节样改变者为研究对象，在患者胃窦黏膜处喷洒靛胭脂作色素内镜观察，确定有结节状形态改变，并在有明显结节处取活检组织3块，其中1块立刻作Hp快速试验，判定有无Hp感染；另外2块送病理检查，观察胃黏膜淋巴滤泡形成和淋巴细胞浸润情况，并采用亚甲蓝-硼酸染色法进一步明确诊断Hp感染情况。结果将胃黏膜良性结节状改变的慢性胃炎患者分为三组：结节性胃炎组、萎缩性胃炎组和疣状胃炎组，患者平均年龄分别为（31．OO±11．62）岁、（58．61±12．14）岁和（51．29±12．99）岁，其中结节性胃炎组患者发病年龄最小（P〈0．01）；Hp感染率分别为92．86％、82．56％和69．89％，其中结节性胃炎组的感染率明显高于其他两组（P〈0．01）；有淋巴组织增生所见依次为94．90％、27．9％、18．28％，其中结节性胃炎患者淋巴组织增生明显高于其他胃炎患者（P〈0．01）。伴有结节样改变的萎缩性胃炎患者中萎缩和肠化生百分率分别为100％和59．3％，远高于疣状胃炎组的7．53％、8．60％和结节状胃炎组的4．03％、0．00％。结论在三种常见的胃黏膜良性结节状改变的胃炎中，结节性胃炎与Hp感染及胃黏膜淋巴滤泡形成之间存在密切相关性。可以把Hp感染及淋巴组织滤泡形成和淋巴细胞浸润作为诊断结节性胃炎的病理诊断依据。     

幽门螺杆菌感染与上胃肠道疾病

1982年Marshall和Mareen首次从慢性活动性胃炎患者的胃粘膜中分离出为幽门螺杆菌(Hp)。本文概括了Hp与上胃肠道疾病的关系，并评估其感染的治疗。现已确认Hp与4种上胃肠道疾病密切相关：(1)慢性胃炎；(2)消化性溃疡病；(3)胃癌；(4)胃粘膜相关淋巴样组织(MALT)淋巴瘤。Hp是慢性胃炎的主要病因，与消化性溃疡病的发生密切相关，Hp感染增加了胃腺癌发生的危险性，而且也涉及到胃MALT淋巴瘤发生的致病机理。Hp感染的治疗是以PPI、铋制剂以及RBC为基础的三联疗法，当三联疗法失败时则推荐四联疗法。四联疗法是传统的三联疗法(铋剂为基础的三联疗法)十PPI组成。     

细胞毒素相关蛋白基因A与胃粘膜组织恶变的研究

目的:研究细胞毒素相关蛋白基因A(cagA)阳性幽门螺杆菌(Hp)在胃粘膜组织恶性化转变中的作用。方法:以含Hp细胞毒素相关蛋白基因A的质粒(P~(MC3))为外参照品,在微孔板上对PCR扩增cagA的产物作探针杂交及辣根过氧化物酶酶促显色分析,定量榆测不同组织中cagA阳性Hp。结果:往50份Hp尿素酶B基因阳性的临床标本中检测到28份cagA亦阳性(56％),其中5份浅表性胃炎组织,12份癌前病变组织及11份胃癌组织。浅表性胃炎组织cagA阳性的Hp感染率(31％)及每毫克组织感染的平均拷贝数(12.8)均显著低于(P<0.01或P<0.05)癌前病变组织(60％;77.1)或胃癌组织(79％;57.6),二者在后两种组织间均无显著性差别(P>O.05)。结论:cagA阳性的Hp感染可能有助于胃粘膜组织的恶性化转变,这种转变与cagA阳性Hp的感染量有关。     

胃粘膜淋巴滤泡的发生与幽门螺杆菌感染

目的：了解胃粘膜淋巴滤泡的发生与ＨＰ感染的关系、胃炎活动程度对其发生的影响以及它在ＨＰ相关性胃十二指肠疾病中的存在状况。方法：本文对６５５例慢性胃、消化性溃疡的患者进行胃镜检查，取粘膜组织作幽门螺杆菌（ＨＰ）检测和组织病理观察。结果 在ＨＰ天津的患者中胃粘膜淋巴滤泡的检出率为６０．１％，而无ＨＰ感染者仅为１７．１％；ＨＰ感染者中，胃窦部粘膜淋巴滤泡的发生率（５１．１％）明显高于胃体部粘膜（１９．３     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.