A three-year evaluation of TCu 380Ag and multiload Cu 375 intrauterine devices

A randomized, comparative, multicenter clinical trial of TCu 380Ag and Multiload Cu 375 intrauterine devices (IUDs) was conducted. Safety and acceptability were evaluated through three years following insertion in 884 patients. The two IUDs were similar with respect to all event rates. Thirty-six month life table pregnancy rates were 0.6 per 100 TCu 380Ag users and 1.8 per 100 Multiload Cu 375 users. Continuation rates were 67.4 and 61.4 per 100 users of the respective devices at three years after insertion.     

Extended use of the intrauterine device: a literature review and recommendations for clinical practice

There are multiple advantages to “extended use” of the intrauterine device (IUD) use beyond the manufacturer-approved time period, including prolongation of contraceptive and non-contraceptive benefits. We performed a literature review of studies that have reported pregnancy outcomes associated with extended use of IUDs, including copper IUDs and the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS). Among parous women who are at least 25 years old at the time of IUD insertion, there is good evidence to support extended use of the following devices: the TCu380A and the TCu220 for 12 years, the Multiload Cu-375 for 10 years, the frameless GyneFix® (330 mm²) for 9 years, the levonorgestrel intrauterine system 52 mg (Mirena®) for 7 years and the Multiload Cu-250 for 4 years. Women who are at least 35 years old at the time of insertion of a TCu380A IUD can continue use until menopause with a negligible risk of pregnancy. We found no data to support use of the LNG-IUS 13.5 mg (Skyla®) beyond 3 years. When counseling about extended IUD use, clinicians should consider patient characteristics and preferences, as well as country- and community-specific factors. Future research is necessary to determine the risk of pregnancy associated with extended use of the copper IUD and the LNG-IUS among nulliparous women and women less than 25 years old at the time of IUD insertion. More data are needed on the potential effect of overweight and obesity on the long-term efficacy of the LNG-IUS.     

A comparative randomized study of three different IUDs in nulliparous Mexican women

With the aim to evaluate the clinical performance of intrauterine devices (IUDs) especially designed for nulliparous women (TCu 380 Nul and ML Cu 375 sl), a prospective randomized, single-blind study comparing them with standard TCu 380 A, was carried out. We included 1170 healthy nulliparous women randomly allocated to receive any of the three types of IUDs and conducted follow-up for 1 year of use. Continuation and termination rates were evaluated by gross cumulative life table analysis and compared by the log-rank test. Continuation rates (95% confidence interval) at the end of the study for TCu 380 A, TCu 380 Nul and ML Cu 375 sl were 29.5% (+/-12.9), 85.9% (+/-5.3) and 85.4% (+/-5.8), respectively (p < 0.001). There were six pregnancies during the first 3 months of use, for a failure rate of 1% (+/-0.6) in the TCu 380 A group, 0.5% (+/-0.3) in TCu 380 Nul, and no pregnancy in ML Cu 375 sl (p < 0.05). Especially designed IUDs for nulliparous women had a better clinical profile compared with the standard IUD. This may improve the use of IUD in this population.     

A comparative clinical trial of the TCu 380A, Lippes Loop D and Multiload Cu 375 IUDs in Indonesia

The Copper T 380A (TCu 380A), Lippes Loop D (LLD) and the Multiload Cu 375 (MLCu 375) IUDs were evaluated for safety and efficacy in a multicenter randomized clinical trial in Indonesia. A total of 2992 women were enrolled into the study and data for 2845 women were analyzed (147 cases did not meet protocol criteria). Although study IUDs were randomly assigned, LLD users in this study were older and of higher parity than TCu 380A and MLCu 375 users. The 24-month gross cumulative life-table pregnancy rates for TCu 380A, LLD and MLCu 375 users were 1.2, 2.2 and 2.7, respectively. The 24-month expulsion rates for TCu 380A, LLD and MLCu 375 users were 6.7, 7.5 and 5.3, respectively. Overall, 24-month continuation rates were 85.5%, 85.0% and 85.4% for the respective device groups. Differences in both gross and age- and parity-adjusted life-tables rates for the major outcome variables were not statistically significant at 24 months postinsertion. The study suggests that the TCu 380A, LLD and MLCu 375 IUDs seem to be safe and effective contraceptive options for Indonesian women.     

Copper-containing, framed intrauterine devices for contraception: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND: Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are safe and effective methods of long-term reversible contraception. The design and copper content as well as placement of the copper on IUDs could affect their effectiveness and side effect profile. We compared different copper IUDs for their effectiveness and side effects. STUDY DESIGN: We searched multiple electronic databases with appropriate keywords and names of the IUDs known to be on the market. We searched the reference lists of papers identified and contacted authors when possible. There was no language restriction. Randomized controlled trials comparing different IUDs that reported on clinical outcomes were considered for inclusion. Two reviewers independently extracted data on outcomes and trial characteristics. We combined the trial results in meta-analyses and expressed results as rate difference (RD) using a fixed-effects model with 95% confidence interval (CI). In the presence of significant heterogeneity, a random-effects model was applied. RESULTS: We included 35 trials, resulting in 18 comparisons of 10 different IUDs in approximately 48,000 women. TCu380A was more effective in preventing pregnancy than MLCu375 (RD 1.70%, 95% CI 0.07-2.95% after 4 years of use). TCu380A was also more effective than MLCu250, TCu220 and TCu200. There tended to be fewer pregnancies with TCu380S compared to TCu380A after the first year of use, a difference which was statistically significant in the fourth year (RD -1.62%, 95% CI -3.00% to -0.24%). This occurred despite more expulsions with TCu380S (RD 3.50%, 95% CI 0.36-6.63% at 4 years). MLCu375 was no more effective than TCu220 at 1 year of use, or MLCu250 and NovaT up to 3 years. Compared to TCu380A or TCu380S, none of the IUDs showed any benefits in terms of bleeding or pain or any of the other reasons for early discontinuation. None of the trials that reported events at insertion found one IUD easier to insert than another or caused less pain at insertion. There is no evidence that uterine perforation rates vary by type of device. There are minimal randomized data on IUD use in nulliparous women. CONCLUSIONS: TCu380A and TCu380S appear to be more effective than other IUDs. No IUD showed consistently lower removal rates for bleeding and pain in comparison to other IUDs. There is no evidence that any particular framed copper device is better suited to women who have not had children.     

The multiload IUD--a U.S. researcher's evaluation of a European device.

This evaluative review focused on the performance and safety of the Dutch-made Multiload copper IUD, primarily the Multiload-375 (MLCu-375) model which has a longer life expectancy (5 or more years) than the Multiload-250 (MLCu-250) model, usually cited for a life expectancy for three years. This copper-medicated IUD differs from the copper-T IUDs in shape and insertion technique. The review shows that (a) the MLCu-375 IUD seems to be slightly less effective in preventing pregnancies than TCu-380A IUD. Its efficacy is comparable to that of the Nova-T by two to three years of use; (b) the MLCu-250 IUD is similarly effective to TCu-200 but may be slightly less effective than TCu-220C; (c) no consistent differences were detectable in expulsion rates or in removal rates for bleeding/pain between the Multiload IUDs and comparative Copper-T IUDs; (d) the Multiload IUDs may perform better in nulliparous women than the T-shaped devices; (e) no or a very low incidence of uterine perforation is associated with insertions of the Multiload IUD; (f) ectopic pregnancy risks are similarly low in Multiload IUD users as in Copper-T-380A users; and (g) pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) risks are similarly low in Multiload IUD users as in users of T-shaped copper IUDs.     

TCu380A、TCu220C和MLCu375宫内节育器系统评估

目的 :评价TCu380A、TCu2 2 0C、MLCu375三种宫内节育器的有效性、副反应和可接受性。方法 :见中国计划生育学杂志“我国常用口服避孕药和宫内节育器系统评估的方法概述”(2 0 0 5年 1期 17页 )。结果 :TCu380AIUD妊娠率及脱落率均低于MLCu375IUD ,副作用发生率高于MLCu375IUD ,续用率等同或高于MLCu375IUD ,临床综合效能与MLCu375IUD相近 ;TCu380AIUD妊娠率低于TCu2 2 0CIUD ,脱落率及安全性与TCu2 2 0CIUD相似 ,放置满 5年后续用率高于TCu2 2 0CIUD ;MLCu375IUD妊娠率略低于TCu2 2 0CIUD ,脱落率低于或等同于TCu2 2 0CIUD ,二者的副反应发生率相似 ,临床综合效能优于TCu2 2 0CIUD。建议 :可以继续使用TCu380AIUD、MLCu375IUD和TCu2 2 0CIUD ,并且加大TCu380AIUD和MLCu375IUD的使用份额。在总体上应优先考虑提供铜表面积≥ 30 0mm2 的宫内节育器     

四种宫内节育器的对比研究

本研究用实验流行病学方法,按随机分配原则对比了TCu380A、TCu220三球头、MLCu375SL、含药宫铜IUD四种宫内节育器(以下简称IUD)在江苏省育龄妇女中的使用效果。从1991年10月至1992年3月随机放置四种IUD,其中:TCu380A 593例,TCu220三球头606例,MLCu375SL 600例,含药宫铜IUD601例,共计2400例,农村、城市受试对象各为1200例。置器24个月时四种IUD累积续用率分别为:TCu380A 87.34/百妇女年,TCu220三球头88.41/百妇女年,MLCu375SL 87.32/百妇女年,含药宫铜型88.18/百妇女年,组间比较无显著差异(P>0.05);因妊娠、脱落、出血/疼痛终止率,四种IUD间均无显著差异;含药宫铜IUD明显降低出血副反应的发生率;按城、乡分组在24个月时农村组续用率较高,对此结果进行了探讨。     

Fifteen years' experience with the Multiload IUD

The Multiload IUD with an exposed copper surface area of 250 mm² (MLCu250) was developed in 1972 and has become one of the most widely used IUDs. Modifications to the MLCu250 include an increase in the area of exposed copper wire to 375 mm² (the MLCu375) and an increase in the diameter of copper wire from 0.3 to 0.4 mm. The Multiload has been evaluated extensively in noncomparative and comparative clinical trials. In these latter studies the MLCu250 performed better than the Cu-7 and TCu-200, and the MLCu375 performed better than the Fincoid or Nova T and about equally as well as the TCu380. Pooled data from over 26,000 insertions of the MLCu250 gave the following 3-year cumulative event rates (per 100 women): pregnancy, 2.0; expulsion, 3.1; removal for pain/bleeding, 7.1. Comparative studies of the Multiload and other IUDs have shown all IUDs in current use are associated with similar rates of pelvic inflammatory disease. IUDs such as the MLCu375 that have larger copper surface areas appear to be associated with lower ectopic pregnancy rates. Follow-up studies of women who have had their Multiloads removed indicate that use of the device does not impair future fertility or affect pregnancy outcome. All IUD users, regardless of the type of IUD used, are at risk of complications. On balance, the benefits of IUD usage far exceed the associated risks.

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Resumen EI DIU Multiload con una expuesta área de cobre de 250 mm² (MLCu250) fue puesto en práctica en 1972 y es uno de los DIU más usados. Las modificaciones del MLCu250 incluyen un aumento a 375 mm² (el MLCu375) en el área expuesta de cobre, y un aumento do 0,3 a 0,4 mm en el diámetro del alambre de cobre. El Multiload ha sido extensamente evaluado en pruebas clínicas no comparadas y comparadas. En estos estudios más recientes, el MLCu250 actuó mejor que el Cu7 y que el TCu200 y el MLCu375 mejor que el Fincoid o el Nova T, y aproximadamente igual que el TCu380. Los datos combinados de más de 26 000 inserciones del MLCu250 han proporcionado las siguientes tasas acumulativas de eventos en tres años (por 100 mujeres); embarazo 2,0; expulsión 3,1; remoción por dolor/sangrado 7,1. Estudios comparativos del Multiload y otros DIU de uso corriente, están asociados a tasas similares de enfermedad inflamatoria pelviana. DIU tales como el MLCu375, que poseen una mayor superficie de cobre, parecen estar asociados con tasas menores de embarazos ectópicos. Estudios de seguimiento en mujeres cuyos Multiload fueron quitados, indican que el uso del dispositivo no perjudica la futura fertilidad ni afecta el resultado del embarazo. Todos las usuarias de DIU, no importa que tipo, corren riesgo de complicaciones. Haciendo un balance, los beneficios del uso de un DIU por lejos exceden los riesgos asociados.

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Resumé Le dispositif intra-utérin Multiload mis au point en 1972, dont la superficle d'exposition de cuivre est de 250 mm² (MLCu250), est devenu le stérilet le plus largement utilisé. Ce MLCu250 a été modifié d'une part en augmentant la superficie du fil de cuivre exposé à 375 mm² (le MLCu375) et d'autre part en portant le diamètre de ce fil de 0,3 à 0,4 mm. Le dispositif Multiload a fait l'objet de nombreuses évaluations par des essais cliniques non comparatifs et comparatifs. Dans ces derniers, le MLCu250 s'est révélé plus efficace que le Cu-7 et le TCu-200, et le MLCu375 plus efficace que le Fincoid ou le Nova T et à peu près aussi valable que le TCu380. La mise en commun des données relatives à 26,000 insertions du MLCu250 a fait ressortir les taux d'événements suivants cumulés sur trois ans (pour 100 femmes): grossesses, 2,0; expulsions, 3,1; retraits pour cause de douleurs ou de pertes sanguines, 7,1. Les études comparatives portant sur le Multiload et les autres DIU ont montré que tous les dispositifs utilisés couramment sont associés à des taux similaires d'affections pelviennes inflammatoires. Les dispositifs tels que le MLCu375 qui présentent une aire de cuivre plus importante semblent associés à des taux moins élevés de grossesses ectopiques. Des études de sulvi chez les femmes qui s'étaient fait enlever le dispositif Multiload qu'elles portaient ont indiqué que son utilisation ne compromet pas la fécondité ultérieure et n'a pas d'incidence sur l'aboutissement de la grossesse. Toutes les utilisatrices de DIU, sans distinction du type de stérilet employé, sont exposées à des risques. Mais, tous comptes faits, les avantages qu'apporte l'usage de ces dispositifs excèdent de beaucoup les risques qui lui sont associés.

     

Comparison of the performances of TCu380A and TCu380S IUDs up to five years

A modification of the TCu380A IUD to create the model TCu380S was introduced many years ago. The TCu380S utilizes copper sleeves that are flush in the plastic and are set at both ends of the horizontal arm. The objective of this study is to compare the clinical performance of the TCu380A and the TCu380S IUDs, especially regarding contraceptive performance and expulsion, in a cohort of women who had one of these two devices inserted at random. This paper presents the results up to 5 years of use. A total of 1568 women were enrolled: 806 women received a TCu380A and 762 women received a TCu380S IUD. The performance was evaluated by life-table analysis and significance between rates was tested by the method of log-rank. The cumulative pregnancy rate was low in users of both models of IUD but lower in users of the TCu380S model through the 5 years of use, without statistical significance. Expulsion was significantly higher in users of the TCu380S model during the five years of use. The other reasons for discontinuation were similar for both devices and did not show statistical significance. The continuation rate was significantly lower in users of the TCu380S model in the first and second years of use. Both devices presented a very low pregnancy rate and TCu380S presented a lower pregnancy rate than the TCu380A, although without statistical significance.     

Long-term reversible contraception: Twelve years of experience with the TCu380A and TCu220C

Few data on the long-term efficacy of intrauterine devies (IUD) are available, and this article reports on the final 12-year experience with the TCu220C and TCu380A devices from two randomized, multicenter trials conducted in 24 centers. A total of 3,277 and 1,396 women, respectively, were recruited for use of each device between 1981 and 1986 and followed at 3, 6, and 12 months after insertion and yearly thereafter. At the end of 12 years, a total of 17,098 women-years of experience had been accumulated for the TCu220C and 7,159 women-years for the TCu380A. The cumulative 12-year intrauterine pregnancy rates were 7.0 (standard error [SE] 0.6) per 100 women for the TCu220C and 1.9 (SE 0.5) for the TCu380A (p < 0.001). Pregnancy rates were highest in the first years after insertion; the TCu220C had a consistently higher annual pregnancy rate than did the TCu380A at all intervals since insertion. No pregnancies were reported with the TCu380A after 8 years of use. Total medical removals were approximately 6% in the first year and dropped to approximately 4% per year for each device for up to 12 years of use (cumulative 12 year rates were 37.3 [SE 1.3] and 40.2 [SE 2.1] per 100 women for the TCu220C and TCu380A devices, respectively). The overall continuation rate at all intervals since insertion was higher with the TCu220C device, mainly due to higher removal rates for nonmedical reasons with the TCu380A. The cumulative ectopic pregnancy rates were 0.7 and 0.4 for the TCu220C and TCu380A, respectively. Pregnancy rates were higher in the Chinese compared with the non-Chinese centers for both devices, though the greater efficacy of the TCu380A was apparent in both groups of centers. The total medical and nonmedical removal rates were lower in the Chinese compared with the non-Chinese centers, and did not show any substantial differences between the devices. We conclude that both devices are safe and effective for at least 12 years of use and the low pregnancy rate with the TCu380A is comparable with that reported in the United States among women who had undergone tubal sterilization. The very high efficacy of the TCu380A makes it the IUD of choice, and it can be considered as a potentially reversible, nonsurgical alternative to sterilization for women requiring very long-term pregnancy protection.     

An evaluation of six new intrauterine devices

A newer generation of IUDs that includes the Copper T-380A/Ag (TCu-380A/Ag) IUDs and the Multiload Copper-375 (MLCu375) IUDS has been developed and marketed. The high efficacy of these IUDs in preventing accidental pregnancies has been equated to that of oral contraceptives and even sterilization. However, the reduction of two other IUD-related pertinent events, namely, expulsion and medical removal due to bleeding and/or pain, has been less impressive. Therefore, efforts are continuing to develop new IUDs.In this paper, the authors review the physical structures of six nex IUDs: the CU-SAFE, Cu-Fix, Ombrelle, Fincoid, and Multiload Mark II IUDs, and the intracervical fixing device (ICFD). The clinical performance of the first four devices is also evaluated. Independent, noncomparative studies suggest that all of the four new IUDs may perform as well as, or even better than, the TCu-380A IUD in terms of expulsions and medical removals attributable to bleeding and/or pain. However, we deem these results tentative, and emphasize the need for multi-center, randomized comparative clinical trials with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up.

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Resumen Se ha desarrollado y comercializado una nueva generación de DIU, compuesta de los dispositivos Copper T380A/Ag (TCu380A/Ag) y Multiload Copper-375 (MLCu375). La gran eficacia de estos dispositivos en prevenir los embarazos accidentales ha sido considerada como equivalente a la de los anticonceptivos orales e incluso a la de la esterilización. En cambio, la reducción de los otros dos inconvenientes de los dispositivos intrauterinos, es decir, la expulsión y la necesidad de retirarlos por razones médicas como las microrragia y/o el dolor, no ha sido tan evidente. En consecuencia, será necesario proseguir con los esfuerzos por desarrollar nuevos DIU.Los autores de este artículo examinan la composición física de seis DIU nuevos: Cu-SAFE, Cu-Fix, Ombrelle, Fincoid y Multiload Mark II así como el elemento de fijación intracervical (ICFD). El artículo evalúa igualmente los efectos clínicos de los cuatro primeros dispositivos. Estudios no comparativos independientes sugieren que, desde el punto de vista de las expulsiones y los retiros por razones médicas como microrragia y/o dolor, los cuatro nuevos dispositivos son tan satisfactorios como el TCu380A o incluso más que éste. Sin embargo, consideramos que estos resultados son provisionales y destacamos la necesidad de efectuar ensayos clínicos comparativos aleatorizados en diversos centros con una población más numerosa y un seguimiento de plazo más prolongado.

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Resumé Une nouvelle génération de DIU, comprenant les dispositifs Copper-T-380A/Ag (TCu380A/Ag) et Multiload Copper-375 (MLCu375), a été mise au point et commercialisée. La grande efficacité de ces dispositifs â prévenir des grossesses accidentelles a été jugée égale â celle des contraceptifs oraux et même de la stérilisation. Par contre, la réduction de deux autres inconvénients des dispositifs intra-utérins, â savoir l'expulsion et la nécessité de les retirer pour des raisons médicales telles que les microrragies et/ou les douleurs, n'a pas été aussi évidente. II faura donc poursuivre les efforts pour mettre au point de nouveaux DIU.Les auteurs de présent article examinent la composition physique de six nouveaux DIU: Cu-SAFE, Cu-Fix, Ombrelle, Fincoid et Multiload Mark II, ainsi que l'élément de fixation intracervicale (ICFD). L'article évalue également les effets cliniques des quatre premiers dispositifs. Indépendamment, des études non comparatives laissent penser que, du point de vue des expulsions et des retraits pour des raisons médicales telles que celles évoquées ci-dessus, les quatre nouveaus dispositifs sont aussi satisfaisants, sinon plus, que le TCu380A. Nous considérons cependant que ces résultats sont provisoires, ce qui souligne la nécessité d'effectuer des essais cliniques comparatifs randomisés dans plusieurs centres sur une population plus nombreuse, en prévoyant un suivi à long terme.

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This paper was prepared when the principal author was a summer intern with the Clinical Trials Division of Family Health International     

3种宫内节育器临床使用12个月避孕效果比较分析

目的:比较育龄妇女月经间期放置3种宫内节育器(IUD)的使用效果.方法:对2008年1月～2010年5月在本中心、青海红十字医院和乐都县计划生育服务站放置GyneFix330、TCu380A和MLCu375IUD共799例妇女进行1年随访,比较使用1年的临床效果和副反应.结果:GyneFix330、TCu380A和ML...     

Is the copper T 380A device associated with an increased risk of removal due to bleeding and/or pain? An analysis

Previous studies have consistently shown that the family of the Copper T 380 devices is more effective in preventing accidental pregnancies than the inert, as well as most other, if not all, copper devices. However, a number of these studies also reported a higher removal rate due to bleeding and/or pain for the TCu 380A than for other devices. The programmatical importance of these findings prompted us to analyze the international multi-center randomized clinical trial datasets to examine this question on the new TCu 380A (ParaGard) recently marketed in the U.S. Our results, while confirming the inherent superior efficacy of the TCu 380A, did not reveal a significantly higher removal rate because of bleeding and/or pain among TCu 380A users than among users of the comparative devices, which included the Lippes Loop D, the TCu 200, the TCu 220 and the Multiload Cu 250 devices.     

Continuation rates and reasons for discontinuing TCu380A IUD use in Tabriz, Iran

PURPOSE: The long-term effectiveness of copper-bearing intrauterine device (IUD) has been documented. This paper reports results from a 60-month study on the use of TCu380A IUD among 401 women in Tabriz, Iran. MATERIALS: In 2003, a 5% sample of women who had had an IUD inserted between May 1997 and May 1999 was taken. Analyses of discontinuation employed Tietze net rate life tables. RESULTS: Continuation of TCu380A IUD use by women at 1 month, 6 month, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years and 5 years was 98.2, 89.3, 79.3, 68.3, 57.6, 49.5 and 45.0 per 100, respectively. Among women using the TCu380A IUD, the rate of termination due to pain/bleeding was significantly higher than the rate of termination due to other causes. Overall, two pregnancies were reported within 5 years after insertion. A third pregnancy occurred on Year 6. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that family planning educators and health care providers should give more emphasis to counseling programs for women desiring IUD insertion and during follow-up.     

Safety of intrauterine contraception

Some of the risks which have been associated with the use of intrauterine contraception are reviewed. For users of copper-releasing IUDs, such as the Multiload Cu375 and TCu380, uterine perforations are rare, there is no evidence of an increased risk of infertility, and there probably is no increased risk of ectopic pregnancy after IUD removal. Any increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease may be limited to the initial months of IUD use. The safety of intrauterine contraception needs to be re-evaluated for the newer IUDs, since most of the information relating to IUD safety is based on studies of devices which are no longer used or which are not in widespread use.

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Resumen Este artículo examina algunos riesgos asociados con la utilización de la anticoncepción intrauterina. En el caso de las usuarias de DIU que liberan cobre, tales como los Multiload Cu375 y TCu380, las perforaciones uterinas son muy poco comunes, no se ha demostrado la posibilidad de un riesgo mayor de esterilidad y probablement no hay aumento del riesgo de un embarazo ectópico después de retirarse el DIU. Cualquier riesgo de afección inflamatoria de la pelvis parece estar limitado a los primeros meses de utilización del DIU. La seguridad de la anticoncepción intrauterina debe ser reevaluada en lo que respecta a los dispositivos nuevos, dado que la mayor parte de la información relativa a la seguridad de este método se basa en estudios de dispositivos que ya no se utilizan más o que no son de uso difundido.

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Resumé Cet article passe en revue certains risques associés à l'utilisation de la contraception intra-utérine. Dans le cas des utilisatrices des DIU libérant du cuivre, tels que les Multiload Cu375 et TCu380, les perforations utérines sont rares, la possibilité d'un risque de stérilité accru n'a pas été prouvée et il n'y a probablement pas d'augmentation du risque de grossesse ectopique après suppression du DIU. Tout accroissement du risque d'affection pelvienne inflammatoire semble être limité aux premiers mois d'utilisation du DIU. La sûreté de la contraception intra-utérine demande à être réévaluée pour ce qui concerne les nouveaux dispositifs, étant donné que la majorité de l'information relative à la sûreté de cette méthode se fonde sur des études de dispositifs qui ne sont plus en usage ou qui ne sont plus généralement utilisés.

     

4种新型宫内节育器使用5年临床效果评价

为较好掌握新型 IUD 的优点和特征,便于医务人员根据不同育龄妇女身体状况选择适当的 IUD 类型,本课题对2400例育龄妇女随机放置 TCu380A、三球头 TCu220C、MLCu375SL 和含药宫铜4种新型 IUD 使用5年间的终止原因进行临床多中心研究分析。结果表明:第二代活性 IUD具有安全、高效、长效的优点,其中尤以 TCu380A 具有较高续用率(78.1/100妇女),其妊娠率(带器妊娠及意外妊娠)为4.9/100妇女,脱落率也最低,为6.9/100妇女(P<0.05);MLCu375SL 城市组使用效果明显优于农村组,其5年续用率分别为80.54/100妇女和66.89/100妇女(P<0.05);农村组脱落率最高,为14.6/100妇女(P<0.05);含药宫铜 IUD 置器后月经量增加的症状明显减少,因症取出率最低,5年末为3.7/100妇女(P<0.01);;三球头 TCu220C 具有低因症取出率和低脱落率的优点,但带器妊娠率最高,为8.4/100妇女(P<0.01)。结果提示:T 铜 IUD 的脱落率相对较低;三球头 TCu220C 的球头和含药宫铜 IUD 所含的消炎痛在减少副反应方面有一定的作用;ML-Cu375SL 适合城市妇女使用。     

TCu 380A IUD: a reversible permanent contraceptive method in women over 35 years of age

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of the TCu 380A IUD in women who had been using the device for more than 10 years and who were 35 years of age or more on completion of the 10th year of IUD use. METHODS: A total of 228 women who had an IUD inserted between 1987 and 1992 were included in the study. The cutoff date for analysis was January 31, 2004. Clinical performance was evaluated by life-table analysis. The mean age of women at 10 years of use was 38.8+/-0.4 years and mean parity was 2.2+/-0.08 (mean+/-SD). The duration of follow-up beyond 10 years ranged from 1 to 72 months. No pregnancy was observed in 366 woman-years of observation beyond 10 years of use. The main reason for discontinuation was removal of the device because the clients had previously been informed that the IUD was not approved for use beyond 10 years. This reason accounted for a gross cumulative 6 years discontinuation rate of 42.5 per 100 women beyond 10 years. The other main reasons for discontinuation beyond 10 years of use were surgical sterilization, menopause and expulsion with gross cumulative 6-year termination rates of 19.2, 11.0 and 21.2 per 100 women, respectively. The cumulative continuation rate beyond 10 years was 67.0 at the end of the first year of follow-up and 21.2 at the end of the sixth year. CONCLUSION: We found no evidence that the TCu 380A IUD loses its effectiveness after 10 years of use. RESULTS: The concept that women who have insertion of a TCu 380A IUD at the age of 25 years or older could use this IUD as a reversible but permanent method of contraception up to the menopause continues to be supported by the accumulation of evidence, although definitive evidence remains to be obtained.     

月经间期放置IUD后育龄妇女生活质量的变化情况

目的了解育龄妇女使用3种宫内节育器(IUD)后生活质量状况的变化情况。方法 2007.7～2008.8在我国6个省共11所县级计划生育服务站(研究中心),开展多中心随机比较观察性研究。在每所服务站对符合标准的育龄妇女随机放置IUD,采用健康状况问卷测量妇女使用IUD前、使用后3个月和10～12个月时的生活质量状况。本文使用其中7个中心的数据进行分析。结果 311例元宫铜300对象、309例TCu80A对象和321例活性165对象进入分析。3组对象放置IUD后健康状况总分和除一般健康状况外的其他7个维度得分均较基线时得分增加,仅一般健康状况维度两次随访得分与基线比较差异均无统计学意义。三组对象总得分及各维度得分较基线的变化情况相似,仅TCu380a使用者情感职能维度得分在10～12个月随访时的改变值略高于其他两组对象。结论 IUD的使用可以提高育龄妇女的生活质量,且三种IUD对生活质量的改善情况相似。