间充质干细胞改善移植肾功能的Meta分析

BACKGROUND:In recent years, with the use of new immunosuppressive agents, the survival rate of renal graft is greatly improved, but accompanied by lots of side effects and unchanged long-term graft survival. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have aroused people’s great interest, while their efficacy in kidney transplantation remains controversial. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy of MSCs transplantation on post-transplant renal graft function with a systematic review. METHODS:PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library database, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Wanfang database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched until November 2015. Revman 5.3 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:A total of 6 randomized controlled trials were included, including 1 166 patients. Meta-analysis results showed that at 1, 2 weeks and 1 month after kidney transplantation, the posttransplantation estimated glomerular filtration rates in the MSC-treated group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). At 1, 3, 6, 12 months after kidney transplantation, the posttransplantation serum creatinine levels showed no significant difference between the MSC-treated group and the control group (P > 0.05). To conclude, MSC-based immunosuppression regimen is superior to current standard immunotherapy in improving renal graft function in the early stage after kidney transplantation, but the clinical efficacy is diminished in the later period. Therefore, further investigation using large-scale randomized controlled trials is warranted.     

同种异体肌腱修复手部肌腱缺损优良率的Meta分析

目的通过Meta分析统计同种异体肌腱用于手部肌腱缺损移植修复优良率。方法检索1966年~2015年间异体肌腱用于手部肌腱缺损移植修复的相关文献,采用循证医学Meta分析对患者手部肌腱移植修复优良率进行综合分析。结果使用随机效应模型计算单组率的Meta分析,同种异体肌腱移植优良率75%(69%~82%)。进一步分层分析,8篇使用手指数为样本量单位的研究移植优良率为75%(66~83%),11篇以病例数为样本量单位的研究移植优良率为76%(68%~85%)。结论同种异体肌腱用于手部肌腱缺损移植的优良率约为75%。     

Leflunomide in renal transplantation

Leflunomide is a synthetic isoxazole-derivative drug that possesses both immunosuppressive and antiviral properties. Although its only US FDA-approved indication is for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, accumulating clinical experience in addition to animal study data makes it an appealing option for patients who are in need of reduction of immunosuppression in the setting of resistant cytomegalovirus infection or BK virus nephropathy, or in renal transplant recipients with chronic allograft dysfunction. While concern over adverse effects such as hepatotoxicity and hemolytic anemia cannot be ignored and there has yet to be a prospective randomized trial for its use in transplantation, its careful usage under close monitoring may provide the best chance for patients who risk allograft rejection during the time of immunosuppressive reduction as they attempt to eradicate BK virus or cytomegalovirus. At the present time, its use as a first-line agent in lieu of mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus cannot be recommended.     

Leflunomide in renal transplantation

Leflunomide is a synthetic isoxazole-derivative drug that possesses both immunosuppressive and antiviral properties. Although its only US FDA-approved indication is for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, accumulating clinical experience in addition to animal study data makes it an appealing option for patients who are in need of reduction of immunosuppression in the setting of resistant cytomegalovirus infection or BK virus nephropathy, or in renal transplant recipients with chronic allograft dysfunction. While concern over adverse effects such as hepatotoxicity and hemolytic anemia cannot be ignored and there has yet to be a prospective randomized trial for its use in transplantation, its careful usage under close monitoring may provide the best chance for patients who risk allograft rejection during the time of immunosuppressive reduction as they attempt to eradicate BK virus or cytomegalovirus. At the present time, its use as a first-line agent in lieu of mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus cannot be recommended.     

CTA在腹腔镜下行亲属肾移植供体取肾术中肾血管处理的应用价值

目的探讨CT血管造影(CTA)在腹腔镜下行亲属肾移植供体取肾术中肾血管处理的应用价值。方法将2007年3月至2012年1月我科完成的亲属肾移植供体取肾术共计83例分为3组,A组35例,术前行CTA检查并行腹腔镜下取肾术;B组15例,术前不行CTA检查行腹腔镜下取肾术,C组33例行传统开放取肾术。A组术前行CTA观察供肾动静脉血管位置、数量,制定术中血管处理预案,与B组和C组分别比较手术时间、术中出血量、术中血管损伤例数、供肾热缺血时间、供体术后平均住院日。结果 A组术前检查发现肾血管异常5例:2例1支副肾动脉;2例肾动脉早期分支;1例双支肾静脉,术中证实术前CTA对肾血管异常的诊断正确率达100%。B组肾血管异常3例:1例肾动静脉异位;1例误断内径约0.6 cm副肾动脉,术后取腹壁下动脉行动脉延长术;1例用Hemolock阻断腰静脉时损伤肾静脉,术后修补。C组肾血管异常5例:1例1支副肾动脉;3例肾血管早期分支;1例1支内径约0.1 cm右肾副下极动脉,术中损伤,结扎废弃。A组在手术时间、术中出血量、术中血管损伤例数、供肾的热缺血时间、供体术后平均住院日方面明显优于B组和C组。结论 CTA作为一种简单无创的影像学检查方法,能在术前提供详细的肾血管解剖情况,对保证手术顺利进行、提高供肾的存活质量有重要意义,在腹腔镜下行亲属肾移植供肾取肾术中有较价高的应用值。     

Advances and challenges in immunoprophylaxis

A significant progress in the management of controllable infections achieved by the early XXI century made it possible eliminate poliomyelitis across the nation, and practically eliminate measeles by vaccinating 96-99% of the children without raising the complication rate. The list of counterindications was shortened significantly, the Calendar of immunoprophylaxis was supplemented by inoculations against hepatitis B, rubella, flu, and type b Haemophilis influenzae infections. Morbidity of controllable infections in Russia decreased substantially compared with that in the 1990s. Nevertheless, the public health services are faced with the necessity of speedy application of new vaccines (including combined ones) allowing the inoculation impact on the child to be reduced. A rationale for the use of vaccines against pneumococcal and meningococcal infections, hepatitis A, varicella and for scaling up anti-pertussis vaccination coverage is proposed. Equally important is more extensive vaccination against papillomavirus infection as a means of cervical cancer prevention and introduction of the rotavirus vaccine to control most viral diarrheas.     

Psychiatric morbidity in renal transplantation

51 patients on chronic dialysis, awaiting transplantation, were assessed using a standardised psychiatric interview, together with measures of anxiety, depression, locus of control and social adjustment. 33% of the patients warranted a psychiatric diagnosis. During the study period, 30 patients received a transplanted kidney and 18 could be followed up 12 months after transplantation, when only 3 had a psychiatric disorder (17%). Previous psychiatric history was the main predictor of psychiatric symptomatology and of psychiatric referral during follow-up. However, symptomatology at follow-up also correlated with affective symptoms and selected aspects of social adjustment at initial interview.     

Monitoring of rejection in renal transplantation

With better immunosuppression, the results of kidney transplantation have improved greatly during the last 10 years. It has never been possible to completely suppress rejection, and transplant physicians and surgeons still need to maintain a constant vigilance in order that rejection does not go unrecognised in their patients. 1.1. CLINICAL FEATURES. These are often absent, although the patient may have noted a decreased urine volume and gain in weight. The kidney is sometimes tender and enlarged. 1.2. BIOCHEMICAL FEATURES. There is a rise in the plasma urea and creatinine and a reduced creatinine clearance. Unfortunately, other conditions such as cyclosporin nephrotoxicity can produce similar changes. 1.3. RADIOLOGICAL FEATURES. Isotope renography may demonstrate reduced renal perfusion and excretion but this is also seen in ATN. Ultrasound may demonstrate an increase in renal size. On Duplex renal ultrasonography changes in renal perfusion patterns can often be demonstrated. MRI has shown a loss of cortico-medullary differentiation during rejection, but this is not very specific. 1.4. CYTOLOGICAL FEATURES. The presence of lymphocytes in the urine is often indicative of rejection, as is the finding of inflammatory cells in fine needle aspirates from the transplanted kidney. 1.5. HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES. Renal biopsies are best obtained using a Biopty Gun under ultrasound control. Cellular rejection is characterised by a heavy infiltrate of lymphocytes which invade the renal tubules (tubulitis). Vascular rejection is characterised by endothelial proliferation and fibrinoid necrosis of the vessel wall. 1.6. CONCLUSION. Several of the above tests are often required to establish the presence or absence of rejection.     

肾移植受体血管的选择

为给肾移植血管端端吻合提供解剖学基础,本文观测了32具成年尸体的髂动脉系和肾动脉.通过前后两者口径的对比,一支型肾动脉和多支型肾动脉第一支可与髂内动脉干作对端吻合,二支型动脉,可先并合为与髂内动脉内径相近的一支,再与髂内动脉作端端吻合;三支型肾动脉,亦可合并成一支与髂内动脉干作对端吻合,也可合并其中二支,合并支与另支分别与髂内动脉前、后干作端端吻合,还可依其口径大小,其中二支分别与髂内动脉前、后干(或臀上动脉)端端吻合,另支与髂外动脉作端侧吻合.     

肾移植患者待肾期间的应对方式调查

背景：对肾移植患者待肾期间的心理学征象进行量化评估,分析该人群应对方式,对其进行相对应的个性化临床心理干预,有利于患者积极面对现实和疾病。 目的：通过对等待肾移植患者的心理应激状态进行调查,分析不同社会因素对患者应对方式的影响,探讨相应的临床心理干预对策。 方法：随机抽取2009年2月至2010年8月在解放军第309医院器官移植中心泌尿二科等待肾移植患者58例及非等待肾移植患者60例进行调查,采用目前通用的医学应对问卷的形式要求患者填写心理调查问卷表,应用多因素Logistic回归方法分析不同社会因素对患者应对方式及其心理应激状态的影响。 结果与结论：调查结果显示等待肾移植患者的“回避”和“屈服”量表得分明显高于非等待肾移植患者(P < 0.05);但两组的“面对”量表得分差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。说明等待肾移植患者较非等待肾移植患者所承受的心理压力大,可能与等待肾移植患者病程长、花费大、担心移植后排斥等因素有关。多因素Logistic回归分析发现患者的性别、文化程度、收入、费用支付方式和年龄均可影响等待肾移植患者的“面对”(斗争)、“回避”和“屈服”(接受)量表得分,其中文化程度在大专以上的患者“面对”量表得分高;年收入6万元以下的患者“回避”和“屈服”量表得分高。可见等待肾移植患者的收入与文化程度是影响其应对方式和心理应激状态的主要因素,对患者进行合理的临床个体化护理干预,有利于患者积极面对疾病,可减少移植对患者的心理损害。     

Prospective controlled protocol for three months steroid withdrawal with tacrolimus, basiliximab, and mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant recipients

During the past few years, new immunosuppressants, such as tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and basiliximab, have been shown to successfully decrease the incidence of acute rejection, possibly acting as potent substrates for safe steroid withdrawal. Therefore, clinical outcome of 3 months steroid withdrawal, while using the above immunosuppressants, was analyzed. Clinical trial registry No. was NCT 01550445. Thirty de novo renal transplant recipients were enrolled, and prednisolone was slowly withdrawn 3 months post-transplantation by 2.5 mg at every two weeks, until 8 weeks. During steroid withdrawal, 10 patients (30.0%) discontinued the protocol and they were maintained on steroid treatment. Among 20 steroid free patients, 8 patients (40.0%) re-started the steroid within 12 months post-transplantation. By the study endpoint, 12 (40%) recipients did not take steroid and survival of patients and grafts was 100%. In conclusion, in kidney transplant patients, 3 months steroid withdrawal while taking tacrolimus, basiliximab and mycophenolate mofetil was not associated with increased mortality or graft loss. Despite various causes of failure of steroid withdrawal during the follow-up period, it is a strategy well advised for kidney transplant recipients with regard to long-term steroid-related complications.